inflation and cooling data from pahoehoe sheet flows on ...inflation and cooling data from pahoehoe...

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Inflation and cooling data from pahoehoe sheet flows on Kilauea volcano.

by

Ken Hon 1 , Jim Kauahikaua2 , and Kevin Mackay3

Open-File Report 93-342A

This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

1 USGS, MS 903, Box 25045, Federal Center, Denver, CO, 80225. 2USGS, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, Hawaii National Park, HI, 96718. 3Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.

Table of ContentsIntroduction............................................................................................................................. 1Collection of Data...................................................................................................................1Complete Data Sets............................................................................................................... 1Partial Data Sets ....................................................................................................................2Discussion and Comparison of the Data Sets........................................................................ 3Acknowledgments.................................................................................................................^References.............................................................................................................................4Figure 1 ..................................................................................................................................5

Appendices

Appendix A Cooling data for the 17-Apr-90 flow A1-A6

Appendix B Inflation data for the 23-Jan-88, 14-Apr and 17-Apr-90 flows B1-B4

Appendix C Crack depth and temperature data from the 17-Apr-90 flow C1

Appendix D Cooling, inflation, crack depth-temperature for the 14-Mar-90 flow D1-D5

Appendix E Cooling data from a pahoehoe toe on 24-Apr-90 E1-E2

Appendix F Cooling data from two pahoehoe toes on 3-May-90 F1-F4

Inflation and cooling data from pahoehoe sheet flows on Kilauea volcano.

Introduction

Here we present both cooling and uplift data acquired during 1987-1990 from active pahoehoe sheet flows on Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. This report provides the data that was used by Hon and others (in press) to model formation of inflated sheet flows. Our study interval represents only a small segment of the overall eruption, which began in January of 1983 and continues as of this writing. Although inflation of sheet flows is relatively easy to document qualitatively, the task of collecting quantitative information is much more complicated. The dearth of such data in the literature is directly related to the infrequency of historic tube-fed pahoehoe eruptions and the difficulty in making quantitative measurements on active lava flows.

The data sets included within this report include those from experiments that ran for days or weeks and are relatively complete as well as several partial data sets from lava flows that stagnated within a matter of minutes or a few hours after the experiment began.

The report is available in both printed (OF93-342A) and 3.5" IBM-compatible diskette (OF-93-342B) forms. The contents of both reports are identical.

Collection of Data

The largest problems we encountered involved the implantation of thermocouples into active flows and lava over running observation sites. For sheet flows, we attempted to choose sites so that either natural topographic barriers or rock walls would halt flow advance and induce inflation. These also served as heat protection while recording thermal data. Even so, we generally had to move our observation sites 3-4 times during the course of an experiment. Most of the data were collected from flows advancing through the town of Kalapana during the spring of 1990, as the abundant road network allowed easy repeated access for people and equipment.

By definition, all of our experiment sites were originally on the margin of flows. This allowed us to place thermocouples in the molten lava front and measure initial flow thickness. Potential target sites were painted on the pre-existing ground surface prior to emplacement of the flow. Flow thickness was monitored continuously by placing a painted target rock on the flow just after it covered the designated spot. With time, the lava flows continued to advance and target sites were eventually 10-30 m from the flow edge. Multiple target sites were monitored during each experiment, and all target sites record uniform uplift of the sheet flow surface not tumescence over developing tube systems.

Complete Data Sets

Our best set of thermal data was acquired from a sheet flow emplaced on 17-Apr-90. Surface temperatures were measured with a Minolta Cyclops 330 radiometer using an emissivity setting of 1. Temperatures were measured on a single spot of non-incandescent crust, approximately 5 cm in diameter. Relative precision of repeated measurements on the same spot were within 2-3°C, but absolute accuracy is unknown. Temperatures from within the crust were obtained using chromel-alumel thermocouples accurate to 1 -2°C. The thermocouples placed at 0.005, 0.02, 0.06, and 0.10 m depth were all 1/16 inch diameter, whereas the thermocouple placed at 0.20 m depth was 1/8 inch diameter. The shallow thermocouples (0.02, 0.06 m) were wrapped around a 2 m length of pipe so that the tips

extended perpendicular to the long axis of the pipe (Figure 1 A). The thermocouples were emplaced into a molten pahoehoe toe just as it formed, and the pipe was held parallel to the lava surface until the crust cooled sufficiently to hold the thermocouples in place. The 0.005 m thermocouple was implanted at a site about 10 m away from the main site; times were corrected to match the other data. The deeper thermocouples could not be emplaced until the flow inflated from its original 0.10 m thickness. These thermocouples were each inserted through a hole pierced in 0.02-m-thick, plastic crust using a rock hammer (Figure 1B). The depth placement of the thermocouples is estimated to be better than 0.002 m. The relative distances between the thermocouples remained fixed throughout the experiment. Data collection was terminated after 18 hours on the 0.005 m thermocouple due to flow stagnation at this site. All of the other cooling profiles were all disrupted after about 60 hours, when a new surface flow over ran the main thermocouple site.

Inflation data for sheet flows were easier to obtain than cooling profiles, and good curves were acquired on three separate occasions. Initial measurements were done by leveling on 23-Jan-88 (Table 1) in conjunction with mapping of the advancing lobes (Hon and others, in press). Loss of lava supply to the flow terminated this experiment after 55 hours. Later uplift data, taken on 13-Apr-90 and 17-Apr-90, were calculated from transit angles and horizontal distances measured with a steel tape. The use of the transit allowed more continuous data collection than leveling, particularly when the flows were very young and hot. Measurement errors are less than ± 0.01 m for both techniques. Both inflation and cooling data were collected from the same flow on 17-Apr-90 over a period of 113 hours, until the site was covered by another flow. The most complete set of inflation data was acquired over a 400 hour interval beginning on 13-Apr-90. In this case, the flow quit inflating at about 300 hours (12 days), which is in agreement with our observational inferences regarding stagnation of the liquid lava core and the initiation of tube formation.

Partial Data Sets

In addition to the three well constrained data sets discussed above, cooling and some inflation data were collected on 3 other occasions (13-Mar-90, 24-Apr-90, 3-May-90). The longest of these data sets was collected over an interval of less than 4 hours, whereas collection times on the other experiments varied from about 0.3-1.5 hours in duration. These partial data sets yield some interesting information about the early cooling history of pahoehoe toes, but had insufficient data to be useful in modeling sheet flow formation. All of these flows were vesiculated pahoehoe in contrast to the dense, vesicle-poor flow of 17-Apr-90.

Cooling, inflation, and crack depth data were collected from three sites within several meters of each other on 13-Mar-90. This site was about 2 km to the northwest of the site of Kalapana. Inflation and crack depth data were recorded at three sites (1,2, and 3); inflation was measured by leveling from a fixed reference point on an older flow. Cooling data were collected only at site 2; readings were taken using the Minolta Cyclops radiometer (described above) and a 1/16 inch thermocouple planted within 0.002 m of the surface of the flow. This flow inflated unevenly (final thicknesses varied from about 0.6-1 m) and inflation effectively ceased after only 1.5-2 hours due to loss of lava supply to the flow lobe. These circumstances limit the usefulness of the data collected at this site.

