influences of chinese cultural patterns of thinking on discourse
TRANSCRIPT
1Zhaoying Ren Faculty of Foreign Languages and Cultures, Kunming
University of
Science and Technology
Influences of Chinese Cultural Patterns of Thinking on Discourse Organisation
in English Dissertation Writing
University of Portsmouth
Conclusion
2
Compare discourse organisation of native Chinese English majors and native English speakers
Explore cultural thought patterns embedded in the discourse organisation of Chinese English dissertations with regard to the placement of the thesis statement, and subjective consciousness (a sense of subjectivity)
Identify influences of cultural thought patterns on discourse organisation
3
Background of Study
Native-Chinese EFL learners: undergraduate English majors at the Kunming University of Science and Technology (KMUST): 6 Y in high school + 4 Y (specializing in English as a Foreign Language).
Two main English writing courses: a. Basic Writing by a native English-speaker teacher; b. “Graduation Thesis Writing” is taught by a native Chinese teacher.
10 available dissertations of the first or second draft written in 2007, 2008, 2009
4
The dissertation . In this paper: a long essay of around 4,000-5,000 words
usually excluding references, bibliography and appendixes written by an undergraduate English major who wants to obtain the BA
Under the supervision of instructors
Defended before a panel of 3-5 assessors
When? In the final academic year after the completion of most of the teaching courses, especially “Graduation Thesis Writing ”
5
Previous Studies
Much research (e.g. Silva & Matsuda, 2001; Wang & Wen, 2002; Lee, 2003) has been done to analyse the similarities and differences between the texts produced by EFL students and native English speakers in terms of lexical choices, syntactical expressions, grammatical structures and organisation patterns.
Wang and Wen found that Chinese EFL learners “were more likely to rely on LI when they were managing their writing process, generating and organising ideas…”
6
7
Closely interrelated Cultural background →Language, thinking pattern →discourse organisation of writing Bennett (1993:16): language does serve as a tool for communication, but in addition it is a “system of representation” for perception and thinking. “writing is the representation of language in a textual medium through the use of a set of signs or symbols (known as a writing system).”
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing)
Definition of Pattern of Thinking
“a reasoning process of thinking during the period of long-term practice from repeatedly recognizing objective things, producing concepts in the brain and then using concepts to make judgments finally to reason out” and “mainly composed of ‘eight elements: knowledge, concept, method, intelligence, emotion, willingness, language and habit that “interplay and form a dynamic, organic and complicated system”. (CHEN Xinxia, et, 1988 504)
88
Kaplan’s Cultural Thought Patterns
“The English language and its related thought patterns have evolved out of the Anglo-European cultural Pattern.” “The thought patterns which speakers and readers of English appear to expect as an integral part of their communication is to sequence that is dominantly linear in its development…” Here it can be interpreted that English tends to be a linear type.
99
The “Oriental” pattern an inward turning spiral
“Some Oriental writing …, is marked by what may be called an approach by indirection. In this kind of writing, the development of the paragraph may be said to be ‘turning and turning in a widening gyre.’ The circles or gyres turn around the subject and show it from a variety of tangential views, but the subject is never looked at directly…” “Oriental here is intended to mean specifically Chinese…” (1966: 10). Chinese tends to be a spiral type.
1010
Chinese Cultural Thinking Patterns and Influences on Discourse organisation
Spiral Thinking and Inductive Pattern Chinese traditional world view of “Oneness between man and
nature” stressing “general harmony and social cohesion” circular thinking in an indirect structure inductive pattern of discourse organisation: from general to
specific, developing the central idea through seemingly unrelated ideas
“judgments are made based on the backgrounds or relevant conditions and the main or key idea is given as a summary at the end of the development”. (Li Changyin, 2009)
12
Scollon (2000): different organisational patterns are used by Chinese and English writers only because of their use of inductive and deductive rhetoric strategies respectively.
Kirkpatrick (1995): deductive argument usually entails the topic being introduced at the beginning of the discourse and then minor or supporting arguments are presented afterwards, while inductive argument means that the minor points of the argument are placed first and then the main point, as a conclusion, is derived from those arguments.
13
As proposed by Kaplan (1966), discourse organisation is a reflection of language and culture, cultural patterns of thinking are embedded in different patterns of discourse organisation.
