Influence Of Nutritional Trace Minerals On Inflammation And The Impact On Reproductive Performance

Mark E. Wilson and Mashilo Phosa

AFMA Forum Sun City, South Africa

March 3–5, 2020

▪ Shortage of water; volume and quality

▪ Heat stress

▪ Stale, wet feed

▪ Mycotoxins and molds

▪ Too low protein

▪ Health status

▪ Stocking density

Causes of decreased feed consumption in lactation

Maintenance LactationGrowth Reproduction

Nutrient partitioning 1st parity sows

▪ Clotting mechanism activates

▪ Increased blood flow

▪ Increased capillary permeability

▪ Enhanced influx of phagocytic cells

• Neutrophils arrive in 30–60 minutes

• Macrophages and lymphocytes 5–6 hours

Inflammation includes

Setting on fire

Injury and inflammation

Inflammation, good or bad?

Brain

Liver

Chemical signals –

something is wrongInjury, Stress, Infection,

Lameness, Weight Loss

Pituitary gland- ACTH

Hypothalamus - Corticotrophin

Releasing Factor

Adrenal gland - Cortisol

Nutrient-sparing effect –

survival instinct

Anorexia DMI

NEFA Body condition

Acute phase proteins

Pro-inflammatory mediatorsIL1, IL2, IL6, TNFα, COX

Immune cells and

damaged tissue

IGF1

Inflammatory response

Maintenance Lactation Growth Reproduction

Immune

Activation

Nutrient partitioning inflammation

Inflammation is stealing nutrients while you are not looking

23% Increase in energy partitioning to the immune system

Why are trace minerals important?

Skin & claw health

Zn, Cu and Mn

Disease resistance

Cu, Mn, Se, ZnHair coat

Cu, Se, Zn

Fertility

Cu, Mn, Se, Zn

Muscle development

Se, Zn

Milk production

Cu, Mn, Se, Zn

Nervous system

Cu

Fetal development

Cu, Mn, Se, Zn

Bone development

Cu, Mn

Appetite

Co, Zn,

A simple cartoon

Impact of trace mineral status on biological function

NRC

Req

Time

Immunity & Enzyme Function

Maximum Production/Reproduction

SubclinicalSubclinical

Tra

ce

Min

era

l S

tatu

s

Optimal Optimal

NRC

Req

Clinical

Normal Production/Reproduction

Deficiency

Decreasing Status Increasing Status

Injury or damage due to heat stress

Hyperthermia

Reduced GIT blood flow Reduced feed intake

GIT Hypoxia GIT Oxidative stress

Tight junction

Heat Shock Proteins

(Hsp)

ATP Depletion

PermeabilityAltered

morphology

Endotoxin

Depolarization

of enteroendocrine

cells

Immune

activation

& inflammation

Reduced livestock productivity

Baumgard et al. 2012. Impact of climate change on livestock production. Pages 413-468. Chapter 15. Environmental Stress and Amelioration in Livestock Production. Eds. V. Sejian, et al., Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

14,12

10,47

7,22

15,46

1,00

3,51

5,10

2,31

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5

10

15

20

TN-CON PFTN-CON HS-CON HS-AA Path Zn

█ S

eru

m E

nd

oto

xin

, A

U

█ P

lasm

a L

BP, u

g/m

L

Effect of plane of nutrition, heat stress, and Zn source on plasma LBP and

LPSa

a Pearce et al., 2015. J. Anim. Sci. 93:470.

Effect of AA pathway Zn on TMFα of heat stress and feed-restricted pigsbz

64,3

58,2

56,6

62,8

59,1 59,1

45,943,7 43,5

64,9

59,3

53,6

48,0

52,8

41,8

30

40

50

60

70

Period 1 - TN Period 2 - HS Period 3 - TN

TN

Fα

, p

g/m

L

TNCtl PFCtl PFZn HSCtl HSZn

z Treatment, P < 0.01; Period, P = 0.26; Treatment x period, P = 0.96

▪ Formation of heat shock proteins

▪ Epithelial membrane

▪ Tight junctions

▪ Immune function

Zinc source does matter!

Role of zinc in heat stress

▪ Survey of 134 marathon runners

• Diarrhea, 47%

• Bloody stool, 16%

• Severe abdominal cramps, 36%

▪ Survey of 6 different marathons

• 13% to 43% experience GI bleeding

Heat stress and excessive exertion

Lim and Mackinnon, 2006. Sports Medicine 36(1):39.