Limited cooling data were also collected from a vesicular pahoehoe toe on 24-Apr-90. Temperatures were measured using the radiometer on the surface and a 1/16 inch thermocouple imbedded at a depth of about 0.002 m in the crust. This toe ceased inflating almost immediately after it formed (0.3 m thick) and hence the data represent simple static cooling of this body with no further replenishment of lava.

Cooling data were collected on two separate runs on 3-May-90. On both runs data were collected using the radiometer and 1/16 inch thermocouples embedded at 0.002 m, 0.01 m, and 0.02 m in the crust. On the first run, the toe we were measuring inflated slowly over 6-7 minutes before stagnating and represents a situation similar to the 24-Apr-90 flow. The second lobe we measured inflated rapidly to 0.25 m within 2 minutes and then became inactive. This flow yielded a very consistent set of data for cooling without continued lava replenishment.

Discussion and Comparison of the Data Sets

The inflation and cooling data from the 23-Jan-88,13-Apr-90, and 17-Apr-90 lava flows have been discussed in detail and modeled by Hon and others (in press). There are, however, some significant differences between the cooling data collected on 17-Apr-90 and some of partial data sets that require discussion.

The radiometer data from all of the field experiments plot in narrow interval and display nearly identical slopes after 0.1 hour on a plot of temperature versus the log of time (see Figure 10, Hon and others, in press). Prior to 0.1 hour, the surface cooling is generally more rapid than after 0.1 hr due to the onset of exothermic crystallization within the lava crust. The transition from rapid formation of glass to partial crystallization of the flow interior appears to take place between 0.05 and 0.1 hours. However, surface radiometer data from the pahoehoe toes that ceased to inflate (24-Apr-90 and run 1 of 3-May-90) suggests that cooling was very slow prior to 0.1 hours and increased to rates comparable to those of other flows after 0.1 hours. In fact, this apparent behavior is an artifact of the very low supply rates to these toes that caused them to grow very slowly. The slow growth and stretching of the skin kept hotter material near the surface for a longer time; once the toe stopped growing the cooling profiles returned to a relatively normal pattern.

The very shallow thermocouples (0.002 m) display a range of data that may be attributed to problems with accurately locating their true depth within the crust. Slight variations of only 0.001 m (the estimated placement error) between the depth of the thermocouples could cause significant shifts in the plots of the cooling data. The lack of precise locations of the shallow thermocouples within the crust may account for the variability of this data. However, the form of the 13-Mar-90 and run 2 of 3-May-90 curves are very similar to the radiometer profiles and also appear to record the glassy/crystalline transition at about 0.1 hour. Particularly encouraging is the close correspondence between the radiometer and 0.002 m thermocouple data collected from run 2 on 3-May-90. Again, however, the 0.002 m data from the 24-Apr-90 flow do not show the rapid early cooling of the glassy outer crust and , like the radiometer data from this flow, may be attributed to the very slow growth of the pahoehoe toe.

Data from the 0.01 and 0.02 m thermocouples were only taken on 3-May-90 during both run 1 and 2. There is a very close agreement between the two data sets, although temperatures at times less than 0.1 hour from run 1 are slightly hotter (10-20 °C) than those from run 2. More importantly, the 3-May-90 0.01 and 0.02 m data shows much more rapid cooling than the equivalent data from the 17-Apr-90 flow. In fact, temperatures from 0.01 m in the 3-May-90 flow are consistently lower than those measure at a depth of 0.005 m in the 17- Apr-90 flow. We suggest that the more rapid cooling of the 3-May-90 flow is a direct result of stagnation of the flows. In contrast, the 17-Apr-90 flow was long-lived and had a continual influx of new, hot lava at the base of the crust that apparently retarded cooling of this flow. Even though the curves from the 3-May-90 flow are shifted to lower temperatures, they are still parallel to curves from the 17-Apr-90 flow. This suggests that the thermal properties of the

crust remained relatively constant and that the amount of input of heat from below was primarily responsible for differences in the observed cooling rates.

However, differences between dense, vesicle-poor and vesicular crusts may have some effect on the surface cooling profiles we measured using the radiometer. The 17-Apr-90 flow had a dense, vesicle-poor glassy skin in contrast to the vesicular glassy crust of the 3- May-90 flows. It is possible that some of the near-surface cooling in the 3-May-90 flows is attributable to radiation of heat across vesicles. This may be supported by slightly lower surface temperatures (measured by radiometer) in the 17-Apr-90 flow than the other flows, which were all more vesicular. The shifts in the position of the radiometer data are relatively small in comparison to those from the 0.01 m and 0.02 m thermocouples suggesting that radiation losses are not responsible for most of the differences in cooling rates.

The more rapid cooling of the short-lived lava flows is also seen in the crustal growth data taken on the 13-Mar-90 flow. Initially, crustal growth rates are indistinguishable from those measured from the 17-Apr-90 flow. However, the crustal growth rates for the 13-Mar-90 flow increased significantly after about 2 hours or roughly at the same time active inflation of the flow ceased. Unfortunately, there is no 0.01-0.02 m thermocouple data from this flow to directly compare with the crack depth measurements, and the data from 3-May-90 flows are not directly comparable as inflation ceased after no more than 0.2 hours.

Our observations suggest that cooling profiles differ significantly between static, non- inflating pahoehoe (such as the 3-May-90 flows) and inflating pahoehoe flows (such as the 17- Apr-90 flow) that are constantly being replenished with an influx of new, hot lava. As would be expected, static flows cool more rapidly than inflating flows. Similarly, the one-dimensional cooling models of Carslaw and Jaeger (1959) predict much more rapid cooling than we measured from inflating flows. Clearly much more work needs to be done to quantify the cooling of pahoehoe flows. However, even our limited data suggest that real pahoehoe flows are dynamic and that cooling within these flows may not be adequately modeled by simple cooling equations.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Paul Delaney, Roger Denlinger, and Dallas Jackson for many helpful discussions, and encouragement during this work. The help and assistance of a number of people on the staff of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory is also greatly appreciated, especially Christina Heliker, Asia Miklius, Tari Mattox, Lynn Simmons, and Tom Wright. Ann Davaille and Astrid Staesche also assisted with data collection while visiting HVO.

References

Carslaw, H. S., Jaeger, J. C., 1959, Conduction of heat in solids: 2nd edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford: 510 p.

Hon, K., Kauahikaua, J., Denlinger, R., and Mackay, K., in press, Emplacement and inflation of pahoehoe sheet flows-Observations and measurements of active lava flows on Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: Geological Society of America Bulletin.

Thermocouple leads

B.

Thermocouple connector wrapped in asbestos

3m thermocouple leads to digital display

Figure 1. Sketch of thermocouple placement within the 4/17/90 sheet flow.A) Initial emplacement of the 2-cm (0.02m)- and 6-cm (0.06m)-depth thermocouples within a

10 cm thick molten pahoehoe toe at the front of the advancing flow. The thermocouples were wrapped around and wired to the end of a 2-m-long pipe that was held horizontally until the sufficient crust formed to hold the thermocouples in place. Leads from the thermocouples were about 3 m long and were draped over a rock wall along the flow margin.