Indirectness is the key of the Chinese spiral pattern of thinking, which is revealed in the inductive pattern of discourse organisation in a roundabout way that can be demonstrated by the placement of the thesis statement at the end or in the middle of the introductory part.
1414
Subjectivity and Thinking of Unification between
Subject and Object In the Chinese cultural pattern of thinking, the unification of subject and object is greatly focused on. Human being is treated as the subject and considered as the centre of the world. The importance of human being is highly emphasized. This man-centered Chinese philosophy of thinking mode results in the subjectivity through the use of personal subjects in Chinese sentence patterns entailing the tendency for active voice.
In contrast, in Western pattern of thought, the separation of subject from object is highly valued. The world is viewed as a separate, objective world, different from man’s subjective world. This pattern of thinking results in the objectivity in English discourse with impersonal style, especially in academic discourses.
The high frequency of using such subjects as “I”, “we” and using modal verbs such as “must” and “should” shown in the English dissertations written by the native Chinese EFL undergraduate English majors express a strong sense of subjectivity influenced by their deep-rooted Chinese cultural pattern of thinking – the unification between subject and object, the man-centered Chinese philosophy.
1515
In other words, differences between Chinese discourse organisation and English discourse organisation are expressions of differences between their cultural patterns of thinking.
16
10 dissertations written at different times were analysed.
60% of the thesis statements placed at the end of the introduction
40% in the middle or implied in the text
none at the beginning.
1717
Example 1 Dissertation title: Tactics and Skills of Language in International Business Negotiation
…Negotiation is a hot topic these days for a good reason We often refer to trade between countries, or the other times huge transactions among today’s multinational companies. However, countries and companies do not talk to one another as people do. Indeed, a fundamental activity of international commerce and multinational business transactions is the millions of face-to-face interactions between businessmen from different countries that take place everyday. It is difficult to imagine a more vital managerial skill than the skill of negotiating. Effective managers must be superior negotiators. Without solid negotiating abilities, managers will inevitably make serious mistakes in dealing with people at all levels, both inside and outside their organisations. As negotiators, managers must concern themselves with substantive issues and their continuing relationships with people. If they push too much, they may create hard feelings and a desire to exact revenge. If they are overly concerned about getting along with others, they may lose in many substantive areas, thereby negatively impacting upon their department and their organisation.
18
Example 2 Dissertation title: Contrastive Analysis of the Animal Words between English and Chinese
Linguistics becomes more and more important in today’s academic studies. Lexicon as a part of linguistic naturally can’t be ignored by researches. Lexicon has several designs of features. The paper will give the definition of lexicon and its design of feature. There are numerous animal words and idioms in both Chinese and English. Chinese people and English people will have different association when they come across the same animal word. The paper has given some vivid animal word examples to illustrate it. Meanwhile, it has given the causes of this difference from the following aspectsfairy and history stories; customs and living environments; cultural difference.
19
The given examples suggest the placement of the thesis statement (in red) at the end or in the middle or implied is preferred by native Chinese undergraduates, which follows the convention in native English academic writing:
“..the thesis statement is usually the last sentence in the introductory paragraph” (Oshima & Hogue, 1998, p103).
So, no significant difference. Both inductive.
20
As a matter of fact, the use of the indirect way, that is, the inductive pattern, as manifest in the placement of the thesis statement in Examples 1 and 2, is a common feature shared by the remaining eight dissertations written by the Chinese writers.
The fact that these students unconsciously use the inductive pattern to organise the introduction, moving from general to specific, reveals that not only their fixed Chinese cultural patterns of spiral thinking but also the teaching of EFL exert great influences on their dissertation writing.
21
Subjective Consciousness
Subjective consciousness refers to “a state of consciousness, in which a person is constantly aware of his or her self as well as outside factors.” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_consciousn ess).
Here: a sense of subjectivity, to be more specific, means that the dissertation writer’s identity and stance are revealed by the use of first personal pronouns and modal verbs such as “must” and “should”.
