inflation indexed securities: a user’s perspective
DESCRIPTION
INFLATION INDEXED SECURITIES: A USER’S PERSPECTIVE. Presented At IAFE 1997 Annual Conference Ron D’Vari, Ph.D. AGENDA. ANATOMY OF NOMINAL INTEREST RATES FACTORS INFLENCING INFLATION EXPECTATIONS REVIEW OF TIPS AND CIPS (STRUCTURE, HISTORY,ETC.) REAL VS NOMINAL RISK MEASURES - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
TIPS, IAFE 1997, Ron D'Vari
INFLATION INDEXED SECURITIES:A USER’S PERSPECTIVE
Presented At IAFE 1997 Annual ConferenceRon D’Vari, Ph.D.
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• ANATOMY OF NOMINAL INTEREST RATES• FACTORS INFLENCING INFLATION EXPECTATIONS• REVIEW OF TIPS AND CIPS (STRUCTURE, HISTORY,ETC.) • REAL VS NOMINAL RISK MEASURES• TIPS VALUATION AND BREAKEVEN ANALYSIS• US CPI-URN-NSA HISTORICAL PERFORMANCE• TACTICAL VS STRATEGIC USE OF TIPS/CIPS
AGENDA
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ANATOMY OF NOMINAL INTEREST RATES
EXPECTED REAL RATE
EXPECTED INFLATION
RISK PREMIA
UNEXPECTED REAL RATEPREMIUM
UNEXPECTED INFLATIONPREMIUM
OTHER RISKS’ PREMIA
LIQUIDITYCREDIT
ETC
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FACTORS INFLUENCING INFALTION EXPECTATIONS
ECONOMICGROWTH
TRADE POLICIES/BARRIERS
MONETARY & FISCAL POLICIES
LABOR MARKETSGOODS MARKETS
DOMESTICINTERNATIONAL
GLOBALCOMPETITION
CURRENCYREGIMES/POLICIES
PRODUCTIVITYGROWTH
CAPITAL GOODSINVESTMENT
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• HIGHER CONFIDENCE ON US MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICIES Global emulation of US economic policies
• STRONG US DOLLAR (LOW IMPORTED INFLATION) Southeast Asia new free currency regime Yen’s further weakening
• PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENTS Computer technology payoffs Investments in capital equipment
• GLOBAL EXCESS CAPACITY• LOWER TRADE BARRIERS
Increased global competition Low pricing power
• RISKS: Low unemployment, increased union power, inflated financial asset prices
CURRENT DRIVERS OF LOW INFLATION
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• POSSIBLE INFLATION-LINKED STRUCTURES
– Interest Indexed (less inflation protection)– Capital Indexed (more inflation protection)– Zero-coupon Indexed (most inflation protection)– Indexed Annuity
• MOST DESIRABLE : Capital Indexed– 3.375% Real Coupon, Actual/Actual, Semia Annual (SA)
– Nominal SA Coupon Payaouts
Original Par Amount * (Index Ratio on Coupon Date) * ( 3.375%)/2
– Current Principal = Indexed to CPI (accretes with CPI-U)
VARIOUS STRUCTURES
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• Nominal Price is a function of past inflation not future inflation
(3-Month Lagged CPI-U Index on Settlement Date)
• Index Ratio = ----------------------------------------------------------------------
( 3-Month Lagged CPI-U Index on Issuance Date)
• Price/Yield calulation is done in real domain and converted to nominal by the index ratio
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• Revisions to CPI Calculation Methodology - Uncertain• Can be lower as much as 0.5%/Year• More an issue with 10- and 30-years than 5-year
• Stripping Has To Be Further Clarified Coupon and principal strips of different bonds not combinable Different bonds different refernce index ratios For tax purposes, strips will be treated as OID No stripping has yet occured
