influence of natural and artificial binders in feeds for litopenaeus vannamei on digestibility and...

8/8/2019 Influence of natural and artificial binders in feeds for Litopenaeus vannamei on digestibility and growth

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September | October 2010

Feature title: Inuence o natural and artifcial binders in eeds orLitopenaeus vannamei on digestibility and growth

The International magazine or the aquaculture eed industry

International Aquafeed is published five times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies,the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis ofinformation published.Copyright 2009 Perendale Publishers L td. All rights reserved. No par t of this publication may be reproduced in any formor by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058
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2/5

Shrimp are external masti-

cators, meaning that they

chew their feed outside their

mouth and will not ingest the

feed at once.

Shrimp prefer soft pellets. Typically, in

semi-intensive farming, shrimp feed pellets

will stay in the water for 15 - 60 minutes

before the shrimp consumes them, but they

can lie in water for several hours before

consumption. Feeds should remain water-

stable during this period.

Meanwhile, feed pellets swell by taking

up water which makes them soft.

Producing water stable feeds which

become soft by water uptake but don't fall

apart is a challenge for every shrimp feed

producer.

Untill now, most shrimp feeds are pel-

leted, and binders are widely used to obtain

good water stability. Binders generally form

a network through the feed pellet and hold

it together while it interferes with the

water.

The mostly used binders are urea-

formaldehyde, wheat gluten and gelatin.

Most binders are only functional once.

Gelatinised starch, wheat gluten and

urea-formaldehyde will not work once

heated and cooled down. Gelatin can be

heated and cooled down several times and

will keep its functionality.

Although urea-formaldehyde is for-

bidden in the EU, it is widely used in

Asia as a binder in both fish and shrimp

feeds. It facilitates the production of water

stable feeds, but producers are unaware

of the nutritional consequences of using

this binder. Dominy et al (2003) already

observed better growth with natural bind-

ers compared to synthetic binders.

Goal

The goals of this study was to determine

the influence of the inclusion of synthetic

by Eric De Muylder of CreveTec, Leon Claessens and Mekki Herizi of Aquaculture Farming Technology, Fanny Yasumaruand Daniel Lemos of LAM Aquaculture Laboratory, University of So Paulo and Geert van der Velden of Sonac BV

Influence of natural and artificial bindersin feeds for Litopenaeus vannamei on digestibility and growth

"The goal of this

study was to

determine the

influence of the

inclusion of

synthetic or

natural binders

in feeds on their

digestibility and

on the growth of

shrimp"

10 | InnaInal AquAFeed | September-ctober 2010 -

F: Binders

binders or natural binders on the digest-

ibility of the feeds growth of shrimp

Material and MethodsDiets - Three different diets were for-

mulated (see table). Feeds were pelleted on

a 2mm die.

ResultsL e a c h i n g

rate and water

uptake - Analysis

for leaching rates

and water uptake

were done at

the labora-

tory of CreveTec.

Leaching was done during one

hour in fresh water.

As could be expected

from previous results, the

inclusion of ureumformal-

dehyde reduces the water

uptake that in turn reduces

the leaching rate. The values

for the three diets are within

standards.

DigestibilityThe three samples of feed were analysed

for in vitro digestibility with the pH stat

method, as described by Lemos et al (2009).

DH values were used to predict protein

digestibility by separate models relating

ingredients or diet DH to in vivo digest-

ibility as verifiable in Lemos et al. (2009).

Feed samples with PPD (Predicted Protein

Digestibility) from 90.7 to 92.0% may be

considered of high to very high protein

digestibility diets.

Growth trialExperimental system - Shrimp were put

in 12 nets of 150 liters each. The nets were

submerged in a bigger tank, which is con-

nected to a biofloc reactor. Water quality

is maintained through bioflocs and is the

same in all nets. There were four replicates

for each diet.

ShrimpEach net was stocked with 25 shrimp

(Litopenaeus vannamei) of 12-13g each.

They were acclimatised in the nets during

Table 1: Composition of test diets

I ng re di en t Di et WG Di et PBP Di et U F

Corn gluten 11 11 12,5

Fish meal 20 20 20

Wheat flour 31 31 31

Pro-Bind Plus - 2 -

Wheat gluten 2 - -

Urea-formaldehyde - - 0,5

Other * 7,5 7,5 7,5

Crude protein 37,74 38,01 38,05

Crude lipid 8,61 8,66 8,63

Crude fibers 2,92 2,91 2,94

Ash content 6,44 6,48 6,47

* Canola, Soybean meal, Fish oil, Soybean lecithin,premix

Table 2: Leaching rate and water uptake of test diets

Sample Diet WG Diet PBP Diet UF

Wat er up ta ke 10 7,63 % 105 ,13 % 8 9,89 %

Leaching rate 7,75% 8,29% 6,75%

- September-ctober 2010 | InnaInal AquAFeed | 11

F: Binders

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Formaldehyde was shown to react with

the amino group of the N-terminal amino

acid residue and the side-chains of arginine,

cysteine, histidine, lysine residues.