22
acting as the subject of sentence
6 of 10 dissertations use the first personal pronoun “we” over 10 times and one uses it up to 21 times in the whole dissertation, including 6 times in a single paragraph
23
Example 3 below is a typical paragraph with the use of the first person pronouns, namely:
- six uses of “we”,
Example 3 Dissertation title: Influences of Cultural Difference on International Business Negotiation
“As far as I am concerned, business negotiation is communication, not only business, not only negotiation, not only a meet. It is like a cultural communication, thinking communication, even country communication. Actually, when we am concerned, business negotiation is communication, not only business, not are first time to see a person, we often according feeling to know him, maybe one words, one behavior, a smiling face to know him or feel him, then we can truly understand him, this is so called first impression, if this impressions are very good, we can talk about fluency, but if the impression not very good, we can not interest in the negotiations, this decides a good start or bad start, but also determines the success or failure of negotiations, how to give a good impression depends on whether have common hobbies, common values and common culture, which I think is more important. Whatever, it is in the negotiations, or in international exchanges, we should respect each other's cultural differences, respect for cultural differences not only her personal respect, but also a culture of respect on both sides, it is reflects our sincerity in the negotiations, progress of the negotiation can smoothly.”
25
This suggests that there may be a higher frequency of personal pronouns used in dissertations written by the native Chinese EFL undergraduates, especially first person pronouns, which might be avoided by native speakers of English in order to achieve greater objectivity in their academic writing.
26
Higher frequency of using modal verbs such as “should, must”
Modal verbs are “used to express ideas such as possibility, intention, obligation and necessity. ” (http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/modal- verb.html) “Whenever instructions are given, a modality enters the relationship between forms in English but the presence of modal verbs is particularly significant. ” (Carter, Goddard, et al. 2008:p115).
27
In this study, modal verbs are used extensively in 10 dissertations to convey to a great degree subjective meanings, resulting in subjective and potentially arrogant statements. The use of “should” and “must” ranks first and second respectively, which expresses a “mode of control”. (Carter, Goddard, et al. 2008: p117).
28
Dissertation title: The Culture Introduction in Senior School English Teaching
“Culture introduction plays an important role in senior school English teaching and more attention needs to be paid to this aspect. To teach well, the teacher should introduce the English culture in teaching, compare the English culture with our own culture and find out the differences. There are many methods to introduce English culture. But in the English teaching, we must make sure that culture introduction serves the target language teaching. All in all, culture introduction is a useful tool in English teaching, yet we need to manage it properly.”
29
Example 4 is the last paragraph of the conclusion of a Chinese native English major’s dissertation with four modal verbs used, which seems to convey a very firm action call, as well a very strong sense of subjectivity, which should possibly be avoided in dissertation writing.
30
In terms of subjective consciousness, the frequent use of first pronouns and modal verbs “should” and “must” seems to reveal a stronger sense of subjectivity rather than objectivity, which contrasts with the academic features of English dissertation writing.
31
Conclusion To sum up, Chinese cultural patterns of thinking have great influences upon Chinese EFL majors’ dissertation writing in English. English dissertation writing is a very important way of assessing Chinese EFL majors’ language competence and performance, which includes not only the English language itself but also cultural connotation implied in the English language, such as basic concepts and values, patterns of thinking and the like. It might be very helpful to teach Chinese EFL majors how to write their English dissertations in a ‘culturally appropriate manner’.
32
Bibliography
Bennett, M. J. (1993). How Not to Be a Fluent Fool: Understanding the Cultural Dimension of Language. The Language Teacher, 27(9). Carter, R. and Goddard A. et al. (2008). Working with Texts: A Core introduction to language analysis, 3rd edition, Routledge Taylor & Francis GROUP, London and New York, International Standard ISO 7144: Documentation — Presentation of theses and similar documents, International organisation for Standardization, Geneva, 1986. Kaplan, R. B. (1966). Cultural Thought Patterns in Inter-Cultural Education. Language Learning, 16, 1-20. Kirkpatrick, A. (1995). Chinese Rhetoric: Method of Argument. Multilingua, 14. Li Changyin (2009), English for Academic Communication in Cross Culture. Science Press. Oshima, Alice et. al., (1998). Writing Academic English-3rd ed. Longman. Silva Tony J. & Matsuda P. K. (2001). On Second Language Writing. Routledge. Schollon, R & Kirkpatrick , A. (2000). Contrastive Discourse in Chinese and English: A Critical Appraisal. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
33
34
Email:[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
September, 2010 35
Slide Number 1
Definition of Pattern of Thinking
Kaplan’s Cultural Thought Patterns
The “Oriental” pattern an inward turning spiral
Kaplan’s Diagram
Slide Number 13
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 16
Example 1
Example 2
Subjective Consciousness
Higher frequency of the first person pronouns “I”, “We” acting as the subject of sentence
Slide Number 24
Higher frequency of using modal verbs such as “should, must”
Slide Number 28
Science and Technology
Influences of Chinese Cultural Patterns of Thinking on Discourse Organisation
in English Dissertation Writing
University of Portsmouth
Conclusion
2
Compare discourse organisation of native Chinese English majors and native English speakers
Explore cultural thought patterns embedded in the discourse organisation of Chinese English dissertations with regard to the placement of the thesis statement, and subjective consciousness (a sense of subjectivity)
Identify influences of cultural thought patterns on discourse organisation
3
Background of Study
Native-Chinese EFL learners: undergraduate English majors at the Kunming University of Science and Technology (KMUST): 6 Y in high school + 4 Y (specializing in English as a Foreign Language).
