inflammatory bowel disease
DESCRIPTION
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASETRANSCRIPT
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease
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INTRODUCTION
• IBD is an idiopathic disease , probably involving an immune reaction of the body to its own intestinal tract
• Crohn’s disease (CD)
• Ulcerative colitis (UC)
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INTRODUCTION
• CD is a condition of chronic granulomatous inflammation potentially involving any location of the GIT from mouth to anus.
• UC is an non granulomatous inflammatory disorder that affects the rectum and extends proximally to affect variable extent of the colon.
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EPIDEMIOLOGY
• UC:
15-40 yrs (Young adults)No variation between between men and women or
between socioeconomic groupHigh incidence areas: USA and northern-western
EuropeMore common in non-smokers
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EPIDEMIOLOGY CD
1st peak 15-30 years of age, 2nd peak around 60 y
Marginally more common in females
High incidence areas: North America, UK,northern
Europe
More common in smokers
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ETIOLOGY
• Immunology
• Initiating pathogen
• Environmental Factors
• Genetic factors
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SYMPTOMS UC:
• Rectal bleeding or bloody diarrhea
• Pain of colonic origin, often left sided and related to defecation
CD:
• Diarrhea
• Recurrent abdominal pain
• Anorectal lesions, Anorexia, Anemia
• Malnutrition (weight loss)
• Fever
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INVESTIGATIONS
• Endoscopy
• Colonoscopy
• Histopathology
• Radiology
• Hematological tests and microbiological stool test for
infection
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UC CD
ESR elevation
Hypoalbuminemia
Anaemia
Electrolyte imbalance
Leucocytosis
ESR ↑
Hypoalbuminemia
Anaemia
LABORATORY INVESTIGATION
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Feature UC CD
Location Only colon GIT
Anatomic
distribution
Continuous, begins
distally
Skip lesions
Rectal involvement Involved in >90% Rectal spare
Gross bleeding Universal Only 25%
Peri-anal disease Rare 75%
Fistulization No Yes
Granulomas No 50-75%
DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS OF CD AND UC
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Feature CD UC
Transmural inflammation Yes Uncommon
Granulomas 50-75% No
Fissures Common Rare
Fibrosis Common No
Submucosal inflammation Common Uncommon
PATHOLOGIC FEATURES OF CD AND UC
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UC CD
Collar button ulcers Nodularity
Granularity
RADIOLOGIC FEATURES OF CD AND UC
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• Bacterial antigens are taken up by specialized M cells, pass between leaky epithelial cells or enter the lamina propria through ulcerated mucosa
• After processing they are presented on type 1 T-helper cells by antigen presenting cells (APC) in the lamina propria.
• T-cell activation and differentiation results in Th1 T cell mediated cytokine response
• With the secretion of cytokines including gamma interferon (IFNƴ)
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• Further amplification of T cells perpetuates the inflammatory process with activation of non immune cells and release of the important cytokines.
• Eg: IL-12, IL-23, IL-1, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
• These pathways occur in all normal individual exposed to inflammatory insults and this is self limiting in healthy subjects
• In genetically predisposed persons, dysregulation of innate immunity may trigger inflammatory bowel disease.
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MANAGEMENT OF IBD
Non-pharmacological
• Initial tretment is nonoperative Stop Smoking (for crohn’s disease)
• Nutrition
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PHARMACOLOGICAL
• Aminosalicilates (5-ASA): sulfasalazine, mesalazine, olsalazine
• Corticosteroids : Budesonide, presnisolone, methylprednisolone
• Immunosuppressants: azathioprine , 6-mercaptopurine
• Antibiotics : metronidazole, ciprofloxacin
• Anti diarrhoals : loperamide, Diphenoxylate & atropine
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PHARMACOLOGICAL
• Antispasmodic agent: Dicyclomine
• Immunoglobulin - İnfliximab
• Miscellaneous( Total or supplementary parenteral
nutrition, fish oils, sodium cromoglycate, lidocaine,
nicotine trans dermally)
• Surgical management