Therefore it is advisable to use nutrition-

al binders, with a high protein digestibility.

Gelatin-based binders are a good alter-

native to gluten and ureumformaldehyde.

Gelatin and gluten have the advantage of

being fully digestible and to contain real

proteins for the shrimp.

References

De Muylder E., Hans Hage & Geert van der

Velden, 2008

Binders: Gelatin as alternative for urea

formaldehyde and wheat gluten in the production

of water stable shrimp feeds. International

Aquafeed 2008, Volume 11 issue 2

De Muylder E., Carine van Vuure, Romain de Vargas

, Daan Delbare and Geer t van der Velden, 2008

Utilisation of hydrolyzed animal proteins and

gelatin as supplement in low fishmeal diets for

juvenile white shrimp

Aqua Culture Asia Pacific Volume 5 number 4

Dominy, W.G., J.J. Cody, J.H. Terpstra, L.G. Obaldo,

M.K. Chai, T.I. Takamori, B. Larsen & I.P. Forster,

2003. A Comparative Study of the Physical and

Biological Properties of Commercially-Available

Binders for Shrimp Feeds. Journal of Applied

Aquaculture. Vol 14(3/4) 81- 99.

Lemos, D. ; Lawrence, A. ; Siccardi, A. . 2009.

Prediction of apparent protein digestibility of

ingredients and diets by in vitro pH-stat degree of

protein hydrolysis with sp ecies-specific enzymes

for juvenile Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus

vannamei. Aquaculture, v. 295, p. 89-98.

was between

7.0 and 7.5.

All shrimp

showed good

growth (>1,5

g/week) during

the experiment.

The diet with

inclusion of

ureumformal-

dehyde showed

the lowest

growth, which

can be a results

of the lowerprotein digest-

ibility observed.

DiscussionThe inclusion of a synthetic binder

improves water stability and reduces

leaching.

This would result in a lower FCR. But at

the same time, this binder links to proteins

and reduces its digestibility.

This reduction in protein digestibility

results in a slightly s lower growth.

Ureaformaldehyde is a synthetic binder

with no nutritional value. It cannot be

digested by fish

or shrimp, instead

it adds nitrogen

(false proteins)

to the diet which

ends up like

ammonia in the

ponds.

In the process,

formaldehyde is

bound to the NH2 group of Urea to form

a polymer.

However, the formaldehyde can also

bind to other amine (NH2) groups in other

products such as melamine or amino acids.

Formaldehyde is a cross-linking agent to

inactivate, stabilise or immobilise proteins.

one week. They were then weighed and the

trial started. The shrimp trial lasted for five

weeks.

Measurements during trialAt the start and each week, the

shrimp were weighed together and

counted, to have the average weight and

total biomass. Feeding gift was adjusted

daily according to an expected growth

curve and average weight from last

measurement.

At the end of t he experiment, all shrimp

were weighed individually.

Water qualityDO was more than 6ppm at all times.

Temperature was between 27.5C and 28.0C.

Salinity was kept between 11.4 and 11.7ppt. pH

MoreinforMation

Mr. Geert van der Velden

Tel: + 31 499 364826

Mob: + 31 651 063301

Fax: + 31 499 373873

Email: [email protected]

Table 4: Growth parameters of the shrimp during the experiment.

Diet Diet WG Diet PBP Diet UF

Initial ind. weight (g) 13,05 13,10 12,80

Final ind. weight (g) 21,28 22,23 21,17

Average growth (g/week) 1,88 1,91 1,86

FCR 1,56 1,26 1,34

Survival 77% 90% 92%

12 | InnaInal AquAFeed | September-ctober 2010

F: Feature

Table 3: Crude protein and in vitro digestibility of ingredients forLitopenaeus vannamei based on the degree of hydrolysis (DH%) byspecies proteolytic enzymes. Results expressed as mean (sd).

SampleCrude Protein

(%)*In vitro protein

hydrolysis (DH,%)Predicted protein

digestibility (%)**

Diet WG 37,20% 4,69 (0,10)a 91,9 (0,11)c

Diet PBP 37,80% 4,78 (0,15)a 92,0 (0,15)c

Diet UF 37,80% 3,89 (0,12)b 90,7 (0,22)d

* Determined by C, H, N autoanalyser, N x 6.25** Lemos et al. (2009

- Different superscripts among feed samples denote significant statisticaldifferences (P < 0.05, one way ANOVA)

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5/5

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V OLUME 13 IS SUE 5 2010

Influence of natural andartificial binders

- in feedsfor Litopenaeusvannamei

on digestibility &growth

Ecobiol Aqua-the effectivesingle strain probiotic

A general overviewaquaculture in the EU

Abalone feed development

in South Africa

IAF10-05.indd 1 07/09/ 010 14:54

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