Two main English writing courses: a. Basic Writing by a native English-speaker teacher; b. “Graduation Thesis Writing” is taught by a native Chinese teacher.
10 available dissertations of the first or second draft written in 2007, 2008, 2009
4
The dissertation . In this paper: a long essay of around 4,000-5,000 words
usually excluding references, bibliography and appendixes written by an undergraduate English major who wants to obtain the BA
Under the supervision of instructors
Defended before a panel of 3-5 assessors
When? In the final academic year after the completion of most of the teaching courses, especially “Graduation Thesis Writing ”
5
Previous Studies
Much research (e.g. Silva & Matsuda, 2001; Wang & Wen, 2002; Lee, 2003) has been done to analyse the similarities and differences between the texts produced by EFL students and native English speakers in terms of lexical choices, syntactical expressions, grammatical structures and organisation patterns.
Wang and Wen found that Chinese EFL learners “were more likely to rely on LI when they were managing their writing process, generating and organising ideas…”
6
7
Closely interrelated Cultural background →Language, thinking pattern →discourse organisation of writing Bennett (1993:16): language does serve as a tool for communication, but in addition it is a “system of representation” for perception and thinking. “writing is the representation of language in a textual medium through the use of a set of signs or symbols (known as a writing system).”
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing)
Definition of Pattern of Thinking
“a reasoning process of thinking during the period of long-term practice from repeatedly recognizing objective things, producing concepts in the brain and then using concepts to make judgments finally to reason out” and “mainly composed of ‘eight elements: knowledge, concept, method, intelligence, emotion, willingness, language and habit that “interplay and form a dynamic, organic and complicated system”. (CHEN Xinxia, et, 1988 504)
88
Kaplan’s Cultural Thought Patterns
“The English language and its related thought patterns have evolved out of the Anglo-European cultural Pattern.” “The thought patterns which speakers and readers of English appear to expect as an integral part of their communication is to sequence that is dominantly linear in its development…” Here it can be interpreted that English tends to be a linear type.
99
The “Oriental” pattern an inward turning spiral
“Some Oriental writing …, is marked by what may be called an approach by indirection. In this kind of writing, the development of the paragraph may be said to be ‘turning and turning in a widening gyre.’ The circles or gyres turn around the subject and show it from a variety of tangential views, but the subject is never looked at directly…” “Oriental here is intended to mean specifically Chinese…” (1966: 10). Chinese tends to be a spiral type.
1010
Chinese Cultural Thinking Patterns and Influences on Discourse organisation
Spiral Thinking and Inductive Pattern Chinese traditional world view of “Oneness between man and
nature” stressing “general harmony and social cohesion” circular thinking in an indirect structure inductive pattern of discourse organisation: from general to
specific, developing the central idea through seemingly unrelated ideas
“judgments are made based on the backgrounds or relevant conditions and the main or key idea is given as a summary at the end of the development”. (Li Changyin, 2009)
12
Scollon (2000): different organisational patterns are used by Chinese and English writers only because of their use of inductive and deductive rhetoric strategies respectively.
Kirkpatrick (1995): deductive argument usually entails the topic being introduced at the beginning of the discourse and then minor or supporting arguments are presented afterwards, while inductive argument means that the minor points of the argument are placed first and then the main point, as a conclusion, is derived from those arguments.
13
As proposed by Kaplan (1966), discourse organisation is a reflection of language and culture, cultural patterns of thinking are embedded in different patterns of discourse organisation.
Indirectness is the key of the Chinese spiral pattern of thinking, which is revealed in the inductive pattern of discourse organisation in a roundabout way that can be demonstrated by the placement of the thesis statement at the end or in the middle of the introductory part.
