influence of tillage pattern and forward .... influnece...mathematically as (ansi/asae s296.5...

International Journal of Agricultural Science

and Research (IJASR)

ISSN 2250-0057

Vol. 3, Issue 4, Oct 2013, 109-120

© TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

INFLUENCE OF TILLAGE PATTERN AND FORWARD SPEED OF THE TRACTOR IN THE

EFFICIENCY TILLAGE

AHMED ABED GATEA

Department of Soil Science and Water Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Wasit, Wasit, Iraq

ABSTRACT

The experiment in one of the agricultural fields in the district Aziziyah / Wasit ,Was the clay loam soil, and used

by the tractor TUMOSAN 74 (2WD) with mould-board plough 4 boards Turkish-made, Used in the experiment split-plot

design under Randomized Complete Block Design and three replications , Bringing the number of experimental units 24

and the experimental unit(2 Patterns field * 3 Forward Speed of tractor * 3 replications) their influence on the pattern

plowing efficiency, depth of plowing , fuel consumption , percentage of slip , the appearance of the soil and field

efficiency. Was obtained at the highest efficiency plowing when the spaced pattern amount 58.63% and the highest depth

of plowing 22 cm and the highest fuel consumption 58.19 l/ha, while the pattern convergent on the minimum rate of fuel

consumption and less number appearance tillage decreased diameter less than 10 cm, while the effect of forward speed of

the tractor influence significantly where it was get the highest efficiency of plowing the amount of 62.3% at the forward

speed of 7 km/h, and the highest depth plowing at speed 24.66 cm. Show a significant difference to the energy

requirements when you change the plowing pattern and reduced energy requirements at the increased speed forward .

KEYWORDS: Convergent Pattern, Spaced Pattern, Forward Speed of Tractor, Plowing Efficiency

Nomenclatures

w The actual width of the Plough m

f length the groove m

Sp forward speed km/h

Se Actual travel speed on the pillow km/h

W Field width m

L field length m

C3 constant 1000

Sf speed traffic at the end field Km/h

Tu the utilized time min per ha

T1 the summation of lost min per ha

P power consumed KW

Fc fuel composition , L /h. L/h.

Pf

C.V

density of diesel fuel

kg / L

kcal / kg

th thermal efficiency of engine, %

me mechanical efficiency of engine %

INTRODUCTION

Became necessary to use agricultural mechanization to accomplish different agricultural processes in order to

raise the efficiency of agricultural production and improve quality and reduce costs. As well as the increase the

productivity of agricultural land. Needed to assess the tillage method used then and the work of agricultural machinery in

the field to know some of the variables during the test and then a final place the necessary calculations that illustrate the

110 Ahmed Abed Gatea

efficiency of tillage method used and the efficiency of the performance of prepared to work under conditions in which

the test. For plowing an important role in improving the qualities of soil and improve the quality of plowing in order

to prepare the cradle of appropriate seeds and provide the appropriate conditions for germination by improving the qualities

of soil physical and give the appearance of plowing and roughness well and if the chosen method of planning the field

for tillage used and the tractor and machine occasion. The main objective and the basic behind the development of an

effective model for planning field is to reduce the amount of transportation field is the number of revolutions of

others operation thereof and the distance traveled in the circulation and the amount of movement of others operating within

the field of all elements of on-productive of valuable time and energy that must be disposed of if at all possible [[Hunt, D.

R. ]. Hunt,D.R. shows that substantive improvements in can be made in the field efficiency by analyzing and changing

the model for planning and field operations that depend on the area and shape of the field. As well as a signal that there

are variables that must be taken into account when determining planning model of efficiency, for example actual width

of Plough, along the groove and speed of tillage, the actual speed of the conduct of on the pillow as well as the field

width and the length of the field. Daniel and the signal that it is a necessary calculate time it takes to tillage and

mobility and end grooves Dead to estimate the efficiency of the form field layout. Daniel also found that the fields are long

and rotations fast and machines widescreen and high speeds have a significant impact on the actual field capacity.