B) Emplacement of 10-cm (0.10m)- and 20-cm (0.20 m)-depth thermocouples within the sheet flow 12-13 minutes after formation. By this time the flow had inflated to about 23 cm, which was thick enough to emplace the 20 cm thermocouple. The crust at this time was 1-2 cm thick and had to be pierced with a rock hammer to insert the thermocouples. The 10-cm-depth thermocouple was 1/16" diameter and was wrapped around and wired to a rigid steel rod in order to be inserted to the proper depth. About 1 cm of the thermocouple was left protruding past the end of the rod to avoid thermal perturbations. The 20-cm-depth thermocouple was 1/8" diameter and was rigid enough to be inserted without additional support.

APPENDIX A: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-342A \Data from thermocouples implanted at various depths in the crust of the 17-Apr-90 sheet flowTime is in decimal hours from 14:48:19 Hawaiian Standard Time jDepths of the thermocouples within the crust are listed for each data setTemperatures taken after 55.69 hours do not accurately reflect normal cooling as the site was overrun by a new lava flowRadiometer measurements were made using a Minolta Cyclops 330 radiometer with an emissivity setting of 1 .

Time(hours)

0.0170.0360.0420.0530.0570.060

0.061

RadiometerTemperature(Centigrade

surface700576573550498

512

4960.064 1 4960.0650.0690.0720.0750.0780.0790.081

0.0820.0830.0860.0880.0890.092

488

488474473458456

Time(hours)

0.0170.0180.0210.0240.0250.026

0.0280.0290.0310.0320.0330.0350.0360.038

455 1 0.039454

453450454450448

0.094 1 4550.0960.0970.100

446441443

0.103J 440

0.106) 439

0.1080.1110.1130.115

440440445434

0.1181 4360.1191 4360.1220.1260.1280.1320.133

0.1360.1400.1460.151

441443

438429431430

427427

4260.1541 425

0.1570.161

422426

0.165J 422

0.040

0.0420.043

ThermocoupleTemperature(Centigrade)

Time(hours;

0.005-m-depth10171009100410011000998

997995994993992991990989988987

987986

0.044 1 9850.046 9840.047) 9830.049 1 982

0.051 9810.054 9790.0570.060

978976

0.063 1 974

0.065 1 9720.0680.0710.0740.076

0.0790.0820.085

969967965961960957954

0.088 1 9520.090 1 949

0.0930.096

0.0990.1010.1100.113

0.115

946

943941

939931

928925

0.126 916

0.0190.0210.0220.0240.025

0.0260.0280.0290.0310.0320.0330.0350.0360.0380.0390.0400.0420.043

0.0440.0460.0470.0490.0500.0510.053

0.0540.0560.057

0.0580.0600.061

0.0630.064

ThermocoupleTemperature(Centigrade)0.02-m-depth

111611191121111911141117111911201121112211211120112011191119111911191119111911191112111311131114111311121111111011081109110711061105

0.065 1 11050.0670.0680.069

0.071

0.0720.0740.0750.076

0.078

1104110411041104

Time(hours]

0.0190.0210.0220.0240.0250.026

0.0280.0290:0310.0320.0330.0350.0360.0380.039

0.0400.0420.043

0.0440.0460.0470.0490.0500.0510.0530.054

0.0560.057

0.0580.0600.0610.0630.064


1135113511361135113511361135113611361136

Time(hours)

0.2060.2110.2170.222

0.2280.2330.239

0.2440.250

0.2561136! 0.261113611361135

0.2670.27210.278

11351 0.283113511361136113611361136

0.2890.294

|ThermocoupleTemperature(Centigrade)0.10-m-depth

11421141113911421140113911421141113711391137113711371137113711371138

0.3001 11360.3060.311

11371142

0.317 114211361 0.32211361136113611361136113611361136113611361136

0.32811361135

0.333! 11390.339 11420.344 1 11370.350

0.3560.361

0.3670.372

11421142114111381135

0.378) 11360.383

0.065 1 1136LO-38911361139

0.067 1136| 0.394 11350.0680.0690.071

1136| 0.400 11341136| 0.406| 113411361 0.411

1103! 0.072) 11361 0.4171103110311021101

0.0740.075

11371136

0.076 i 11360.078

0.079 11001 0.0790.081 1099i 0.081

0.132 911 0.082 1098! 0.0820.1631 420 0.146 900J 0.0830.174 423 1 0.150 897 1 0.085

0.4220.428

1136113811321134

0.433 1 1131

1136J0.439i 1136113610.444 1138113610.450) 11391136 0.456 1133

109710.083 113610.461 1138

Time(hours;

1.0001.4922.8173.4504.6616.1456.7957.1617.7459.07810.1911.9115.3616.6918.1918.9320.1924.1924.8131.1934.4437.8640.5144.9448.9455.69

XXXXX)

64.8171.44

81.0389.1193.44

99.78112.8


11421139113511291123110410931086107310441018983922900877867849807802746719690677664654637

xxxxxxxxxxxx631679690684678693752

1095 0.085 1 1136! 0.467 11320.178! 424! 0.158 890 0.086 1C95 0.086 1136i 0.472 1131

0.182 : 41410.163 888 i 0.088 109410.0881 1136.0.478 1135

A1

Time(hours

0.1860.1900.1940.2000.2070.2130.2180.2360.2430.2540.2610.2640.2710.2750.2810.2880.2920.2940.3000.3080.3130.3210.3330.3440.3510.3580.3630.3720.3820.3900.4030.4170.4280.435

RadiometerTemperature(Centigrade)

surface414418411418398404396388385380382380385378378376371368365366365366362358359369366355351362355352352351

0.443 1 3530.447! 3460.4580.4680.4780.4880.5000.5080.5190.5330.5500.5600.5710.5820.5930.6040.6140.6320.6440.6600.6740.6860.696

344343340342330336327328334327323332326323316328325313311304

Time(hours)

0.1670.1710.1750.1790.1850.1900.1960.2010.2070.2110.2150.2210.2260.2320.2380.2430.2490.2580.2650.2710.2760.2830.2880.2960.3010.3110.3170.3240.3290.3380.3510.3600.3650.3740.3820.3850.3920.4000.4070.4130.4210.4290.4380.4460.4540.4630.4710.4790.4880.4960.5040.5130.521


Time(hours;

0.005-m-depth884881877875871868865861858855853850847844841838835831827825821819817813810807804802799797791788785783781778777774772770767765762759757754752750748746744

0.0890.0900.0920.0930.0940.0960.0970.0990.1000.1010.1030.1040.1060.1070.108


109410941093109310931092109210911091108910881088108710861086

0.110! 10850.1110.1130.1140.1150.1170.1180.1190.1210.1220.1240.1250.1260.1280.1290.1310.1320.1330.1350.1360.1380.1390.1400.1420.1430.1440.1460.1470.1490.1500.1510.1530.154

10851084108510831083108210821081108010801080

Time(hours

0.0890.0900.0920.0930.0940.0960.0970.0990.1000.1010.1030.1040.1060.1070.1080.1100.1110.1130.1140.115


113611361136113611361136113611361136113611361136113611361136

11361136113611351135

0.117) 11350.1180.1190.1210.1220.1240.125

10801 0.1261079107910791079107910781079

0.1280.1290.1310.1320.1330.1 35J0.136

1078i 0.13810781 0.139107810781077107710771076

0.1400.1420.1430.1440.1460.147

1075J 0.1491075107510741074

0.156 10730.1570.158

0.1500.1510.1530.154

113511351135113411341134113411351135113511351135113511351135113511351135113511351135113411341135113511351135

