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10/26/2016 1 Infectious Diseases Cases for Hospitalists Loreen A. Herwaldt, MD Disclosures No relevant financial conflicts of interest.

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Page 1: Infectious Diseases Cases Hospitalists - Internal Medicine · • More likely to affect lower extremity (Bickels et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2002) • Vast majority caused by S

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Infectious Diseases Cases for Hospitalists

Loreen A. Herwaldt, MD

Disclosures

• No relevant financial conflicts of interest.

Page 2: Infectious Diseases Cases Hospitalists - Internal Medicine · • More likely to affect lower extremity (Bickels et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2002) • Vast majority caused by S

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http://www.upworthy.com/van‐goghs‐starry‐night‐was‐re‐created‐with‐bacteria‐its‐as‐cool‐as‐it‐sounds?c=upw1&u=e54842d8a1edeb75eb010cfb1cb0d7eabddf02b2

Patient’s History

• 36 yo AA male w/ hx of:– Uncontrolled DM (HgA1C 12.5)

– Recurrent MRSA abscesses on his back

– Anaphylaxis to PCN

• No history of IVDU

• Work: sprays equipment with water to remove pig hair

• Fell on concrete at work X 2

• 10‐12 watery stools X 3 d before admission

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Patient’s History• 7/27: Presented to OSH c/o feeling warm, swelling & pain in his arms, & difficulty moving his arms for 2 days

• WBC > 50,000; blood glucose > 700• Rx: IV fluids, vancomycin, aztreonam, & insulin IV WBC 23,000. 

• MRI of both arms: extensive inflammation; myositis vs myonecrosis

• Orthopedics & surgery consultants: no operation; medical management 

• 7/30: To the UIHC: WBC = 49,700, 91% PMNs. • Rx: IV vancomycin, aztreonam, & metronidazole

Physical Exam on UIHC Admission• Constitutional: Pulse 124 | BMI 22.82 kg/m2• Alert & oriented X 3. • Respiratory: No respiratory distress. Normal breath sounds, no crackles

• CV: Normal S1 and S2, no murmur, regular rhythm, tachycardia 

• GI: Abdomen is soft, non‐tender • Skin: No skin lesions• MSK: Bilat arm & forearm swelling, L > R. L arm red. Bilat arm tenderness. No pain on finger flexion or extension bilat. Pulses present bilat. 

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8/1/15: Ortho Consult• UE: No obvious skin lesions or open wounds. Decreased ROM at the elbow due to pain. Diffuse swelling & tenderness to palpation of the forearms bilaterally. 

• LE: Anterolateral L upper thigh is tender to palpation & swollen diffusely. Active movement about the knee & hip is limited due to significant pain in L thigh.

• Back: Numerous 1 x 1cm regions of fluctuation over back & buttock region; some were lanced previously & are healing. Perianal tenderness & fullness.

THOUGHTS?

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8/1: CT Abdomen, Pelvis, & Legs

• Decreased enhancement of L tensor fascia lata concerning for myositis & myonecrosis

• Increased fat stranding & fluid in anterior compartment of L thigh concerning for fasciitis

• Subcutaneous fluid collections in low back at L5‐S1 c/w abscess: 1.6 x 0.9 cm & 4.8 x 2.1 cm

• Small (2‐4 cm) fluid collections in subcutaneous tissues of gluteal region concerning for perianal fistula

8/1/15: Incision & Drainage

• 2 noncommunicating abscesses in the lower back 

• 1 R gluteal abscess tracking superiorly & anteriorly towards the anal verge & separate tracking towards the anal canal

• Described as “pus filled cavities” 

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THOUGHTS?

8/2/15: Transfer to MICU

• Increasing oxygen requirement  10L O2

• CXR: pulmonary congestion

• Lung exam: crackles bilaterally

• Rx:  40 mg IV Lasix  urine output  of 1.7 L

• Patient was transferred to MICU; put on BiPAP 

• Labs:  WBC 56.7, RBC 3.15, hgb 8.7, plt 506, ESR 116, CRP 16.5, CK 306, lactic acid 2.3

• ABG: pH 7.52, pCO2 34, pO2 47, bicarbonate 28

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Additional Findings & Rx

• Bilateral pitting edema• CXR: Bilateral diffuse airspace disease• HIV negative• 8/3/15: US guided drain placement in 3 abscesses: R prox forearm, L distal medial upper arm, L anterolateral groin 

• 8/3 TTE: Normal L ventricular size. Mild LVH. Normal LV systolic function. Normal RV size & systolic function. Small pericardial effusion.