Daniel explained that there should be an appropriate time and location for the rotation of the machines on the field and

the pillow also concluded that the overall circulation time farm machines large a little less compared to the

smaller machines. Form is known as the headland pattern the field is ploughed in runs parallel to each other. It starts at one

boundary of the field and ends at the opposite with turns being made on the headlands. The display

is twice operating display, start with the parties the field and ending at the other side and the process

of circular rotation angle (180) on the headland. The Up and back pattern efficiency depended the rotations fast at pillows,

Necessary to be wide and flat pillows enough to allow easy rotation of the work in few seconds.

The Objectives of the Present Study Are to

Comparison between convergent pattern in spaced pattern and their impact on the traits (pattern plowing

efficiency, depth of plowing, fuel consumption, percentage of slip, the appearance of the soil and field efficiency.

Choose the best tillage pattern for using the mould-board plough (4 boards) Turkish-made.

Study the effect of forward speed of the tractor and the impact pattern plowing efficiency.

Study of power requirements when changing the plowing pattern of and forward speed of the agricultural tractor.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials

The following equipments were used to accomplish the present research:

Tractor: TUMOSAN 74-80 DT-T (2WD) of 75/2500, 4 vertical cylinders, gear box 12 forward 3 reverse, cooling

system water.

Plough: Mould -board plough 4 boards Turkish-made, with working width of 130cm. weight 470 kg, Length

320cm.

METHODS

Studied Factors

Two field Patterns (convergent pattern, spaced pattern)

Influence of Tillage Pattern and Forward Speed of the Tractor in the Efficiency Tillage 111

Three Forward Speed of tractor (5.5, 6.3, 7.5 km/h). Table .1. The mechanical analysis of the experimental soil

was classified as

Table 1: Mechanical Analysis of Soil

Soil Depth (cm) Particle Size (%) Soil

Textural Sand Silt Clay

0 - 20 36 28 36 Clay loam

MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS

Pattern Efficiency (Pe)

Estimating pattern efficiency (PE) to account for time spent plowing and mobility and end furrows Dead. Are

not taking the time required plowing into pillows into account when determining the number of endeavors :( Hunt, D. R.

1999)

Impose That

Endeavors, with the number of Back furrow = n

Endeavors, with the number of Dead furrow =n-1

Endeavors, the total number of=2n-1

Can be calculated walk time in par hours = (1)

Can be obtained on the number of endeavors, to complete the blocks through =

Total hours required for plowing blocks= (2)

Average distance to the rotation in one of the ends of widget can be calculated by (3)

(3)

Average time of rotation of the end of the field can be calculated by the following equation (4)

(4)

The total rotation time blocks can be extracted from the following equation (5)

(5)

Pattern efficiency (PE)

(6)

Get a make a comparison between the Patterns tillage, the need to calculate the time required to end

the headland where it should be added to the equation above.


Can calculate the time of tillage to end the headland

(7)

The total time of rotation at the ends of the headland, can be calculated of equation (8)

(8)

By adding equations Declaration to the equation number (9): Become pattern efficiency (PE) :

(9)

Figure 1: Photocopies of the Field

The by spaced pattern efficiency is calculated by the total time rotation and total time tilling:

Total time rotation calculate by equation (10)

(10)

Total time tilling calculates by equation (11)

(11)

The spaced pattern efficiency is calculated by equation (12)

(12)


FIELD MACHINE PERFORMANCE

Field Capacity and Efficiency

The theoretical and actual field capacity and efficiency were determined using the following equation (13)

(13)

W = working width, m.

S = forward speed, km/h

The Actual field capacity was calculated as follows equation (14)

(14)

Field efficiency (F.E) is the ratio of actual field capacity to theoretical field capacity expressed as follows

equation (15) .( Hanna, M.2002)

x 100 ,% (15)

Fuel Consumption, Power and Energy Requirements

Fuel consumption was recorded by accurately measuring the decrease in fuel level in tank immediately after

executing each operation. as follows equation (16) ( GENAIDY, M. A. I,2008)

(16)

Energy Requirements( kw.h/ha)

The energy required for tillage operation was calculated by using the following formula (17) (GENAIDY, M. A.