0.156! 1135

Time(hours]

0.4830.4890.4940.5000.5060.5110.5170.5220.5280.5330.5390.5440.5500.5560.5610.5720.5780.5830.5890.5940.6000.6060.6110.6170.6220.6280.6330.6390.6440.6610.6670.6720.6780.6830.6890.6940.7000.7060.7110.7170.7220.7280.7330.7390.7440.7500.7560.7610.767

1073i 0.157) 1135 0.7721072! 0.158

742 0.1601 1072! 0.160740 0.161

0.529! 737! 0.1631072 0.161

11351135

0.7780.783

11341 0.7891071 0.163! 11341 0.800

0.538 735! 0.1641 10710.546 733 0.1651 1070

0.164) 1134) 0.8060.165 1134

306! 0.554! 730i 0.167! 1070 0.167: 11340.8110.817

ThermocoupleTemperature(Centigrade)0.1 0-m -depth

11351135113111351134113411361136113511341135113611331133113311271125112911281130113111301127112511251125112911291125112411251124112211231123112411281125J1126112611251123112411241122112211211122J11221112211221123112111221123112311122

A2

| RadiometerTime

(hours

0.7080.7180.7290.7400.7580.7690.7820.7990.8100.8180.8310.8420.8510.8680.8820.899

Temperature(Centigrade

surface310306306305303296308296306301298306295307298292

0.9151 2900.9350.9500.9680.9830.9941.0081.0211.0291.0461.0631.0791.0881.1001.1081.121

297288283285285289281282277287276278282294292

1.1291 2881.1501.1581.175

276283284

1.183) 2771.1921 2861.2001 2791.2081.2171.2331.2501.2751.2921.3331.3671.4001.4331.450

281281278273278272267

TimeThermocouple ThermocoupleTemperature

(hours) (Centigrade)

0.5630.5710.5790.5880.6040.6210.7290.8291.1131.2921.8752.3674.0504.6285.1115.6286.8287.94510.1915.2815.3616.6917.0118.19

268!283264274

1.483! 2601.517! 2711.5501 2611.683i 2541.700 257

Time Temperature(hours) (Centigrade)

0.005-m-depth729727725723719716694675641621575544461442428414374345306260247230218206

0.1680.1690.1710.1720.1740.1750.1760.1780.1790.1810.1820.1830.1880.1890.1900.1920.1930.1940.1960.1970.1990.2000.2060.2110.2170.2220.228

0.02-m-depth106910691068106810671067106710671066106610651065106410631062106310631063106310621062106110591061105910561052

0.233 1 1054

Time(hours

0.1680.1690.1710.1720.1740.1750.1760.1780.1790.1810.1820.1830.1850.1860.1880.1890.1900.1920.1930.1940.196


113411341134113411341134J113411341133113411341134113411341133113411341134113411331134

0.197 11340.199) 11340.200) 11330.2060.2110.2170.222

0.239! 10481 0.2280.2440.2500.256

104610441042

1133

Time(hours

0.8220.8280.8330.8390.8440.8500.8560.8610.8670.8720.8780.8830.8890.8940.9000.9060.9110.9170.9220.9330.9390.9440.9500.9560.961

11331 0.967113311331132

0.233) 11330.239) 11320.244

0.261| 1040 0.2500.2670.2720.2780.2830.2890.2940.3000.306

1038! 0.256104010341032

0.2610.2670.272

1029! 0.27810271027

0.2830.289

10231 0.2940.311 1025| 0.3000.3170.322

10181017

0.328 1 10200.333I 10180.339i 10120.3440.350

0.3060.3110.3170.3220.328

1009! 0.3331007

0.356 1 10050.3390.344

0.361 1003) 0.3500.367' 10051 0.3560.372! 999 0.361

113211321132113211321131

0.9780.9890.9941.0001.0081.0171.0251.0331.0421.0501.058

1131 1.0671131 1.075

ThermocoupleTemperature !(Centigrade)0.10-m-depth

112111221122112111201120112111231120112011221120111911191120111711181118112011171130113211251122111811171115111511181115111511141113111211121112111411121112

1131 1.0831 11121130 1.0921130| 1.10011291 1.10811291 1.1171128 1.12511281 1.3831129112811271127

1.4081.4421.4921.550

11261 1.59211261 1.65011251 1.767

0.378 1 997 0.367 1125 1.850I 0.383 995 0.372 1 1125 1.933

11121114111311121111110311001099109610921091108910811075!10691

1.742 263 0.389 993, 0.378) 1124, 2.267' 1044J I1.783! 250 i 0.394! 991 0.383 1 1124! 2.367' 1035

A3

Time(hours'

1.8171.8672.0332.1832.2672.3832.4832.7003.3834.6286.1456.7117.1117.7459.07810.1911.9115.6816.6918.1918.9320.1942.1164.8189.11


surface251241234231231225219218212208241212200200195197170160165165168157149148145

Time(hours)

0.4000.4060.4110.4170.4220.4280.4330.4390.4440.4500.4560.4610.4670.4720.4780.4830.4890.4940.5000.5060.5110.5170.5220.5280.5330.5390.5440.5500.556

! 0.5610.572


989987986983982979980976973973976974972969962962961

Time(hours

0.3890.3940.4000.4060.4110.4170.4220.4280.4330.4390.4440.4500.4560.4610.4670.4720.478

963 0.483961 0.489954 i 0.494957 1 0.500955955952951

0.5060.5110.5170.522

944 1 0.528948 i 0.533941 0.539937 0.544942 1 0.550932 0.556


112411241123112311231122112111211120

Time(hours

2.4502.7333.4503.9834.4616.1456.7117.1117.745

11201 9.078111911181117111711-171117111711161115111511141115111411151115111511141113111211111111

0.578 936 0.561 11110.5830.5890.5940.600

929934932924

0.606 1 9230.6110.6170.6220.6280.6330.6390.6440.6560.6610.6670.6720.6780.6830.689

927921924917915

0.5720.5780.5830.5890.5940.6000.6060.6110.617

1110111011101110

10.1911.9115.3616.6918.1918.9320.1924.1924.8131.1934.4437.8640.5144.9448.9455.69


10281006954918890813793780761729701669615599583574564537533502483466443417408391

xxxxx* xxxxxxxxxxxxx64.81 510i71.44| 56381.0389.11

1110111011111111011091

0.622) 1109191810.628 11081913909907

0.6330.6390.644

909 1 0.700905 0.706906 0.711902 i 0.717

11071106110611031103)11021102!

902 0.722 110210.694 i 902 1 0.728 i 11010.700 903 0.733i 11010.706 i 900 0.7390.711 902 0.7440.7171 8981 0.750

1100

568 i557

I

|

||l|!

i

1100)11001

0.722 894 ; 0.756 1099

A4

I

Time(hours]

0.7280.7330.7390.7440.7500.7560.7610.7670.7720.7780.7830.7890.8000.8060.8110.8170.8220.8280.8330.8390.8440.8500.8560.8610.8670.8720.8780.883


894893890890887887884885881880881877875874"873

873

Time(hours)

0.7610.7670.7720.7780.7830.7890.8000.8060.81 1J0.8170.8220.8280.833

[0.8390.8440.850

870 1 0.856869! 0.861869867

0.8670.872

868 1 0.878865 0.883865! 0.889864 1 0.894862 0.900863! 0.906859 i 0.911861

0.889 1 8600.894 8590.9000.9060.9110.917

858852854850

0.9170.9220.9330.9390.9440.9500.956

0.922i 849 i 0.9610.9330.939

84910.967855

0.944 8560.9780.989


10991098109810981097109710961096109610951095109410941094J10931109310921092109110911091109010901089108910891088108810871086108610851085108510841108310831082

0.950 850J 0.994| 10810.956 1 8500.961 8450.967

0.9780.989

1.0001.008

842! 1.017840835

1.0251.033

0.994 1 836) 1.0421.000! 8341.0081.0171.025

832

1081108010801079110781078!