• Cultures of abscesses: all grew MRSA; all BC neg

THOUGHTS?

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8/4/15: ID Note• Continues to maintain sats with high O2 needs. • He is doing generally well. • Pain in joints is much better. • Denies subjective respiratory distress, fevers or chills. 

• Drains aren’t draining much.• “We also do not have a clear explanation for the extent of his leukocytosis . . . this will merit further investigation if it does not respond to treatment of his infection (down‐trending).”

• Discontinue aztreonam & metronidazole

8/5/15: CXR

Interval development/progression of bilateral symmetric airspace disease throughout both lungs consistent with worsening pulmonary edema (likely lung injury edema) based upon distribution. 

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8/6/2015

• Intubated for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure 

• WBC: 33,300

• Would you continue the same abx Rx or change it?

• ID recommendation: add clindamycin 600 mg IV Q 8 hours

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I & DMICU

Drains Intubated

Clindamycin

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Patient’s Clinical Course

• 8/8/15: extubated & transferred to RSCU

• 8/14/15: drains removed

• 8/17/15: discharged to a skilled care facility on vancomycin for a total of 3 weeks of IV vancomycin therapy from 7/30 

• At discharge: – He was off supplemental oxygen & was able to ambulate short distances without difficulty.

– He had some subjective L arm weakness. 

Case Summary: MRSA Pyomyositis Complicated by Sepsis

• Patient had poorly controlled diabetes & fell

• GI sx early in the course

• Multiple abscesses in muscles

• WBC count remained high & respiratory failure occurred after I & D + drain placement & abx Rx

• Improvement after clindamycin was added

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Pyomyositis• Pyomyositis is a purulent infection of 

skeletal muscle that arises from hematogenous spread, usually with abscess formation

• More likely to affect lower extremity (Bickels et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2002)

• Vast majority caused by S. aureus

• Three stages:1. “invasive”

2. “purulent” or “suppurative” with deep abscess and symptoms like fever/chills;

3. “late” final stage involving systemic inflammation progressing to septic shock

Bickels et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2002; 84(12):2277

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Genetic/Racial Risk vs. Environmental Risk• May be less common among Caucasians in tropics 

(Shepherd. Lancet, 1983;2:1240)

– 50K Europeans in East Africa in the 1960s & thousands in New Guinea: no cases

– 50:50 Polynesian:Caucasian in Hawaii; Polynesians affected

– One Caucasian female child in South Africa

– Outbreak among soldiers  in Malaysia is an exception 

• Little evidence for race association for temperate pyomyositis (Christin & Sarosi. Clin Infect Dis, 1992;15:668)

• Males predominance: 72% (Gibson et al. Am J Med, 1984)

• In tropics environmental factors may be important

Immunocompromise Is Associated with Temperate Pyomyositis

• The incidence of pyomyositis increased in the U.S. during in the 1970s & 80s (Gibson et al. Am J Med, 1984;77:768)

• First case in patient w/ AIDS in 1988 (Gaut Arch Intern Med, 1988; 

148:1608)

• Associated w/ advanced HIV/AIDS patients in a study of 98 cases (Christin & Sarosi. Clin Infect Dis, 1992;15:668)

• Patients with pyomyositis should be tested for HIV

• Increasingly seen in patients w/ other chronic immunocompromising conditions including diabetes  (Crum NF. Am J Med ,2004;117:420)

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S. aureus Carriage and HIV Infection & Diabetes

Diabetes (Pan et al. J Infect Dis, 2005;192:811) & HIV infection may increase the risk of S. aureus carriage (Vu et al. mBio, 2015;6:e02554)

Physical Trauma May Increase the Risk of S. aureus Pyomyositis

Christin & Sarosi. Clin Infect Dis, 1992;15:668

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WHAT WOULD YOU EXPECT THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MRSA ISOLATES TO BE?