I, 2008)

(17)

Fuel Consumption (L/ha)

(18)

Specific Fuel Consumption (L/kw.h) as Follows Equation (19)

(19)


Average Plowing Depth (A.P.D.)

To determine the efficiency of the plow, it is necessary to know the depth of tillage accurate manner, and to

find the regularity depth tillage, measured the depth of tillage in three repetitions in each treatment length of less than 50

m and at intervals of 2 m along the groove, and uses a ruler to measure the depth and recorded depth

measurements obtained in each iteration and calculates the average depth of the tillage of the following relationship (20). (

Liliana.M& Mircea. B 2011)

(20)

Where:

h= average plowing depth (mm)

= Total measured depth (mm)

It then calculates the error rate in the rear by knowing the exact depth of the plow by the relationship (21)

(21)

hb =The exact depth of Plough by the (mm).

Eh =The error rate in the tillage depth (%)

Appearance Tillage

Was measured by the appearance of tillage by taking three samples randomly in each treatment area of the

sample one (1) m2 where the measured dimensions of the blocks dirt inside the sample blocks earthen diameters o more

than (10) cm were recorded numbers and adopted in measuring the earth mounds which diameters less than (10) cm, has

been abandoned and neglected and the lack of measurement adopted in the appearance of your tillage.( AL-Hashimy)

Slip Percentage of the Tractor (S %)

A mark was made on the tractor drive wheel with colored tapes and the distance the tractor moves forward at

every 10 revolutions under no load and the same revolution with load on same surface was measured. Expressed

mathematically as (ANSI/ASAE S296.5 DEC2003 (R2009)) as follows equation (22).

(22)

An= distance covered at every 10 revolutions of the tractor drive wheel at no load (m)

A1 = distance covered at every 10 revolutions of tractor drive wheel with load (m).

Statistical Analysis

Used in the experiment split-plot design under Randomized Complete Block Design and three replications ,

Bringing the number of experimental units 24 and the experimental unit(2 Patterns field * 3 Forward Speed of tractor * 3

replications) Statistically analyzed data were selected less significant difference at 5% for the comparison between

the averages of the transactions by using a statistical analysis (SPSS) .


RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Influence the Field Patterns and Forward Speed of the Tractor in the Pattern Plowing Efficiency

Table (2) influence the field Patterns and forward speed of the tractor in the Pattern plowing efficiency, as

observed significant differences when changing field pattern of spaced pattern in convergent pattern as fall plowing

efficiency of 58.63% to 53.48% for the reduction rata of 8.78%. This is due to the total time for plowing in a convergent

pattern was higher than the spaced pattern and the limited of grooves consisting , Also achieved average speed forward of

the tractor effect significantly as increasing the speed forward of 5 .5 to 6.3 and then to 7.5 km/h to increase the efficiency

of plowing pattern from 49.33 to 52.83%, an increased rate 6.62% and then rise to 58.3% by increased rate 9.38% .may

why decrease total time for plowing when the increase speed forward of tractor. While there was significant effect when

interaction between field Patterns and forward speed of the tractor in the Pattern in plowing efficiency. Were obtained at

the highest efficiency of 66.30 % when interaction between spaced pattern and forward speed 7.5 km/h. And less Pattern

efficiency 49.33 % when interaction between convergent pattern and forward speed 5.5 km/h.

Table 2: Influence the Field Patterns and Forward Speed of the Tractor in the Pattern Plowing Efficiency

Field Patterns

Pattern Efficiency (PE) (%)

Mean Field Patterns X

Forward Speed Mean Field Patterns

Forward Speed km/h

5.5 6.3 7.5

Spaced pattern 51.60 58.00 66.30 58.63

Convergent pattern 49.33 52.83 58.30 53.48

Mean forward speed 50.46 55.41 62.30 ___

L.S.D of Pattern efficiency (5%) : field Patterns= 4.02 field patterns x forward

speed=1.79 Forward Speed= 2.69

Influence the Field Patterns and Forward Speed of the Tractor in the Plowing Depth (P.D.)