1.0501 10771.058 1077

831 i 1.067| 1075833

1.033 8281.075 10741.0831 1074

1.0421 826 1.0921.050

: 1.058825 1.100

107311072

827 1.108' 1071)1 1.067 825 1.117 10701

I

I h-

1 . 1.075 821 1.125 1070;1.083: 823 1.3831 1041

; 1.092 820 1.408 1040,

A5

Time(hours'

1.1001.1081.1171.1251.3831.4081.4421.4921.5501.5921.6501.7671.8501.9332.2672.3672.4502.7333.4503.9834.4616.1456.7117.1117.7459.07810.1911.9115.36


819813815813774772768762754751745

Time(hours]

1.4421.4921.5501.5921.6501.7671.8501.9332.2672.3672.450

732 1 2.733721 3.4507121 3.983685678672656620596576527515506494474457440404

16.691 39418.1918.9320.1924.1924.8131.1934.4437.8640.5144.94

384381376363362327305294281269

48.94 1 26255.69 i 244

j XXXXX)j XXXXXXXXXXXX

1

64.8171.44

239245

81.03) 33989.11 233

4.4616.1456.7117.1117.7459.07810.1911.9115.3616.6918.1918.9320.1924.1924.8131.1934.4437.8640.5144.9448.9455.69

xxxxx64.8171.4481.0389.1193.4499.78

93.44 i 23799.78112.8

961958


103610301024102010131001992983950941933913855833808741724713695665644614567553537529520496492449i425404389368356333

I

I

!

XXXXXXXXXXXX !

3181323 !3181311312803J

i i

IIi

j !

i

|I :I ;

A6

APPENDIX B: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-342A

Surface heights of inflating sheet flows. Measured on flows that began on 23-Jan-88, 13-Apr-90, and 17- Apr-90.

Time is in decimal hours from the beginning of the experiment

Start times (Hawaiian Standard Time) are (-12:00 PM, 23-Jan-88), (18:25, 13-Apr-90), and (14:48:19, l7-Apr-90)

13- Apr-90

Time(hours)

0.042

0.100

0.200

0.317

0.417

0.553

0.686

0.968

1.661

2.317

3.056

3.692

4.315

4.757

5.558

5.883

7.958

10.044

11.594

12.163

15.033

15.333

15.583

15.850

16.167

16.583

17.067

17.583

18.667

19.650

19.650

19.833

20.567

21.683

22.567

24.200

26.917

32.417

Site 2

Thickness(meters)

0.120

0.250

0.290

0.310

0.300

0.470

0.550

0.710

0.920

1.030

1.150

1.220

1.260

1.300

1.410

1.410

1.570

13- Apr-90

Time(hours)

0.044

0.126

0.411

1.142

1.904

2.510

3.146

' 3.772

4.210

5.003

5.157

7.439

9.494

1 1 .038

11.592

14.467

14.750

1.690 1 15.000

1.780

1.810

1.950

1.970

1.980

15.267

15.567

16.017

16.483

17.017

1.990J 18.100

2.010

2.030

2.050

2.070

2.100

2.190

2.110

2.070

2.090

19.067

19.300

19.983

Site 3

Thickness(meters)

0.280

0.380

0.610

0.820

0.940

1.030

1.040

1.130

1.160

1.260

1.410

1.600

1.720

1.820

1.860

1.870

1.930

1.950

17- Apr-90

Time(hours)

0.024

0.029

0.039

0.049

0.054

0.061

0.067

0,072

0.092

0.100

0.113

0.124

0.129

0.136

0.144

0.150

0.154

0.163

1.950 0.171

1.970 0.178

1.9901 0.188

2.010

2.030

2.050

2.080

2.120

2.120

21.100J 2.140

21.983 2.160

0.196

0.204

Sites 1+3

Thickness(meters)

0.097

0.103

0.103

0.108

0.114

0.114

0.120

0.125

0.137

17- Apr-90

Time(hours)

0.024

0.029

0.039

0.049

0.054

0.061

. 0.067

' 0.072

0.092

0.142! 0.100

0.154

0.159

0.165

0.171

0.177

0.188

0.194

0.199

0.205

0.211

0.216

0.216

0.222

0.217 0.233

0.228 1 0.233

0.239

0.251

0.265

0.245

0.251

0.256

0.278 1 0.262

23.733 2.1601 0.288! 0.268

26.400) 2.250

42.0001 2.470

42.500 2.450

2.110 44.833

2.130J 47.000

2.130

2.250

2.410

0.296

0.308

0.322

0.335

2.390 i 0.344

0.273

0.279

0.285

0.296

0.113

0.124

0.129

0.136

0.144

0.150

0.154

0.163

0.171

0.178

Sitel

Thickness(meters)

0.097

0.103

0.103

0.108

0.114

0.114

0.120

0.125

0.137

0.142

0.154

0.159

0.165

0.171

0.177

0.188

0.194

0.199

0.205

0.211

0.1881 0.216

0.196 0.216

0.204 0.222

0.217 0.233

0.228

0.239

0.251

0.265

0.278

0.288

0.296

0.308

0.322

0.335

0.296 1 0.344

62.750 2.490 1 0.356 i 0.302 0.356

67.000 2.580| 0.369 j 0.31 3 1 0.369

2.380 70.000 2.600 0.385 i 0.324

42.583 j 2.440 85.9171 2.760' 0.400 0.330

43.083 j 2.460J 88.050 2.800 0.418; 0.336

0.385

0.233

0.245

0.251

0.256

0.262

0.268

0.273

0.279

0.285

0.296

0.296

0.302

0.313

0.324

0.400 0.330

0.418 0.336

45.4171 2.400 91.050 2.860 0.438 0.347 0.438 1 0.347

17-Apr-90

Time(hours)

20.195

41.211

66.478

89.695

113.695

Site 3

Thickness(meters)

1.431

1.851

2.139

2.416

2.469

B1

13- Apr-90

Time

(hours)

47.583

63.333

67.583

70.583

86.500

88.633

91.633

113.833

134.850

158.217

182.583

206.217

253.483

301.083

Site 2

Thickness

(meters)

2.400

2.470

2.590

2.610

2.780

2.820

2.880

3.070

3.230

3.460

3.660

3.700

3.750

3.810

13- Apr-90

Time

(hours)

113.250

134.267

157.633

182.000

205.633

252.900

300.233

324.500

373.067

397.000

;

Site3

Thickness

(meters)

3.060

3.200

3.410

3.630

3.740

3.870

3.940

3.960

3.960

3.940

17-Apr-90

Time

(hours)