1414
Subjectivity and Thinking of Unification between
Subject and Object In the Chinese cultural pattern of thinking, the unification of subject and object is greatly focused on. Human being is treated as the subject and considered as the centre of the world. The importance of human being is highly emphasized. This man-centered Chinese philosophy of thinking mode results in the subjectivity through the use of personal subjects in Chinese sentence patterns entailing the tendency for active voice.
In contrast, in Western pattern of thought, the separation of subject from object is highly valued. The world is viewed as a separate, objective world, different from man’s subjective world. This pattern of thinking results in the objectivity in English discourse with impersonal style, especially in academic discourses.
The high frequency of using such subjects as “I”, “we” and using modal verbs such as “must” and “should” shown in the English dissertations written by the native Chinese EFL undergraduate English majors express a strong sense of subjectivity influenced by their deep-rooted Chinese cultural pattern of thinking – the unification between subject and object, the man-centered Chinese philosophy.
1515
In other words, differences between Chinese discourse organisation and English discourse organisation are expressions of differences between their cultural patterns of thinking.
16
10 dissertations written at different times were analysed.
60% of the thesis statements placed at the end of the introduction
40% in the middle or implied in the text
none at the beginning.
1717
Example 1 Dissertation title: Tactics and Skills of Language in International Business Negotiation
…Negotiation is a hot topic these days for a good reason We often refer to trade between countries, or the other times huge transactions among today’s multinational companies. However, countries and companies do not talk to one another as people do. Indeed, a fundamental activity of international commerce and multinational business transactions is the millions of face-to-face interactions between businessmen from different countries that take place everyday. It is difficult to imagine a more vital managerial skill than the skill of negotiating. Effective managers must be superior negotiators. Without solid negotiating abilities, managers will inevitably make serious mistakes in dealing with people at all levels, both inside and outside their organisations. As negotiators, managers must concern themselves with substantive issues and their continuing relationships with people. If they push too much, they may create hard feelings and a desire to exact revenge. If they are overly concerned about getting along with others, they may lose in many substantive areas, thereby negatively impacting upon their department and their organisation.
18
Example 2 Dissertation title: Contrastive Analysis of the Animal Words between English and Chinese
Linguistics becomes more and more important in today’s academic studies. Lexicon as a part of linguistic naturally can’t be ignored by researches. Lexicon has several designs of features. The paper will give the definition of lexicon and its design of feature. There are numerous animal words and idioms in both Chinese and English. Chinese people and English people will have different association when they come across the same animal word. The paper has given some vivid animal word examples to illustrate it. Meanwhile, it has given the causes of this difference from the following aspectsfairy and history stories; customs and living environments; cultural difference.
19
The given examples suggest the placement of the thesis statement (in red) at the end or in the middle or implied is preferred by native Chinese undergraduates, which follows the convention in native English academic writing:
“..the thesis statement is usually the last sentence in the introductory paragraph” (Oshima & Hogue, 1998, p103).
So, no significant difference. Both inductive.
20
As a matter of fact, the use of the indirect way, that is, the inductive pattern, as manifest in the placement of the thesis statement in Examples 1 and 2, is a common feature shared by the remaining eight dissertations written by the Chinese writers.
The fact that these students unconsciously use the inductive pattern to organise the introduction, moving from general to specific, reveals that not only their fixed Chinese cultural patterns of spiral thinking but also the teaching of EFL exert great influences on their dissertation writing.
21
Subjective Consciousness
Subjective consciousness refers to “a state of consciousness, in which a person is constantly aware of his or her self as well as outside factors.” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_consciousn ess).
Here: a sense of subjectivity, to be more specific, means that the dissertation writer’s identity and stance are revealed by the use of first personal pronouns and modal verbs such as “must” and “should”.