Table (3) influence the field Patterns and forward speed of the tractor in Plowing depth. Where table noted the

presence of no significant differences when changing field pattern of spaced pattern in convergent pattern, We also note the

presence of significant differences at the forward speed of the tractors increased speed from 5.5 to 6.3 and then to 7.5 km/h

as decrease average of plowing depth from 24.66 to 20 .83 cm, decrease rate 15.5% and then to 18 cm, decreased

rate13.58% decrease rate. The reason for this is that plowing depth actual influenced by increasing forward speed as the

relationship between them is usually inverse the more the forward speed the less depth tillage. While there was significant

effect when interaction between field Patterns and forward speed of the tractor in the Pattern in plowing efficiency were

obtained at the highest Plowing depth of 25.33 cm when interaction between spaced pattern and forward speed 5.5 km/h.

And less Plowing depth 17.33 cm when interaction between convergent pattern and forward speed 7.5 km/h.

Table 3: Influence the Field Patterns and Forward Speed of the Tractor in Plowing Depth

Field Patterns

Plowing Depth (P.D.) (cm)



Forward Speed km/h

5.5 6.3 7.5

Spaced pattern 25.33 22.00 18.66 22.00



L.S.D of Plowing depth (5%) : field Patterns= N.S field patterns*forward



Influence the Field Patterns and Forward Speed of the Tractor in the Slip Percentage of the Tractor (S %)

It table (4) influence the field Patterns and forward speed of the tractor in Slip percentage of the tractor, As

observed no significant differences when changing the field Patterns, and the same table shows that there are significant

differences when you increase the forward speed of the unit from 5.5 to 6.3 and then to 7.5 km/h which resulted in to an

increase in slipping percentage of 8.28 to 11.48 % increased rate 27.8% and then to 17.01%, an increased rate of 32.5%,

The reason to increase forward speed of the tractor result to an increase in rolling resistance increase in the percentage of

slipping because the speed is directly proportional with him.He also found that there is significant effect of field patterns

and forward speed of the proportion of slipping.

Were obtained at the highest slipping percentage of 17.36 % when interaction between spaced pattern and forward speed

7.5 km/h. And less slipping percentage 7.73 % when interaction between spaced pattern and forward speed 5.5 km/h.

Table 4: Influence the Field Patterns and Forward Speed of the Tractor in Slip Percentage of the Tractor (%)

Field Patterns

Slip Percentage of the Tractor (S %)


Forward Speed Mean Field

Patterns Forward Speed km/h

5.5 6.3 7.5

Spaced pattern 7.73 12.63 17.36 12.57


Mean forward speed 8.28 11.48 17.01 __

L.S.D of Slip percentage of the tractor (5%) : field Patterns= n.s field

patterns*forward speed=2.51 Forward Speed= 2.94

Influence the Field Patterns and Forward Speed of the Tractor in the Fuel Consumption (L/ha) and Energy

Requirements( kw.h/ha)

It table (5) influence the field Patterns and forward speed of the tractor in fuel consumption. As observed

significant differences when changing field pattern of spaced pattern in convergent pattern, where fuel consumption rate

decreased from 58 .17 to 44.23 l/ha decreased rata 23.9%. As well as between the table and the presence of significant

differences when increasing the average forward speed of the tractor from 5.5 to 6.3 and then to 7.5 km/h to decreased fuel

consumption rate of 69 .52 to 53.23 L/ha decreased rate of 23.4% and then 30.86 L/ha decreased rate 42% because increase

in fuel consumption with decreased forward speed of the tractor that has made low-speed depth plowing largest in as of

high-speed increase then load factor. While there was significant effect when interaction between field Patterns and

forward speed of the tractor in fuel consumption. Were obtained at the highest fuel consumption of 75.44 l/ha when

interaction between spaced pattern and forward speed 5.5 km/h. And less fuel consumption 24.00 l/ha , when interaction

between convergent pattern and forward speed 7.5 km/h.