0.456

0.478

0.492

0.511

0.528

0.544

0.597

0.614

0.640

0.663

0.681

0.708

0.738

0.763

0.789

0.818

0.842

0.868

0.890

0.918

0.950

1.117

1.150

1.167

1.038

1.088

1.208

1.258

1.275

1.350

1.417

1.642

1.792

1.942

2.167

2.550

3.117

! 3.450

! 3.833

i

4.050

4.811

5.378

5.628

6.011

Sites 1+3

Thickness

(meters)

0.353

0.359

0.364

0.370

0.381

0.387

0.404

0.410

0.415

0.421

0.427

0.438

17-Apr-90

Time

(hours)

0.456

0.478

0.492

0.511

0.528

0.544

0.597

0.614

0.640

0.663

0.681

0.708

0.444! J 0.738

0.455 1 0.763

0.467 i 0.789

0.478 1 0.818

0.489

0.501

0.506

0.518

0.523

0.552

0.842

0.868

0.890

0.918

0.950

1.117

0.552! 1.150

0.552

-0.557

1.167

1.038

0.557 1 1.088

0.557 1.208

Sitel

Thickness

(meters)

0.353

0.359

0.364

0.370

0.381

0.387

0.404

0.410

0.415

0.421

0.427

0.438

0.444

0.455

0.467

0.478

0.489

0.501

0.506

0.518

0.523

0.552

0.552

0.552

0.557

0.557

0.557

0.557| 1.258 0.557

0.558 1 1.275! 0.558

0.569 1 1.350

0.569

0.586

0.609

0.620

0.637

0.671

0.734

0.779

0.830

0.847

1.417

1.642

1.792

1.942

2.167

2.550

3.117

3.450

3.833

4.050

0.915 4.811

0.921 5.378

0.932 1 5.628

0.960! 6.011

20.195 1.431 6.828

0.569

0.569

0.586

0.609

0.620

0.637

0.671

0.734

0.779

0.830

0.847

0.915

0.921

0.932

0.960

1.000

41.211 1.851 7.228i 1.005

B2

17-Apr-90

Time

(hours)

66.478

89.695

113.695

SHes1+3

Thickness

(meters)

2.139

2.416

2.469

17- Apr-90

Time

(hours)

7.861

8.995

12.178

15.278

17.011

18.678

20.345

41.211

Sitel

Thickness

(meters)

1.011

1.028

1.068

1.096

1.107

1.158

1.187

1.472

B3

23-Jan-88

Time(hours)

0.880

0.970

1.530

1.580

2.030

2.080

2.470

Sites A+C+D

Thickness(meters)

0.240

0.640

0.580

0.650

0.650

0.850

0.890

2.530 1 0.860

4.830

6.170

23.550

23.580

24.420

24.430

25.030

25.070

25.570

25.600

26.080

26.170

26.530

26.570

27.130

27.150

51.170

51.230

23-Jan-88

Time(hours)

0.880

1.530

2.080

2.530

0.900)

0.920

1.290

1.230

1.250

1.300

1.300

1.310

1.320

1.320

1.350

1.330

1.370

1.340

1.380

1.360

1.420

1.550

Site A

Thickness(meters)

0.24

0.58

0.85

0.86

t

23-Jan-88

Time(hours)

0.930

1.570

2.070

2.600

4.800

6.170

23.520

24.470

25.080

25.620

26.130

26.600

Site B

Thickness(meters)

0.430

0.520

0.620

1.000

1.210

1.220

1.450

1.470

1.490

1.490

1.490

1.500

27.1801 1.510

23-Jan-88

Time(hours)

0.970

1.580

2.030

2.470

4.830

6.170

. -23.550

24.430

25.070

25.600

26.170

26.570

27.150

51.230

SiteC

Thickness(meters)

0.64

0.65

0.65

0.89

0.9

0.92

1.29

' 1.3

1.31

1.32

1.33

1.34

1.36

1.55

23-Jan-88

Time(hours)

23.580

24.420

25.030

25.570

26.080

26.530

27.130

51.170

SiteD

Thickness(meters)

1.23

1.25

1.3

1.32

1.35

1.37

1.38

1.42

j

B4

APPENDIX C: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-342ACrack depth meaurements taken on 17-Apr-90 flow, start time 14:48:19Time is in decimal hours from start jCrack depths measured near site 1 until 20. 1 1 1 hours, then measured near site 3Depth was measured on a crack system with no vertical displacementCrack temperature was recorded at bottom of crack using a chromel-alumel thermocouple

Time(hours)

Crack depth | Crack Temperature(meters)

.200! 0.01

.283

.5671.4331.8333.4506.6455.1117.945

11.911

0.02

(Centigrade)i

!0.07 10.090.1010.120.140.140.19 >9000.22!

15.6781 0.2619.19520.1 1 1

0.28

1

|

943!984

0.29 97524.195! 0.35 1 92140.695 0.4289.111

9550.65 770

99.778) 0.76, 86099.945! 0.84! 820 1 i

C1

APPENDIX D: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-342ACooling, thickness, and crack depth data for pahoehoe flow above Keone jeep trail, 3/14/90Time is in decimal hours from 12:28:25 PM on 14-Mar-90Depths of the thermocouples within the crust are listed for each data setRadiometer measurements were made using a Minolta Cyclops 330 radiometer with an emissivity setting of 1 .Crack temperature was recorded at bottom of crack using a chromel-alumel thermocouple

Cooling data from Site 2Time

(hours)

0.0170.0220.0250.0350.0290.032

0.0380.0400.0530.0560.0580.0630.0710.0750.0880.0790.082

0.0850.090


surface733690651643634634618608592577566566547546537536532

528518

0.093 1 5170.097 5120.1 06 1 507

0.112! 4930.110) 4920.1150.1180.121

491490487

0.1241 4870.143

0.1460.132

487

Time(hours]

0.0220.0240.0250.0260.0280.029

0.0310.0320.0350.0360.0380.0390.0400.0420.0430.0440.046

0.0470.0490.050

0.0510.0530.0540.0560.0570.0580.0600.0610.063


0.002-m-depth1034101910271008

974959

950942 1881860843825 1815)803790780)770 1761751

741736

73072371?l711706698 i692!687

486 1 0.064 682484

0.135 4830.1370.1400.1510.1540.1570.1600.162

0.1650.168

0.171

483482481478476476476474

468468

0.182! 468

0.174: 4670.193 4670.176 4660.179 4660.185J 465

0.0650.0670.0680.0690.0710.0720.0740.075

678!673!667 1664 1661657653649!

Thickness and crack depth data from Site 1Time

(hours)

0.0001.5602.4213.3825.419

Thickness(meters)

0.000.700.880.890.96

Time(hours)

0.0000.7721.4242.3163.4795.5375.605

Crack depth(meters)

0.000.09

0.130.210.230.220.20

Crack Temperature(Centigrade)

790884990!887687

1003

Thickness and crack depth data from Site 2Time

(hours)Thickness(meters)

0.000 1 0.000.0170.1150.2290.6621.529

2.4033.3515.383

0.200.300.370.430.49

0.570.58

0.58

Time(hours)

0.0000.3011.3741.6302.2883.439

Crack depth(meters)

0.000.030.100.120.190.18


1001994

1048956

Thickness and crack depth data from Site 3Time Thickness Time

(hours)0.0001.569

(meters)0.000.50

2.429 1 0.533.393 0.54

j

0.076! 644 1

0.0780.081

0.0830.0850.0860.0880.0890.0900.092

639

635629

6256216191

(hours)0.0001.4832.3513.508

617:

615!6151

0.1871 462 1 0.093! 608

Crack depth(meters)

0.000.140.180.19


930 1849!800!