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Infecting MRSA Isolate• USA300

• Dominant super antigen = Staph Enterotoxin C (SEC)

• Did not produce TSST‐1

S. aureus Nasal Carriage – NHANES Study, 2001‐2002

• MSSA:   32.4% (95% CI, 30.7%‐34.1%); population estimate 89.4 million

• MRSA:  0.8% (95% CI, 0.4%‐1.4%); population estimate 2.34 million

• 75 MRSA isolates, 6 (8%) USA300 (5/6 PVL +); 1 USA400 (1/1 PVL +)

Kuehnert, et al JID 2006;193:172‐9

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EMERGEncy ID NET• ED patients age > 18 years

• soft tissue infections (SSTI) < 7 days duration

• 422 enrolled in Fall 2004:

– S. aureus:  76% of culture + cases

– 78% of S. aureus were MRSA

– 97% of MRSA were clonal type USA300

Moran, et al.  N Engl J Med 2006;355:666‐674

General Comments about CA‐MRSA

• Often affects young healthy people—including healthcare workers

• Frequently causes skin & SSTI

• Can cause necrotizing pneumonia especially after influenza or influenza‐like illness

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Patient #1

LA Wibbenmeyer, et al. J Burn Care Res 2008;29:790‐797

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General Comments about CA‐MRSA

CA‐MRSA vs. HA‐MRSA 

• Fewer co‐resistances (often < 2 other classes)

• Different PFGE (USA300/USA400) patterns than those seen in usual HA‐MRSA (USA100/USA200)

• Different SCCmec element (type IV)

• Carry Panton‐Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes

F Vandenesch, et al.  Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:978‐998

BA Diep, et al. J Infect Dis 2006;193:1495‐1503

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C Garcia, et al. Emerg Infect Dis 2013;19:123‐125

Pyomyositis & S. aureus Enterotoxins

Clindamycin• Clindamycin inhibits protein synthesis 

• At sub‐lethal concentrations, Clindamycin suppresses exotoxin production Stevens et al. J Infect Dis, 2007

• Clindamycin may suppress endotoxin‐induced TNF production by monocytes, which might prevent systemic inflammatory responseStevens et al. Clin Infect Dis, 1995; 20(Suppl2):S154

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Case Presentation

• 23 year‐old man with history of schizophrenia presented to the ED:– nausea, 

– vomiting, 

– subjective fever

– headache 

– acute‐onset right lower quadrant abdominal pain.  

• His medications included chlorpromazine and benztropine. 

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Case Presentation

• Vital signs: T = 39C, P = 155, R = 18, BP =116/58.

• Admission exam: marked right lower quadrant tenderness to palpation.  

• WBC =  14,400, 89.3% neutrophils.  

• LFTs & BMP WNL. 

THOUGHTS?

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Case Presentation

• CT scan of the abdomen & pelvis demonstrated a normal appendix and scattered subcentimeter lymph nodes in the RLQ mesentery

• Any other thoughts?

Case Presentation

• The patient received intravenous normal saline and empiric piperacillin/tazobactam.

• General surgery was consulted.  

• The next morning, the patient’s severe RLQ pain, fever, and leukocytosis persisted.

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Case Presentation

• Headache had resolved 

• New onset of chills, soaking sweats, & sore throat.  

• Oropharyngeal exam revealed very large tonsils with purulent discharge

• Faint erythematous lacy rash on the back & erythema on the upper torso that blanched to touch. 

THOUGHTS?

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Culture Results

• Blood cultures were negative.

• The tonsillar exudate grew penicillin‐susceptible Streptococcus pyogenes 

• Piperacillin/tazobactamc Rx was changed from to oral amoxicillin. 

• The patient clinically improved. 

Mesenteric Adenitis• Mesenteric lymphadenitis = inflammation of the mesenteric lymph nodes

• Unusual pathophysiology: – Microbial agents gain access to the lymph nodes via the intestinal lymphatics. 

– Organisms elicit varying degrees of inflammation and, occasionally, suppuration.

• Lymph nodes:– Gross: enlarged &  often soft. – Microscopic: nonspecific hyperplasia &, in suppurative infection, necrosis with PMNs.

• The adjourning mesentery may be edematous, with or without exudates

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Mesenteric Adenitis

• The true incidence is not known, because it can be easily missed or mistaken for other diagnoses. 

• Up to 20% of patients having appendectomy have nonspecific mesenteric adenitis.

