Influence of Algae Treatment on Lagoon Odors

Personnel

• Principal Investigator– Stephen J. Reynolds, Ph.D., CIH

• Co-Investigators– Tim Stanton, Ph.D.– Brad Lester, M.S.– Marc Cusanelli– John Mehaffy, M.S.

Regional Community Partners

• Agsmart Inc.• La Luna Dairy, Wellington, Colorado• Morwai Dairy, Hudson, Colorado• Weld County Commissioners• Cooperative Extension• CSU Center for Animal Agriculture and

Community Enhancement

Specific Aims and Objectives

1. Work with community-based partners to conduct project and disseminate findings

2. Implement and evaluate the effectiveness of lagoon algae treatment on reduction of emissions and occupational exposures

1. Measure and quantify occupational exposures2. Differences in dairy and feedlot size and manure

handling practices

3. Evaluate the utility of the Cyranose 320 electronic nose for detection, identification, and quantification

Methods

• Algae System – grown on-site in a greenhouse, added to manure by pump, raise dissolved oxygen to above 1.0 mg/ml

• Total Particulate – 37-mm closed-faced cassette

• Inhalable Particulate – IOM sampler with 25-mm filter and SKC Button sampler with 25-mm filter

• Gas/Vapor – Sorbent tubes (charcoal and XAD-7) following NIOSH Analytical Methods

Methods

• Hydrogen Sulfide – Jerome 631-X Hydrogen Sulfide Analyzer (Arizona Instruments) real-time measurement ranging from 3ppb to 50ppm

• Ammonia – Dräger Pac III real-time measurement range from 0 to 300ppm

• Bioaerosols – SKC Biosampler and Anderson Two-Stage Jet-to Agar Impactor (mesophilic and gram-negative bacteria, and fungi)

• Odor and Constituent Gases – Scentometer and Cyranose 320 electronic nose

Methods

• Endotoxin – Recombinant Factor C Endotoxin Assay (Biowhittaker)

• Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide – Q-Trak (TSI Inc.) direct reading with datalogging

• DataRam – particulate sampling in range from 0.01 to 100 mg/m3

• Grimm – real-time size selective evaluation of aerosol counts and mass, size range 0.35 to 20 µm, mass range 0 to 100 µg/L

Methods

• Area Samples by Lagoons – Total and Inhalable Particulate and Endotoxin, Gases, Vapors, Bioaerosols, and Meterological data

• Personal Samples – Total and Inhalable Particulate and Endotoxin for Milkers, Pushers, Feeder, Calf Feeders, Vet Techs, and General Maintenance Personnel

Algae System at a Colorado Dairy

•1500 cows•60 acre site

•8 acre lagoon•no land application

•flushes 250,000-400,000 gpd•recycles wastewater with fresh•odor issues with town residents

Colorado Dairy

DAIRY

HOUSINGDEVELOPMENT

HOUSINGDEVELOPMENT

TOWN HALL

½ MILE

RR TRACKS

½ MILE

PREVAILING WINDS

½ + MILE

INTERSTATEHIGHWAY

Colorado Dairy

Set up system June 1, 2003

GOALS:•REDUCE ODOR•GAIN COMMUNITY ACCEPTANCE

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

6/ 5 8/ 12 9/ 12 10/ 08 11/ 5

averagehigh

Colorado DairyDISSOLVED OXYGEN (MG/L) MEASURED AT A DEPTH OF 6 FEET

•DATA COLLECTED BY COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY RESEARCH TEAM

•CITY MAYOR & COUNCIL MEMBERS SUPPORTIVE OF AGSMART PROCESS

•DAIRY ODOR COMPLAINTS DRASTICALLY REDUCED

Wastewater Analysis BOD5

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

10/ 01/ 04 04/ 28/ 05 09/ 06/ 05

Influent to PondEffluent to BarnsPond Sample

Wastewater Analysis BOD5

10/01/04 04/28/05 09/06/05

Influent to Pond 12,640 mg/L 8,688 mg/L 3,924 mg/L

Effluent to Barns 12,720 mg/L N/A 3,504 mg/L

Pond Sample 12,580 mg/L 8,556 mg/L N/A

Colorado Analytical Lab #04100111 #05042818 #05090637

Wastewater Analysis PO4

Wastewater Analysis—PO4

in mg/L

09/17/2003 1598

03/11/2004 1402

10/01/2004 648

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

09/ 17/ 03 03/ 11/ 04 10/ 01/ 04

PO4 (mg/ L)

Colorado Dairy

H2S LEVELS MEASURED AROUND PERIMETER OF LAGOON

DATE MEASURED READING

03/18/04 23 PPB

04/05/04 1-10 PPB

A Direct Comparison6-Tank System

8-Acre Single Cell Lagoon With 28 Micro Diffusers

4-hp

VS

139 hp

Traditional Mechanical Aeration System

556 Micro Diffusers

8-Acre Single Cell Lagoon With 556 Micro Diffusers

Installation Cost: Less Than $100,000.00

Installation Cost:Greater Than $140,000.00

Yearly Operation Cost:Less Than $36,000.00

Yearly Operation Cost:Greater Than $100,000.00@ $.08 / KWH

Data Compiled By Colorado State University

Of Aerobic Systems*

* TO OVERCOME13,000-16,000 MG/L BOD LOADING

Personal Sample Setup

SKC Button Sampler

Feeder Sample Setup

Lagoon Sample Setup

Particulate, Gases, and Vapors

Bioaersols

Results

ScentometerScentometer Readings at a Colorado Dairy

Season

Diluti

ons

to T

hre

shold

15

7

00

2

77

2

1

222

7

2

77

22222

Maximum Mode

Winter 05 Spring Summer Fall Winter 06

Hydrogen SulfideHydrogen Sulfide Levels at a Colorado Dairy

Season

Hyd

rogen S

ulfi

de (

ppb)

0

200

400

600

Minimum Maximum Average

Winter 05 Spring Summer Fall Winter 06

AmmoniaPeak Ammonia Levels at a Colorado Dairy

Season

Am

monia

(ppm

)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Ammonia

Winter 05 Spring Summer Fall Winter 06

Total ParticulateTotal Particulate by Task and Area

Task or Area

Part

icula

te (

mg/m

3)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Lagoon Maint. Milkers

Total EndotoxinTotal Endotoxin by Task and Area

Task and Area

Endoto

xin

(EU

/m3)

0

250

500

750

1000

1250

1500

1750

Lagoon Maint. Milkers

Inhalable ParticulateInhalable Particulate by Task and Area

Task or Area

Part

icula

te (

mg/m

3)

0

1

2

3

4

5

Lagoon Calves Sick Cows Maint. Feeder Loader

Inhalable EndotoxinInhalable Endotoxin by Task and Area

Task or Area

Endoto

xin

Conce

ntr

ati

on (

EU

/m3)

0

250

500

750

1000

1250

1500

1750

2000

10000

11000

Lagoon Calves Sick Cows Maint. Feeder Loader

Questions?

Do you smell that?

Nope, we have algae!