Influence of human factors and affective technology

in utilitarian mobile applications

Erkki Kurkinenerkki.l.kurkinen@jyu.fi

+358400247680- dissertation supervisor: prof Pekka Neittaanmäki- format: collection of papers- status of this plan: draft research plan- time schedule: started Jan 2010, final ~2012

My CV

MSc in 1982 in Technical University of Tampere (computer technology) Additional studies in University of Oulu (mathematics, physics, theoretical physics)Career in Nokia Corp. up to 2009 in production, R&D, product marketing, sales, system development, conceptingIn several positions in several international businesses: telecommunication, TETRA, mobile networks, multimedia devicesNow: senior researcher and PhD student in Scope program in Faculty of IT in JYU

IntroductionUser behaviour in accepting new technology (computers, tv, IT- systems) has been studied since 50-60’sMobile technology user studies done since 80’sTraditionally there have been spesific research methods for different user types (i.e. hedonic users, utilitarian users)

• PEOU=percieved ease of use• PU= percieved usability• CA =cognitive absorption• TAM, TAM2 =technical acceptance model

Currently, models for customer acceptance in mobile applications are being developed as well in the communityUtilitarian use (police) is assumed to get closer to the hedonic use (consumer) = one of the hypotheses in this researchIn this research the goal is to create new methods for technology acceptance for utilitarian users having elements from existing models from both user types and use in empirical tests to prove hypotheses

DefinitionsUtilitarian user– Device, service or application is used for increasing task

performance, professional use (in this study police and fire)– Benefit is external of the system itself

Hedonic user– Device, service or appplication is used for pleasure and

enjoy; system provides value to the user (consumer)– Benefit is internal to system

Human factor– physical or cognitive property of an individual or social

behavior which is specific to humans and influences functioning of technological systems

Definitions (cont.)

Affective technology– Technology that relates to, arises from, or deliberately

influences emotion and other affective phenomenaUser experience– a person's perceptions and responses that result from the

use or anticipated use of a product, system or service (ISO 9241-210)

Traditional acceptance models

• TRA - results• TAM• TAM2• …

Utilitarianservice

• UTAUT - results• Kaasinen • Pedersen• …

Hedonicservice

Userstudy

User study

Sketch of a new acceptance model development

Utilitarianservice

Hedonicservice

User study

New

models

User studyUser

studyUser study

Results

Conclusions

Validations

Research goals

Research questions:– What are the users experiences of the utilitarian users of the mobile

applications ?– What type of attractions (if any) there are in the devices and applications for

the utilitarian users ?– Can an utilitarian mobile device be affective (in positive sense) making the

user to use the application more often and with pleasure ?– Can a nicely working mobile device or application encourage the user to use

the service more and more and take everything out of it ?– Can a nicely working mobile device or application encourage the utilitarian

user to enjoy doing her/his duties ?– Can a nicely working mobile device or application get the utilitarian user to

do her/his duties more effectively – What kind of device, service or application can give answers to all previous

questions ?

Preliminary hypotheses

H1: Utilitarian use is getting influences from hedonic useH2: Utilitarian users can enjoy of the interactions not dissimilar to hedonic usersH3: Intention to use the utilitarian system will remarkably grow after integrating hedonic features into itH4: Utilitarian users can remarkably benefit from hedonic features in their systems

User studies

Application A

Application B

Application C

Application D

PreInterview

System in use

Interview

Results&

Conclusions

introductions

User studies

• Police users– Finland (Vaasa police, Police College in Tampere,Jkl)– UK (Wiltshire, Hertfordshire)

• Fire departments– Emergency Service College (Pelastusopisto) in

Kuopio– Los Angeles Fire department

Current state2 conference papers in 2 conferences (ISCRAM, IDRC) presetedFirst user study on going– Vaasa police– 1st system under test: bar code based work flow and work allocation

system (Upcode Oy application + Nokia E75)– 3 x 3 weeks sessions, each with separate applications

Our own Scope applications development ongoing, user studies to start soon– User experience demonstrators

• Mobile police station in a vehicle + multimedia device• Use of semantic content• Use of mobile agents

– Sumo server + mobile clients• Social media type (closed system)• Location• Chat, images, videos, voice & document storage

Benefits of the study results

Adds the understanding of the intentions to use and accept technology of the utilitarian usersHelps service/device R&D developent work in mitigating customer acceptance risks in development of new sevices and productsGives new tools for utilitarian customers to evaluate and minimise their own risk on introduction and utlization of new servicesGives tools for the design thinking -type of development of IT systems

Conclusion

Utilitarian users will get more and more features for their ICT systems which are better used and known in hedonic systemsAcceptance models need to be changed as wellIn this research new acceptance models will be developed combining these two user types to understand better the acceptance procedureAll this is for the benefit of utilitarian users

References

1. Davis Fred D. Percieved Ease of Use and user Acceptance of Information Technology, MIS Quarterly, Vol 13, No 3, pp. 319-340, 1989

2. Davos Fred D., Bagozzi Richard P., Warshaw Paul R., User Acceptance of Comnputer Technology:A Comparison of Two Theroretical Models, Management Science, vol 35, No 8 pp. 982-1003, 1989

3. Venkatesh Viswanath, Davis Fred D., A Theoretical Extension of the Technoloical Acceptance Model: Four Logitudinal Field Studies, Management Science, vol 46, no 2, pp. 186-204, 2000

4. Wakefield Robin, Whitten Dwayne, Mobile computing: a user study on hedonic/utilitarian mobile device usage, European Journal of Information Systems, issue 15, pp. 292-300,2006

5. Chesney Thomas, Measuring the Context of Information Systems use, Journal of Information Technology Management, vol 14, no 3, 2008

6. Pedersen P.E., Adoption of Mobile Internet Services:An Explantory Study of Mobile Commerce Early Adaptors, Journal of Orgaizational Computing and Electronic Commerce 15 (2), 2003-222, 2005

7. Kaasinen Eija, User Acceptance of Mobile Services - value, ease of use, trust and ease of adaption, VTT publications 566,2005

8. A Design Thinking Process Model for Capturing and Formalizing Design Intents, Zhaoyang Sun, Jihong Liu, Proceedings of ISCID 08, International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Design, 2008

Thank you!

Questions?