1. PRESENTED BY: 1. PRATEEK GUPTA 2. SAMARTH ROY 3. SHUBHAM DHANGAR 4. SUJAY KUMARPRESENTED TO CFA MONOJ SHARMA

2. Inflation Types of inflation Measures to control inflation Deflation Types of deflation Measures to control deflationCONTENTS 3. Inflation 4. An increase in the general level of prices in an economy that is sustained over a period of time is called inflation.inflation5 5. Inflation Rate 1412.11 1211.0910.83108.878.329.385.7964.02 43.774.313.81 3.776.394.2520 200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201262013 6. 7 7. TYPES OF INFLATION 1. Demand-Pull InflationTypes of Inflation2. Cost-Push Inflation 3. Structural Inflation8 8. DEMAND PULL INFLATION Demand Pull Inflation represents a situation, wherein the aggregate demand outweighs the aggregate supply.Demand pull inflation This increase in demand can be from the government, entrepreneurs, or the households. The demand is such that it cant be met by the currently available supply of output. Thus, when pressure of aggregate demand for goods and services exceeds the available supply of output, it naturally leads to rise in price, i.e. Inflation.9 9. The AS curve rises but when full employment level is reached it takes a vertical shape becoming perfectly inelastic. This is because after the level of full employment, supply of output cant be increased.Source:http://www.bized.co.uk/virtual/economy/library/glossary/glossarydf. htm10 10. COST PUSH INFLATION Without any increase in aggregate demand, inflation can still arise. This may happen if there is increase in cost independent of any increase in aggregate demand.Cost push inflation Such an inflationary situation is known as Cost-Push inflation. Three increases in cost which generate cost push inflation are Wage Push Inflation Profit Push Inflation Increase in prices of raw materials 11 11. Increase in wage, profit, prices of raw materials lead to a rise in cost of production. Therefore, a leftward shift can be seen in AS AD being constant, there is a rise in price.12 12. WAGE PUSH INFLATION Growth of powerful trade unions can be one of the reason for the spread and rise of inflation.Wage push Inflation This arises when trade union push for which are not justifiable either on grounds of prior rise in productivity or on grounds of a cost of living, thus producing a cost-push effect. The employers agree to these wage claims because they hope to pass on these rises in the cost to the consumer in the form of hike in prices.13 13. PROFIT PUSH INFLATION Increase in the profit margin by the firms working under monopolistic or oligopolistic conditions.Profit push Inflation This leads to charging higher prices from the consumer. is called profit push inflation because the cause of cost-push is profit. It This also results in the shift in supply curve towards the left.14 14. INCREASE IN PRICE OF RAW MATERIALS addition to a rise in wage rate and increase in profit margins, a rise in In price of raw materials leading to rise in price of cost of production also plays a part in creating a cost-push situation.Increase in price of raw materials cost of production increases then the producers will obviously hike the If prices of their product in order to cover up that cost. Sharp rise in world oil prices in 1973-1975 and 1979-1980 produced significant rise, resulting in cost push inflation.15 15. 16 Measures to control Inflation 16. MEASURES TO CONTROL INFLATION Monetary measure: Squeezing Credit Fiscal measure: reducing purchasing power17 17. 18 Monetary Measures 18. MONETARY MEASURES 1. Bank Rate2. Cash Reserve Ratio 3. Statutory Liquidity Ratio 4. Open market Operations5. Margin Requirements19 19. BANK RATE Bank Rate- The minimum rate at which RBI extends credit to commercial Banks.Bank RateIn India, RBI follows type of measure in INFLATIONARY TIMES Dear Money measure(followed in period of boom and inflation) - Any increase in Bank rate results in an increase in interest rate charged by Commercial banks which in turn leads to low level of investment and low inflation 20 20. 21 21. CRR (CASH RESERVE RATIO) It refers to the cash which banks have to maintain with RBI as certain percentage of their demand and time liabilitiesCash Reserve RatioAn increase in CRR reduces the cash with commercial banks which results in low supply of currency in the market, higher interest rate and lower the inflationCRR22 22. STATUTORY LIQUIDITY RATIO Commercial Banks have to maintain liquid assets cash, gold and approved securities equal to not less than SLR(present SLR is 23%) of their total demand and time deposit liabilities.Statutory Liquidity Ratio Objectives of SLR restrict expansion of Bank credit To augment banks investment in government securities To ensure solvency of banks ToSLR is increased in case of23 23. OPEN MARKET OPERATIONS Govt. control the money supply by issuing govt. securities in public govt. securities are issued by by govt. to raise the funds necessary to pay its expensesOpen Market Operationsthese securities are nothing but bonds and debentures with a certain maturity. These securities lock the purchasing power of public for a certain period. Therefore sale of securities can help regulate inflation.24 24. 25 25. MARGIN REQUIREMENTS Margin requirement is the difference between the market value of the security and its maximum loan value. A bank does not advance loan equal to the market value of the security, but less.Margin Requirements For example, it may lend Rs. 600 against the security worth Rs.1000; thus the margin requirement in this case is 40%. During inflation, the margin requirement can be raised to reduce the loan one can get on a security. 