• Trading Practices - Straightforward PSA a "Trading Practice Guidelines Price and quotation on real basis Settlement price is adjusted based on settlement index ratio Forward pricing beyond a month is problamatic
OTHER ISSUES
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• Forward Pricing Analysis
• Cost of Carry Analysis
• Buy/Sell Back Repo Analysis
• Inflation Indexed Bond Futures
• CPI-U Swap Analysis
• CPI-U Linked Options
DERIVATIVES PRICING
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• TIPS’ BASIC STRUCTURE Principal adjusted daily based on 3-m lagged index ratio Index = NSA CPI-U (all items for all urban consumers) Nov. 96 ==> Feb 1, 97 and Dec. 96 ==> March 1, 97 Linearly interpolated in between Principal adjustments are not paid out periodically (treated like a zero - compounds daily) Semi-annual coupon (real) based on adjusted principal 100% of Original Principal is Guaranteed at Maturity Prin. At Maturity = Max [Orig. Prin. , Orig. Prin. x Index Ratio at Mat.] CAN BE STRIPPED
• DRAWBACKS OF US TIPS STRUCTURE Principal Appreciation Taxed Annually Can lead to negative nominal cash flows (high inflation) Less attractive for taxable entities such as retail investors
US TIPS: A BRIEF HISTORY
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• ISSUANCE QUARTERLY SINGLE-PRICE AUCTIONS 10YR: 1/29/97 for $7.6B and 4/08/97 for $8.4B (retap) 5YR: 7/09/97 for $8.4B INITIAL AUCTION WAS VERY SUCCESSFUL (Bid/Cover of 5.2 at Real Yield of 3.44%) LACKLUSTER RETAP OF 10-YR AND 5-YR AUCTIONS US TREASURY HAS EXPRESSED ITS COMMITMENT TO THE TIPS PROGRAM AS OF 9/19 TIPS CONSTITUTED 0.7% OF TREASURY INDEX AND 0.48% OF AGGREGATE INDEX 30-YR TO BE ISSUED IN 1998
US TIPS: A BRIEF HISTORY
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US TIPS: AUCTION HISTORY
TYPE AUCTIONDATE
SOLD(Bln.)
HIGHYIELD
LOWYIELD
% OFTENDERSAT HIGH
NON-COMP
BID/COVER
10-YR 1/29/97 $7.003 3.449% 3.200% 75% $157MM 5.31
10-YR 4/08/97 $8.003 3.650% 3.450% 46% $36MM 2.26
5-YR 7/09/97 $8.001 3.744% 3.550% 63% $46.6MM 3.31
• LIQUIDITY HAS BEEN INLINE WITH EXPECTATION SO FAR EXPECTED TO INCREASE WITH ISSUANCE IN FUTURE YEARS CAN BE AS MUCH AS 30% OF NEW COUPON ISSUANCE WILL SOON SURPASS ANY OTHER FOREIGN I/L MARKETS
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CPI-URN SEASONAL EFFECT
-0.10%
0.00%
0.10%
0.20%
0.30%
0.40%
0.50%
0.60%
CPI URN NSA (MOM )
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CPI-URN-NSA TREND
0.00%
2.00%
4.00%
6.00%
8.00%
10.00%
12.00%
14.00%
CPI URN NSA (YOY )
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• 20 YR=4.95%, 10-YR=3.54% , 5-YR=2.68%, 3-YR=2.57% 1-YR=2.23%
CPI-U NSA PAST PERFORMANCE
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• SOME CORPORATE ISSUANCE TVA, $300MM, 10-YR FHLB, $200MM, 10YR JP Morgan, $200MM, 15YR Salomon Brother, $400MM, 5YR Toyota Motor Credit, $100MM, 5YR
• HAS SLOWED SIGNIFICANTLY • RELATED ISSUES
• Advantages and Disadvantages From Issuer Perspective - Diverse motivation for issuance
• Alternative to Short Term or Long Term Debt?• Hedged vs. Unhedged Issuance
• VALUATION ISSUES• Total Inflation Protection vs. Non-Accretion• Relative Value Analysis for Different Structures
• MIPS (Munis) PROTECTED FROM INFLATION AND TAXES • Before-tax yields are very low (CPI+1%)• Only riskless asset?