Mesenteric Adenitis

• More common in children & adolescents < 15

• Rare but recognized mimic of acute appendicitis in adults.  

• This patient met radiographic criteria for MA, with > 3 lymph nodes > 5mm in the smallest diameter, but his lymphadenopathy was less dramatic than that seen in most MA cases. 

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Mesenteric Adenitis: Radiographic Findings

M Macari, et al. AJR 2002;178:853‐8

Mesenteric Adenitis

• Yersinia enterocolitica

• MA has been associated with streptococcal pharyngitis. 

• The S. pyogenes isolate produced exotoxins A, B, & C.

• Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins A & C are associated w/ streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, & their presence may explain the severity of this patient’s illness. 

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Case

• 62 yo male with hx HTN, aortic dissection in 3/2013 w/ aortic arch repair

• 9/2014: 60 lb weight loss, fatigue, fevers,  LFTs, pancytopenia

• Physical exam: massive HSM

• Biopsies of liver and bone marrow: granulomas, all micro stains negative.

• Extensive ID workup negative.

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THOUGHTS?

Normocellular bone marrow (40‐50%) with trilineage hematopoiesis. Multiple, non‐necrotizing granulomas. GMS & AFB stains negative.

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University of Iowa M. chimaera InfectionsConfirmed Cases

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3

Age, gender 59 yo M 62 yo M 65 yo M

Procedure AVRThoracic aortic 

aneurysm repair

1) VAD placement 

2) VAD replacement/AA repair

3) VAD replacement

4) Heart transplant

Procedure date 10/4/12 3/25/131) 11/21/11 2) 6/5/12

3) 7/20/12 4) 12/13/12

Sites of positive culturesBlood, bone 

marrow, BALBlood Blood

Time to symptom onset 14 months 15 months ??

Time to diagnosis  39 months 35 months 40 ‐ 53 months

Current status Died 5/14/16 Under treatment Under treatment

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• Invasive M. chimaera infection in 6 patients

• All the case patients had cardiac implants

• Time from surgery to diagnosis: 1.7‐3.6 years

• Investigation of water sources revealed:– Water in heater‐cooler units (HCUs) grew M chimaera

– Air samples grew the outbreak strain when units ran

– Ventilation fan distributed air throughout operating room

H Sax et al. Clin Infect Dis 2015 (July 1);61:67

Clinical Manifestations• Disseminated infection (prosthetic valve, vascular graft in place)– Splenomegaly

– Arthritis

– Osteomyelitis

– Cytopenias (bone marrow)

– Chorioretinitis

– Hepatitis

– Nephritis

– Myocarditis

• Sternal wound infection

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Disseminated M. chimaera: Device Associated

Kohler, et al. Eur Heart J 2015;36:2745

Current approach to therapy includes multiple drug treatment(macrolide, ethambutol, rifamycin, +/‐ amikacin, moxifloxacin) , and removal of involved devices (valve, graft) if possible.

H Sax, et al. Clin Infect Dis 2015 (July 1);61:67

Stöckert 3T Heater‐Cooler Unit (HCU) & Bio‐aerosols

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16: Ventilation

Although water from heater‐cooler unit never contacts patients directly, the circuit is not airtight (or watertight), so the ventilation fan can aerosolize contaminated water from the circuit

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YZ41aLoHrhQ

M. chimaera detected in heater‐cooler unit water and in air samples, but only while the unit is running.

Risk Factors for M chimaera after Cardiothoracic Surgery

• Case control study in Pennsylvania

– 10 cases, 48 controls

– Cases: NTM from sterile body site up to 3.5 years after cardiothoracic surgery

– Controls: no + culture after CT surgery

• Exposure to HCU (OR = 5.6 [1.1‐29.2])

• Exposure > 2 hours (OR = 16.5 [3.2‐84])

• Molecular typing linked patient isolates

Lyman, et al. EIS conference, May 2‐5, 2016. 

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M. chimaera after Cardiothoracic Operations 

• Whole genome sequencing results of isolates from patients & from HCU water are consistent with a point source outbreak.

• CDC estimates that in hospitals where at least one infection has been identified, the risk of a patient getting an infection from the bacteria was between about 1 in 100 and 1 in 1,000. 

• http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6540a6.htm

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THANK YOU