!

D1

CoolintTime

(hours)

0.1990.1960.1900.226

0.204

0.2010.2070.229

0.2180.2100.2150.2210.2120.2320.2400.2350.237

0.2650.243

0.2460.2490.2680.2510.2540.2570.301

0.262

0.2600.2710.2740.2960.293

i data from Site 2Radiometer

Temperature(Centigrade)

surface461460457456

452

451448448447446446446445445443442

441441440440439439438

438J437437

436435435433

431427

0.299| 4270.3040.3100.307

0.3120.326

0.4430.3900.3990.4010.404

426423422420417

410406405405

4050.407 1 4050.4240.3760.379

0.387

405403403

403

0.410 1 403

0.382 402

0.3851 4010.4121 401

Time(hours)

0.0940.0960.0970.132

0.1350.137

0.1400.1430.1460.1490.1510.1540.157


0.002-m-depth606605603569

567565

563

562559559560559557

0.160| 5550.1620.1650.168

0.1710.174

0.1760.1790.1820.1850.1870.1900.193

0.196

552550548546542540

538

537536534532529

528

0.199! 5260.2010.2040.2070.2100.2150.2650.2680.2710.2740.276

0.2790.2820.3400.3430.3460.3490.3510.3540.357

0.360

0.362

0.3650.371

0.415 401

524521518515512499498497497496

496495469468467466465

464462

463

462

463463

0.418 4010.421 . 4010.426! 401

i

II

< ' ii I

! I

D2

CoolincTime

(hours)

0.4400.4290.4320.4350.4460.4370.4510.4490.4540.4650.4680.4570.4620.4600.6530.6740.6850.6900.6760.6790.6870.6821.3121.3181.382



surface401400398398397396396395395395395393393392373370368368367367367366332332332!

1.2541 3311.290 I 3311.2991.3011.3041.3071.310

331331331331331

1.324| 3311.2351.2401.2431.249

330330330330

1.2741 3301.2961.3151.3211.3491.3651.3711.3791.2291.2381.2461.2571.2871.3761.2261.2511.2621.2651.276

330330330330330330330329329329329329329328 1328328328328

I

Ii

i

'

D3

CoolingTime

(hours)

1.2931.3261.3291.3321.3621.3681.4351.2321.2601.2681.3541.3571.3741.3851.3991.2711.2791.2821.3351.3371.3461.3601.3871.3931.3431.3901.3961.4011.4041.4071.3401.3511.4261.4101.4601.4121.4151.4181.4241.4461.4571.4211.4371.4431.4511.454



surface328328328328328328328327327327327327327327327326326326326326326326326326325325325325325325324324324323323322322322321321321320320320320318

1.4621 3181.440 1 3171.4492.3292.338

317

I

291291

2.346 i 2912.351 1 291

i

|

!

1

1

i

|

2.321 29oi2.326 1 290 : 12.332I 290 i i

D4

Cooling data from Site 2Time

(hours)

2.3352.3432.349

2.3182.3243.5523.526

3.5443.5633.5393.5743.5663.5583.569


surface290290289

288288270

267267267265263261258257 I !

D5

APPENDIX E: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-342A |Cooling data for pahoehoe flow on Lokelani just below Highway, 24-Apr-90Pahoehoe toe inflated very slow during the initial 6-8 minutes, then ceased inflatingRun begins at 14:00

Time(hours)

0.0080.0130.021

0.0250.0330.0380.0420.0460.050

0.054

0.0580.0630.0670.0710.075

0.0880.0920.1000.1040.1080.1130.1170.1210.1250.1290.133

0.1380.1420.1460.154

0.1580.163

0.1750.1830.1880.250

0.2540.258

0.2630.2670.2710.2750.2790.2830.2880.292

0.2960.300


surface712733717710

704717702674

628

622610562578566558530520518514512506497477

Time(hours

0.0040.0080.0130.0210.0250.0330.0380.0420.0460.050

0.054


0.002-m-depth986954900839817785768756743

731721

0.058) 7100.063 1 7010.0670.071

0.0750.0790.083

0.088

692685677670663656

0.092! 6450.1000.104

640636

0.1081 631487J 0.113 627517477

481477477465

0.117

0.121

621

617

0.1251 6130.129 6090.133 6060.138 602

461 j 0.142J 597465

450451438

426

0.146

0.1540.1580.1630.175

425 1 0.183418J 0.188

426411422418

411406405404401401

0.304 1 401

0.1920.200

594

589587584577

571569567564

0.204 561

0.208 561

0.221 5580.229 i 5560.2330.242

554552

0.250 1 5480.254 547

0.258 546 i0.308! 394 0.263 545 1

i

|0.313| 397 0.267i 5430.3171 394! 0.271 539 i

E1

Time(hours)

0.3210.3250.3290.333


surface390388387382

Time(hours

0.2750.2790.2830.2880.2920.2960.3000.3040.3080.3130.3170.3210.3250.3290.333


0.002-m-depth538536533533532531529527526524523521518515515

E2

APPENDIX F: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-342ACooling data for pahoehoe flow on Lokelani just below Highway, 3-May-90Pahoehoe toe inflated rapidly to 0.25 m in about 2 minutes then ceased inflatingTime for run 2 is in decimal hours from 13:15 (Hawaiian Standard Time)

Cooling data from run 2

Time(hours;

0.0130.0170.0250.0420.0460.0500.0540.0580.0630.0670.0710.0750.0790.0830.0880.0920.0960.1000.1040.1080.1130.1170.1210.1250.1290.1380.1420.1460.1500.1540.1630.1710.1750.1790.1830.1880.1920.1960.2000.2040.2080.2130.2170.2210.2250.2500.2540.2580.263


surface875782648588580572556547538535527518513513511503497498496492486487479478480470474467467465456454452451446445446446447441437

Time(hours

0.0170.0250.0330.0420.0460.0500.0540.0580.0630.067


0.002-m-depth863760695638622619605594

Time(hours


0.01 3 i 10530.0170.0250.0330.042

990973934913

0.046J 9020.0540.058

584 1 0.063568

0.071 j 5680.0750.0790.0830.0880.0920.0960.1000.1040.1080.1130.1170.1210.1250.1290.1330.1380.1420.1460.1500.1540.1630.1710.1750.1790.1830.1880.1920.1960.2000.204