26 26. 27 Fiscal measure 27. INSTRUMENTS OF FISCAL POLICY Reduction of Govt. Expenditure Increase in Taxation Imposition of new Taxes Public DebtOver valuation28 28. 29 Deflation 29. DEFLATION A general decline in prices, often caused by a reduction in the supply of money or credit. Deflation can be caused also by a decrease in government, personal or investment spending. The opposite of inflation, deflation has the side effect of increased unemployment since there is a lower level of demand in the economy, which can lead to an economic depression.3 0 30. Deflation tends to occur when the economys capacity, as indicated by the position of the AS curve, grows at a faster rate than AD. Firms have to cut prices in order to stimulate sales and get rid of stocks. Deflation can be triggered by an increase in supply. As business and consumer confidence in the economy declines, AD falls, resulting in recession.31 31. TYPES OF DEFLATIONS DEBT DEFLATIONTYPES OF DEFLATIONS MONEY SIDE SUPPLY DEFLATION BANK CREDIT DEFLATION CONFISCATORY DEFLATION 32 32. 33 Debt Deflation 33. This theory was given by IRVING FISHER. A situation in which the collateral used to secure a loan (or another form of debt) decreases in value. This can be detrimental because it may lead to a restructuring of the loan agreement or the loan itself. Its also known as "worst deflation" and "collateral deflation". 34 34. MONEY SIDE SUPPLY DEFLATION 35. This deflation is caused primarily by a reduction in the velocity of money and/or the amount of money supply per person. This happens when people tend to save more money which results in decrease in the money flow.36 36. BANKCREDI T DEFLATIO N 37 37. This happens when there is a decrease in the credit supply of the bank and a contraction of the money supply from a nations central bank. may be caused by the central bank initiating higher interest It rates.38 38. CONFISCATORY DEFLATIONWhat it looks likeWhat it really39 39. This is caused when central bank freezes bank deposits and as a result it decreases money supply. The freezing of bank deposits is done to counter inflation but if it is not checked it may result in deflation.40 40. EFFECTS OF41 41. A slow-down or fall in lending leads to less money in circulation, with a further sharp fall in money supply as confidence reduces and velocity weakens, with a consequent sharp fall-off in demand for employment or goods. The fall in demand causes a fall in prices as a supply glut develops. This becomes a deflationary spiral when prices fall below the costs of financing production, or repaying debt levels incurred at the prior price level. Businesses, unable to make enough profit no matter how low they set prices, are then liquidated. Banks get assets which have fallen dramatically in value since their mortgage loan was made, and if they sell those assets, they further glut supply, which only exacerbates the situation. To slow or halt the deflationary spiral, banks will often withhold collecting on non-performing loans (as in Japan, and most recently America and Spain). This is often no more than a stop-gap measure, because they must then restrict credit, since they do not have money to lend, which further reduces demand, and so on.42 42. Measures to Control deflatio 43. Various measures to increase consumption and investment expenditures in the economy.1. Reduction in Taxation: The government should reduce the number and burden of various taxes levied on commodities. This will increase the purchasing power of the people. As a result, the demand for goods and services will increase. Moreover, sufficient tax relief should be given to businessmen to encourage investment.2. Redistribution of Income: Marginal propensity to consume can be raised by a redistribution of income and wealth from the rich to the poor. Since the marginal propensity to consume of the poor is high and that of the rich is low, such a measure will help increasing the aggregate demand in the economy.44 44. 3. Repayment of Public Debt: During deflation period, the government can repay the old public debts. This will increase the purchasing power of the people and push up effective demand.4. Subsidies: The government should give subsidies to induce the businessmen to increase investment.5. Reduction in Interest Rate: By adopting a cheap money policy, the monetary authority of a country reduced the interest rate, which stimulates investment and thereby expands economic activity in the economy.45 45. 6. Credit Expansion: The central bank and the commercial banks should adopt a policy of credit expansion to promote business and industry in the country. Bank credit should be made easily available to the entrepreneurs for productive purposes.7. Foreign Trade Policy: To control deflation, the government should adopt such a foreign trade policy that, on the one hand, increases exports, and, on the other hand, reduces imports. This kind of policy will go a long way in solving the problem of overproduction, and help overcoming deflation. 8. Regulation of Production: Production in the economy should be regulated in such a way that the problem of overproduction does not arise. Attempts should be made to adjust production with the existing demand to avoid over-production. 46 46. CONCLUSION Fiscal policy alone or monetary policy alone is not sufficient to check deflation in an economy. A proper co- ordination of fiscal, monetary and other measures is essential to effectively deal with the deflation-ary situation.47