Table 5: Influence the Field Patterns and Forward Speed of the Tractor in Fuel Consumption (L/ha)

Field Patterns

Fuel Consumption L/ha



Forward Speed km/h

5.5 6.3 7.5

Spaced pattern 75.44 61.37 37.72 58.17



L.S.D of Fuel consumption (5%) : field Patterns= 13.00 field patterns*forward



Table 6 through notes there are significant differences when changing field pattern with decreased energy from

184.85 kw.h/ha to 137.9 kw.h/ha decrease rate 25.39%. May be it's because access to the highest power at spaced pattern

and because of increased fuel consumption rate, and that a positive correlation relation between energy requirement and

power. Through the same table shows there is an influence significant at change the forward speed of the tractor where the

energy requirement decreased from 235 .0 kw.h/ha to 161.5 kw.h/ha decreased rate 31.2% at the forward speed to

increased from 5.5 to 6.3 km/h, and then reduced 87.55 kw.h/ha down rate 45.78% when increasing speed 7.5 km/h, There

was significant differences when the when interaction between field Patterns and forward speed of the tractor in Energy

requirements. Were obtained at the highest energy requirements of 255.0 kw.h/ha when interaction between spaced pattern

and forward speed 5.5 km/h. And less energy requirements 59.5 , when interaction between convergent pattern and forward

speed 7.5 km/h.

Table 6: Influence the Field Patterns and Forward Speed of the Tractor in Energy Requirements ( kw.h/ha)

Field Patterns

Energy Requirements( kw.h/ha)



Forward Speed km/h

5.5 6.3 7.5

Spaced pattern 255.0 183.9 115.6 184.85



F.test

L.S.D of Energy requirements (5%) : field Patterns= 46.00 field patterns*forward


Influence the Field Patterns and Forward Speed of the Tractor in the Field Efficiency (%)

It table (7) influence the field Patterns and forward speed of the tractor in field efficiency, as was found through

the table, there is significant differences when changing the pattern from spaced pattern in convergent pattern when

changing the forward speed of the tractor, as they were getting the highest field efficiency 89.91% when tillage spaced

pattern and higher field efficiency 90.05% at forward speed 7.5 km/h. While there was significant effect when interaction

between field Patterns and forward speed of the tractor in field efficiency. Were obtained at the highest field efficiency of

90.13 % when interaction between spaced pattern and forward speed 7.5 km/h. And less field efficiency 86.33 % , when

interaction between convergent pattern and forward speed 6.3 km/h.

Table 7: Influence the Field Patterns and Forward Speed of the Tractor in Field Efficiency (%)

Field Patterns

Field Efficiency (F.E)( %)


Forward Speed Mean Field

Patterns Forward Speed km/h

5.5 6.3 7.5

Spaced pattern 89.93 89.67 90.13 89.91



L.S.D of Field efficiency (5%) field Patterns= 0.022 field patterns*forward


Influence the field Patterns and forward speed of the tractor in the Appearance tillage (%)

It table (8) influence the field Patterns and forward speed of the tractor in the appearance tillage, through a table

(8) observed no significant differences when changing tillage pattern from spaced pattern in convergent pattern, where


appearance tillage decreased diameter less than 10 cm from 8.88 to 7.55 cm by decreased rate 14.97%, as well as showing

the presence of significant differences when change the forward speed of the tractor from 5.5 to 6.3 and then 7.5 km/h

,were down blocks soils with a diameter of more than 10 cm from 11 .5 to 7.66 cm/m2 by decreased rate 33 .39% and then

5.5 cm/m2 by decreased rate 52.1 %. The reason for lower number of blocks soils increase the speed to the high speed

works to increase speed throwing and hitting the blocks soils distance beyond the slow speed and thus dismantling blocs

soils have the best and number less and this is consistent with what he referred Banna (1986) to the increased speed work

to increase ejaculation blocks soils leading to increased coefficient disassembly. While there was significant differences

when interaction between field Patterns and forward speed of the tractor in appearance tillage. Were obtained at the

appearance tillage of 12.66 c m/m2 when interaction between spaced pattern and forward speed 5.5 km/h. And less

appearance tillage 5.00 cm/m2, when interaction between convergent pattern and forward speed 7.5 km/h.