432! 0.208434| 0.213432433426423421417

0.2170.2210.225

568550548544542531537534530521520

0.0670.0710.0750.0790.0830.0880.0920.0960.1000.104

879872865856852846841837833828823816812

0.108 1 8070.1130.117

511 1 0.121516518511506510

0.1250.1290.1330.1380.142

504J 0.146506499499485485491489483479482481474471468469470470

0.1500.1540.1630.1710.1750.1790.1830.1880.1920.196

800795788784780775769

Time(hours

0.0170.0250.0670.0710.0750.0790.0830.088

0.092


110810971053104810461046104310421040

0.096) 10370.1000.1040.1080.1130.1170.121

103310251021102510221019

0.125! 10180.1290.1330.1380.1420.1460.150

1006100310051001997993

0.154) 9910.1630.1710.175

766 i 0.179761756753739732735733726719722719

0.200I 7160.204 714

0.1830.1880.1920.1960.2000.2040.2080.2130.2170.2210.2250.2290.233

980973970966963960956953950947944941938935932930927

0.208 7 10 1 0.238 1 9240.2130.217

706705

0.2420.246

0.221 701 0.2500.225

0.229 471 ! 0.229698696

0.2540.258

0.233 1 464! 0.233 694 0.2630.238 , 465 1 0.238 i 691 0.267

0.267J 416 0.242! 464i 0.242J 689 0.275

921919916914911908905902

0.271 413 0.246 465 0.246 687 0.279| 899

F1


Time(hours

0.2750.2790.2830.2920.3000.3080.3170.3250.3330.3420.3500.3580.3670.3750.3830.3920.4000.4670.4750.4830.4920.5000.5080.5170.5250.5330.5920.6000.6080.6250.6330.6420.6500.6670.6750.6830.9500.9580.9671.0671.1831.3331.450


surface415416407405407402401402398401399400397395393381380377372373368371372375370368366366368342352345359351349351327327326305305305309

|

Time(hours

0.2500.2540.2580.2630.2670.2710.2750.2790.2830.2920.3000.3080.3170.3250.3330.3420.3500.3580.3670.3750.3830.3920.4000.4040.4080.4170.4250.4330.4420.4500.4580.4670.4750.4830.4920.5000.508


0.002-m-depth466461460455

ThermocoupleTime

(hours]

0.2500.2540.2580.263

448 1 0.267451452454445437434424427427432433430433427426428424419414416409410413405411408408401403391394399

0.517| 4040.5250.533

403397

0.542 3980.5580.5670.5750.5920.6000.6080.617

396392392381382383379

0.625) 3840.6330.6420.6500.667

375381377371

0.675 3660.683 364

I i 0.733 360

0.2710.2750.2790.2830.2920.3000.3080.3170.3250.3330.3420.3500.3580.3670.3750.3830.3920.4000.4040.408

Temperature(Centigrade)0.01-m-depth

685683682673675673

Time(hours]

0.2830.2920.3000.3080.3170.325

672) 0.333665667662658653650

. 646644640638636633631628623620616 616

0.4171 6080.425) 6040.433 1 6020.4421 6010.450 i 6000.458 1 5980.467 1 5970.475! 5950.483 i 593

.0.492! 5910.500 1 5890.508! 5880.5171 5860.525| 5850.5331 5830.542 i 5820.5581 5800.567 5780.5751 5760.592 1 572

0.3420.3500.3580.3670.3750.3830.3920.4000.4040.4080.4170.425


896892888884879875871867863859856852849846843840837829827

0.433 8240.442! 8210.450! 8180.4580.4670.4750.4830.4920.5000.5080.5170.525

815813811808805803801798796

0.533! 7940.542 i 7910.5580.5670.5750.5920.600

787785782778777

0.608 1 7740.6170.6250.633

773771769

0.642! 7660.6500.667

0.600! 5701 0.6750.6081 569 i 0.6830.617 5670.625 i 566

0.7330.742

0.633 564 i 0.7500.642; 563 0.7580.650! 562 1 0.7670.667 558 0.775

764761759757750748746745743741

0.675 556 0.783 7390.683 554 j 0.792 7380.733' 549i O.SOOi 737

F2


1 Time(hours]

0.7420.7500.7580.7670.7750.7830.792


0.002-m-depth364366363362368368361

iThermocouple !

Time ! Temperature(hours)) (Centigrade)

0.7420.7500.7580.7670.7750.7830.7920.800

i 0.808

0.8170.825

0.01-m-depth548546545544543543543542541540540

0.833 i 5400.842 i . 5390.850J 5360.8580.8670.8750.8830.8920.900

533531528525524524

0.908 1 5230.91 7 j 5210.925 1 5190.9330.942

Time(hours

0.8080.8170.8250.8330.8420.8500.8580.8670.8750.8830.8920.9000.9080.9170.9250.9330.9420.9500.9580.9670.9750.9830.992

518| 1.000516

0.950 1 5160.958 1 5160.9670.9750.9830.992

516518521522

1.042 5231.0501.058

1.0421.0501.0581.0671.083

LLIOO1.1171.133

522 1.150522 1.167

1.067 1 5211.083! 518

j 1.1001 5161.1171 5151.133; 5141.1501 5121.167! 5111.183! 5121.2001 5091.217! 5091.2331 5081.2501 5061.2671 5061.283! 5021.317! 506

1.1831.2001.2171.2331.2501.2671.2831.3171.3331.3671.450

1.333! 4991.367 497 11.450 494 1


735733732731729728726725723721719717716714713711710708706705704703703702699698698697695

L 693691689687685683682680678677675673671667665658

F3

Cooling data for pahoehoe flow on Keone Drive just above Highway 130, 3-May-90Pahoehoe toe inflated slowly for about 6-7 minutes then ceased inflatingTime for run 1 is in decimal hours from 1 1 :30 AM (Hawaiian Standard Time)


Time(hours)

0.0040.0080.0130.0170.0420.0460.0580.0630.0670.0830.0880.0920.0960.1000.1040.1080.113


surface631603

586541525511510498482466462457456452460455450

Time(hours)

0.0630.0670.0710.0750.0790.0830.0880.096

0.1000.1080.1130.1170.1250.1330.1380.1420.1500.1750.183

0.192


0.002-m-depth

Time(hours)

687 1 0.008680673668663660649643

635631624624622614603599

589574575571

0.204 1 5600.2131 5580.217

0.2210.229

557554553

0.233 1 5510.238 i 5470.246 1 5470.2500.2540.258

0.0250.0330.0420.0500.0540.0580.0630.0670.0710.0750.0790.0830.0880.0960.100

0.1080.1130.1170.125


10501002980942914902892882873866860859845843835829

819812805800

0.1291 7950.1331 790

Time(hours)

0.008

0.0250.0330.0420.0500.0540.0580.0630.0670.0710.0750.0790.0830.0880.0960.1000.1080.1130.117

0.1250.1290.133

0.138 785! 0.1380.142] 778

0.1501 7670.175| 7320.183i 7270.192

543 1 0.204543 0.213538 1 0.217

0.263 1 536 0.221

721709705

0.1420.1500.1750.1830.1920.2040.213

702 1 0.217698 0.221

0.267 j 533 i 0.229) 693 1 0.229

0.271 530 1 0.233 i 6890.275 i 530 1 0.238 1 685

0.279 1 529 j 0.2460.283 i 527 1 0.250

0.2540.258

681679677675

0.263 1 673

0.267 1 6690.271 6640.275 1 662

0.2330.238

0.2460.2500.2540.258


1130112111121094108110741068106510601058105410511047104610431041

103710351033102810251023101910161010

989982975968960956952947944941

937932930

929

0.263 1 9250.267 9230.271 9200.275 1 917

i 0.279 i 660 0.2790.283) 659

ii

1 !

0.283915912

1

F4

inflation and cooling data from pahoehoe sheet flows on ...inflation and cooling data from pahoehoe...

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