22
acting as the subject of sentence
6 of 10 dissertations use the first personal pronoun “we” over 10 times and one uses it up to 21 times in the whole dissertation, including 6 times in a single paragraph
23
Example 3 below is a typical paragraph with the use of the first person pronouns, namely:
- six uses of “we”,
Example 3 Dissertation title: Influences of Cultural Difference on International Business Negotiation
“As far as I am concerned, business negotiation is communication, not only business, not only negotiation, not only a meet. It is like a cultural communication, thinking communication, even country communication. Actually, when we am concerned, business negotiation is communication, not only business, not are first time to see a person, we often according feeling to know him, maybe one words, one behavior, a smiling face to know him or feel him, then we can truly understand him, this is so called first impression, if this impressions are very good, we can talk about fluency, but if the impression not very good, we can not interest in the negotiations, this decides a good start or bad start, but also determines the success or failure of negotiations, how to give a good impression depends on whether have common hobbies, common values and common culture, which I think is more important. Whatever, it is in the negotiations, or in international exchanges, we should respect each other's cultural differences, respect for cultural differences not only her personal respect, but also a culture of respect on both sides, it is reflects our sincerity in the negotiations, progress of the negotiation can smoothly.”
25
This suggests that there may be a higher frequency of personal pronouns used in dissertations written by the native Chinese EFL undergraduates, especially first person pronouns, which might be avoided by native speakers of English in order to achieve greater objectivity in their academic writing.
26
Higher frequency of using modal verbs such as “should, must”
Modal verbs are “used to express ideas such as possibility, intention, obligation and necessity. ” (http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/modal- verb.html) “Whenever instructions are given, a modality enters the relationship between forms in English but the presence of modal verbs is particularly significant. ” (Carter, Goddard, et al. 2008:p115).
27
In this study, modal verbs are used extensively in 10 dissertations to convey to a great degree subjective meanings, resulting in subjective and potentially arrogant statements. The use of “should” and “must” ranks first and second respectively, which expresses a “mode of control”. (Carter, Goddard, et al. 2008: p117).
28
Dissertation title: The Culture Introduction in Senior School English Teaching
“Culture introduction plays an important role in senior school English teaching and more attention needs to be paid to this aspect. To teach well, the teacher should introduce the English culture in teaching, compare the English culture with our own culture and find out the differences. There are many methods to introduce English culture. But in the English teaching, we must make sure that culture introduction serves the target language teaching. All in all, culture introduction is a useful tool in English teaching, yet we need to manage it properly.”
29
Example 4 is the last paragraph of the conclusion of a Chinese native English major’s dissertation with four modal verbs used, which seems to convey a very firm action call, as well a very strong sense of subjectivity, which should possibly be avoided in dissertation writing.
30
In terms of subjective consciousness, the frequent use of first pronouns and modal verbs “should” and “must” seems to reveal a stronger sense of subjectivity rather than objectivity, which contrasts with the academic features of English dissertation writing.
31
Conclusion To sum up, Chinese cultural patterns of thinking have great influences upon Chinese EFL majors’ dissertation writing in English. English dissertation writing is a very important way of assessing Chinese EFL majors’ language competence and performance, which includes not only the English language itself but also cultural connotation implied in the English language, such as basic concepts and values, patterns of thinking and the like. It might be very helpful to teach Chinese EFL majors how to write their English dissertations in a ‘culturally appropriate manner’.
32
Bibliography
Bennett, M. J. (1993). How Not to Be a Fluent Fool: Understanding the Cultural Dimension of Language. The Language Teacher, 27(9). Carter, R. and Goddard A. et al. (2008). Working with Texts: A Core introduction to language analysis, 3rd edition, Routledge Taylor & Francis GROUP, London and New York, International Standard ISO 7144: Documentation — Presentation of theses and similar documents, International organisation for Standardization, Geneva, 1986. Kaplan, R. B. (1966). Cultural Thought Patterns in Inter-Cultural Education. Language Learning, 16, 1-20. Kirkpatrick, A. (1995). Chinese Rhetoric: Method of Argument. Multilingua, 14. Li Changyin (2009), English for Academic Communication in Cross Culture. Science Press. Oshima, Alice et. al., (1998). Writing Academic English-3rd ed. Longman. Silva Tony J. & Matsuda P. K. (2001). On Second Language Writing. Routledge. Schollon, R & Kirkpatrick , A. (2000). Contrastive Discourse in Chinese and English: A Critical Appraisal. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
33
34
Email:[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
September, 2010 35
Slide Number 1
Definition of Pattern of Thinking
Kaplan’s Cultural Thought Patterns
The “Oriental” pattern an inward turning spiral
Kaplan’s Diagram
Slide Number 13
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 16
Example 1
Example 2
Subjective Consciousness
Higher frequency of the first person pronouns “I”, “We” acting as the subject of sentence
Slide Number 24
Higher frequency of using modal verbs such as “should, must”
Slide Number 28