Somatic cell count (SCC)

Cell type % Cells in milk

Neutrophil (PMN) 10 to 35

Macrophage 45 to 85

Lymphocyte 10 to 17

Epithelial (ductal) 2 to 3

Cell type % Cells in milk

Neutrophil (PMN) 0 to 11

Macrophage 66 to 88

Lymphocyte 10 to 27

Epithelial (ductal) 0 to 7

Cell type % Cells in milk

Neutrophil (PMN) 74 to 80

71 US goat dairies tested for SCC

65% of the dairies had > 1 million cells/mL

Impact of amino acid pathway mineral on SCC in

colostrum and milk

15,1

61.7y

46,7w

16,4

69.5z

53,1x

0

30

60

90

Day 2 Weaning Gain

Lit

ter

Wt,

kg

Inorganic AA Pathway Minerals

Effect of amino acid pathway mineral on litter weight

3134

2697

1287

3395

804

1451

713

1188

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Colostrum d 7 Milk d 14 Milk d 25 Milk

SC

C, 1

00

0/m

L

Inorganic AA Pathway Minerals

AA pathway minerals on IgG concentration in colostrum and piglets’ serum

41,7 40,6

52,0

43,6

0

20

40

60

Colostrum Serum, d 2 of age

IgG

, m

g/m

L

Inorganic

AA PathwayMineral

Week 31 causes of mortality

Sow Mortality Project, National Pork Board, Iowa State University 2018, 81 sow farms, 316,779 sows.

37%

35%

4%

6%

1%4%

13%

Unknown Lame/injured/downer

Intestinal ulcer Farrowing difficulties

Rectal and vaginal prolapse Rectal/anal prolapse

Vaginal/uterine prolapse

3

Impact of inflammatory mediators on claw horn production

▪ Addition of TNF-α resulted in inhibition of keratinocyte

proliferation vs. control over a period of 6d

▪ Inhibition was less pronounced for IL-1α

Mulling, CH., D. Hoffmann and K.-D. Budras. 2002. In vitro challenge studies on the effects of cytokines and growth factors on bovine keratinocytes. Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Koserstr. 20, D-14195 Berlin.

Effect of trace mineral source on hoof gene mRNA expression at 30 d postpartum

5,32y

2,79z

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

KRT 5

U/L

INO AA Pathway Minerals

Osorio, J.S. et al., 2016. Corium molecular biomarkers reveal a beneficial effect on hoof transcriptomics in peripartal dairy cows supplemented with zinc, manganese, and copper from amino acid complexes and cobalt from cobalt

glucoheptonate. J. Dairy Sci. 99:9974-9982.

yz Means lacking a common superscript letter differ, P < 0.05

Effect of trace mineral source on hoof gene mRNA expression at 30d postpartum

Osorio, J.S. et al., 2016. Corium molecular biomarkers reveal a beneficial effect on hoof transcriptomics in peripartal dairy cows supplemented with zinc, manganese, and copper from amino acid complexes and cobalt from cobalt

glucoheptonate. J. Dairy Sci. 99:9974-9982.

5,77y 5,47y

4,58z

3,9z

0

2

4

6

8

IL1B TNF

INO AA Pathway Minerals

yz Means lacking a common superscript letter differ, P < 0.05

Horn tubule structure in claws with and without severe wall lesions

Normal horn tubulesa ↓ density & ↑ diameter of tubulesa

Claw without lesion Claw with severe lesions

Varagka, et al., 2016. J of Swine Health Prod. 24 (2): 72 – 80.

a Same magnification in both pictures

Reproductive tract

LPS

Preterm laborCirculating estradiol

and progesteroneFolliculogenesis

Progesterone

receptor levelEstrus behavior

Puberty onsetSteriodogenesis

pathwayOvulation timing

Ovarian dysfunction

FSHLH

STAR STAR

Cholesterol

SCC (Cyp11a1)

3β-HSD

Progesterone

17α-Hydroxylase(Cyp17a1

17α-hydroxyl-progesterone

C17, 20-lyase

Androstenedione

Testosterone

AROMATASE

Cyp19a1

Thecal Cell Granulosa Cell

Estrone

Estradiol

Cholesterol

SCC (Cyp11a1)

3β-HSD

Progesterone

Ist Enzyme

Nutrition pathways that may impact hormone production in the sow

Gut hormones ProteinCHO’s

Glucose availability &

metabolism in CNS

Neurotransmitter

synthesis

Hypothalamus

(GnRH)

Pituitary

LH/FSH; PRL

Ovary

(Steroids)

Bioactive

peptides

LNAA’s AA

Insulin

CHO

Lipids

LDL/HDL

Choline

Glucose

Insulin

IGF-1

Foxcroft, 1990. Proc. 11th Western Nutrition Conf. p 1-8.

Reducing Wean To Estrus

4.71z

4.49y

2

3

4

5

Wean

-To

-Estr

us In

terv

al, d

Inorganic AA Pathway Minerals

yz Means lacking a common superscript letter differ, P = 0.10

Steve Terlouw, 2018.

Reproduction Is A Luxury