CORPORATE, AGENCY, AND MUNIES ISSUANCE
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REAL VS NOMINAL RISK MEASURES
DR = Real Duration = -% Price Real Yield
DN = Nominal Duration = -% Price
Nominal Yield
DN / DR = Real Yield
Nominal YieldYield Beta (
has been very unstable and market directional
Nominal hedges are market directional
)
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NOMINAL HEDGES CAN BE IMPERFECT
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5Yr TIP’S RISK
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10Yr TIP’S RISK
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5Yr Vs 10Yr TIPS’ Yield History
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5Yr Vs 10Yr TIPS’ Historical Yield Spreads
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5Yr Vs 10Yr TIPS’ Price Regression
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5Yr Vs 10Yr TIPS’ Yield Regression
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5-YR TIPS VALUATION
2.000%
2.500%
3.000%
3.500%
4.000%
4.500%
5.000%
5.500%
6.000%
6.500%
10-Jul-97 17-Jul-97 24-Jul-97 31-Jul-97 7-Aug-97 14-Aug-97 21-Aug-97 28-Aug-97 4-Sep-97 11-Sep-97 18-Sep-97
OTR 5-YR Treasury
5-YR TIPS
5-Yr Break Even Inflations
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OTR 5-YR Treasury
5.850%5.900%5.950%6.000%6.050%6.100%6.150%6.200%6.250%6.300%
10-Jul-97
17-Jul-97
24-Jul-97
31-Jul-97
7-Aug-97
14-Aug-97
21-Aug-97
28-Aug-97
4-Sep-97 11-Sep-97
18-Sep-97
OTR 5-YR Treasury
2.200%
2.300%
2.400%
2.500%
2.600%
10-Jul-97 17-Jul-97 24-Jul-97 31-Jul-97 7-Aug-97 14-Aug-97 21-Aug-97 28-Aug-97 4-Sep-97 11-Sep-97 18-Sep-97
5-Yr Break Even Inflations
5-YR TIPS VALUATION
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ONTR 10-YR Treasury
6.000%6.100%6.200%
6.300%6.400%6.500%6.600%6.700%
6.800%6.900%7.000%
30-Jan-97 27-Feb-97 27-Mar-97 24-Apr-97 22-May-97 19-Jun-97 17-Jul-97 14-Aug-97 11-Sep-97
ONTR 10-YR Treasury
10-Yr Break Even Inflations
2.400%2.500%
2.600%2.700%
2.800%2.900%3.000%
3.100%3.200%
3.300%3.400%
30-Jan-97 27-Feb-97 27-Mar-97 24-Apr-97 22-May-97 19-Jun-97 17-Jul-97 14-Aug-97 11-Sep-97
10-Yr Break Even Inflations
10-YR TIPS VALUATION
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10-YR TIPS DURATION BASED ONSCENARIO ANALYSIS
10-YR TIPS Nominal Effective Duration
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
6.50% 6.70% 6.90% 7.10% 7.30% 7.50% 7.70% 7.90% 8.10%
Nominal Yield Levels
Eff
ecti
ve D
urat
ion
INCREMENTAL
REFERENCE REAL=3.6%
REFERENCE REAL=3.2%
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• STRATEGIC DIVERSIFICATION
REDUCED RISK HIGHER SHARP RATIO
REDUCE RELATIVE RISK TIPS INCLUDED IN LEHMAN AGGREGATE INDEX
LIABILITIES INDEXED TO INFLATION
• TACTICAL ENHANCE RELATIVE PERFORMANCE DUE TO
UNANTICIPATED INFLATION BUY INTEREST RATE PROTECTION CHEAP
PORTFOLIO USE
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• Piet M.A. Eichholtz, ET. AL, Journal of Fixed Income, December of 1993 UK: January 1983 to December 1992 Israel: January 1984 through May 1992 Used Cash, Nominal and IL Bonds/Bills and Equity Considered both low and high levels of risk tolerance
Very Low RiskTolerance
Very High RiskTolerance
UK Cash: 96.4%Short I/L: 0.8%
Bonds: 2.6%
100% Stocks For Risk Tolerance>0.1No I/L (short or long)
Inclusion of I/L liabilitiesdid not change results
Israel w/oI/L Liabilities
96.6% CashSmall short I/L
86.4% Equities13.6% I/L
Israel withI/L Liabilities
56% Cash44% Short I/L
StocksLong and short
I/L
Inclusion of I/L liabilitieschanged resultsdramatically