Table 8: Influence the Field Patterns and Forward Speed of the Tractor in the Appearance Tillage (cm/m2)

Field Patterns

Appearance Tillage ( cm/m2)



Forward Speed km/h

5.5 6.3 7.5

Spaced pattern 12.66 8.00 6.00 8.88



L.S.D of Appearance tillage(5%) : field Patterns= N.S field patterns*forward


CONCLUSIONS

From the above study the following conclusions can be drawn

As observed significant differences when changing field pattern of spaced pattern in convergent pattern as fall

plowing efficiency of 58.63% to 53.48% for the reduction rata of 8.78%.

Increased the efficiency of tillage pattern when increase the forward speed of the tractor, when 5 .5 to 6.3 and 7.5

km/h to increase the efficiency of plowing pattern from 49.33 to 52.83%, and 58.3% respectively.

The results showed that there is a no significant difference to the plow depth and appearance of plowing when

change the pattern of tillage.

The reason for this is that plowing depth actual influenced by increasing forward speed as the relationship

between them is usually inverse the more the forward speed the less depth tillage.

Increased Slip percentage of the tractor when increase forward speed of the tractor.

Tables 5 show a significant difference when change the field pattern on the average fuel consumption, where

decreased from 58 .17 to 44.23 l/ha decreased rata 23.9%. Through Table 6 and significant differences when

changing the plowing pattern and reduced energy requirements at the increased speed forward.

Interaction between field Patterns and forward speed of the tractor significant differences on a Pattern plowing

efficiency , Plowing depth , fuel consumption , energy requirements, Slip percentage of the tractor, Field

efficiency and appearance tillage.


REFERENCES

1. ANSI/ASAE S296.5 DEC2003 (R2009), General Terminology for Traction of Agricultural Traction and

Transport Devices and Vehicles. St. Joseph, MI 49085-9659, USA ph. 269-429-0300.

2. AL-Hashimy.L.A.Z, 2012 the Effect of Disc Tilt Angle, TILLAGE SPEED AND DEPTH ON SOME OF

MACHINERY UNIT TECHNICAL AND ENERGY REQUIREMENTS PARAMETERS. The Iraqi Journal of

Agricultural Science 33 (1): 131-143.

3. Banna, Aziz Remo and Tariq meat cream and Saad Eddin Mohammed Amin Abdullah Sheikhli , 1986. Earth

impact velocities for some types of plows on the quality of plowing in ascii all your area. Journal of Zanko, 4 (4):

51-61.

4. Hunt, D. R. 1999. Farm power and machinery management. 9th Edition. Iowa State Press, Ames.

5. Hanna, M.2002. Estimating the field capacity of farm machines , IOWA State University , University

extension.File A3-24 April 2002,PP4.

6. Liliana.M & Mircea. B 2011, promotion OF RESEARCHES IN THE TECHNOLOGY FOR FOUNDING

WEEDING CROPS IN UNPLOUGHED SOIL,Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology,

Cadastre Series . Vol. 41 No. 2 pp. 381-389.

7. GENAIDY, M. A. I,2008. PERFORMANCE OF A SMALL COTTON TRANSPLANTER UNDER EGYPTIAN

CONDITIONS. Misr J. Ag. Eng., 25(1): 1-14.

http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=do%3A%22Annals+of+the+University+of+Craiova+-+Agriculture%2C+Montanology%2C+Cadastre+Series%22

http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=do%3A%22Annals+of+the+University+of+Craiova+-+Agriculture%2C+Montanology%2C+Cadastre+Series%22

influence of tillage pattern and forward .... influnece...mathematically as (ansi/asae s296.5...

Documents