influences of class f and c fly ash blending · headwaters resources influences of class f and c...
TRANSCRIPT
Head
wate
rs R
esou
rces
Influ
ence
s of C
lass F
and
C Fl
y Ash
Blen
ding
Ben
Fran
klin
Tech
nica
l Dire
ctor
Doug
Rho
des
Labo
rato
ry M
anag
er
2015
Wo
rld
of
Co
al A
sh (
WO
CA
) C
on
fere
nce
in N
asvh
ille,
TN
- M
ay 5
-7, 2
015
htt
p:/
/ww
w.f
lyas
h.in
fo/
2
•In
divi
dual
mat
eria
ls a
re te
sted
for c
hem
ical
oxi
des,
par
ticle
den
sity
an
d LO
I.
•O
bjec
tives
kee
p th
e su
m o
f con
stitu
ents
bet
wee
n 72
% a
nd 7
5%.
•M
ater
ial i
s bl
ende
d to
con
form
with
AST
M C
1697
uni
form
ity ±
5.0%
.
•LO
I is
kept
bel
ow 2
.0%
.
•Av
aila
ble
Alka
lis a
re h
eld
at 1
.3%
.
•Lo
wer
the
CaO
foun
d in
Cla
ss C
ash
that
can
exa
cerb
ate
sulfa
te
atta
ck a
nd A
SR
POZZ
OLA
N B
LEN
DIN
G O
BJE
CTI
VES
3
AST
M C
1697
BLE
ND
ED S
UPP
LEM
ENTA
RY C
EMEN
TITI
OU
S M
ATER
IALS
APP
ENDI
X X1
VER
IFYI
NG
BLE
ND
PRO
POR
TIO
NS
•X1
.1 T
his
Appe
ndix
pro
vide
s in
form
atio
n fo
r pur
chas
ers
of b
lend
ed s
uppl
emen
tary
ce
men
titio
us m
ater
ials
abo
ut ty
pica
l m
etho
ds th
at m
anuf
actu
rers
use
to c
ontro
l th
e bl
end
prod
uctio
n pr
oces
s an
d ve
rify
prod
uct c
onfo
rman
ce.
•X1
.2 M
echa
nica
l met
hods
, suc
h as
w
eigh
ing
indi
vidu
al c
onst
ituen
ts a
s ea
ch
goes
to th
e bl
endi
ng s
yste
m a
re a
dequ
ate
to p
rovi
de p
rodu
ctio
n co
ntro
l but
che
mic
al
anal
ysis
as
desc
ribed
bel
ow is
requ
ired
by
this
spe
cific
atio
n fo
r ver
ifyin
g ac
tual
ble
nd
prop
ortio
ns:
•X1
.2.1
Ens
ure
wei
gh fe
eder
s ar
e m
aint
aine
d an
d ca
libra
ted
befo
re
prod
uctio
n. W
eigh
feed
ers
are
to p
rovi
de
for g
ener
al c
ontro
l and
adj
ustm
ent d
urin
g pr
oduc
tion.
•X1
.2.2
Ens
ure
that
the
anal
ysis
met
hod,
X-
ray
fluor
esce
nce
(XR
F) o
r oth
er
qual
ified
met
hod
is c
alib
rate
d w
ithin
the
rang
es o
f mat
eria
ls b
eing
test
ed.
X1.2
.3 S
ampl
e an
d ch
emic
ally
ana
lyze
indi
vidu
al
cons
titue
nts
befo
re p
rodu
ctio
n be
gins
and
at
esta
blis
hed
frequ
enci
es d
urin
g pr
oduc
tion.
X1.2
.4 S
ampl
e an
d ch
emic
ally
ana
lyze
fini
shed
ble
nded
su
pple
men
tary
cem
entit
ious
mat
eria
ls a
t es
tabl
ishe
d fre
quen
cies
dur
ing
prod
uctio
n ru
ns fo
r qu
ality
con
trol p
urpo
ses
and
verif
icat
ion
of b
lend
pr
opor
tions
X1.2
.5 P
ropo
rtion
ana
lysi
s, a
s us
ed h
ere,
is a
cal
cula
tion
usin
g th
e ch
emic
al a
naly
sis
of th
e in
divi
dual
co
nstit
uent
s an
d th
e re
sulta
nt b
lend
.X1
.2.5
.1 T
he in
divi
dual
con
stitu
ents
are
ana
lyze
d an
d pr
edom
inan
t ele
men
ts a
re c
hose
n as
che
mic
al
iden
tifie
rs.
X1.2
.5.2
Tho
se c
hose
n id
entif
iers
are
then
use
d to
ca
lcul
ate
the
mas
s %
of c
onst
ituen
ts in
the
blen
ded
supp
lem
enta
ry c
emen
titio
us m
ater
ial.
An e
xam
ple
of th
is c
alcu
latio
n fo
llow
s. T
his
is a
bas
ic
exam
ple
for i
llust
rativ
e pu
rpos
es u
sing
one
ele
men
t. A
mor
e de
taile
d an
alys
is u
sing
mul
tiple
ele
men
ts
can
be p
erfo
rmed
usi
ng a
spr
eads
heet
pro
gram
su
ch a
s EX
CEL
Sol
ver
4
Blen
ded
fly a
shes
is a
hom
ogen
eous
ble
nd o
f su
b-bi
tum
inou
s an
d bi
tum
inou
s co
al a
sh.
Com
bini
ng s
ub-b
itum
inou
s an
d bi
tum
inou
s co
al
ashe
s pr
ovid
es c
onsu
mer
s th
e po
sitiv
e at
tribu
tes
of b
oth
mat
eria
ls a
nd re
duce
s va
riatio
ns th
at a
re
som
etim
es e
xper
ienc
ed fr
om p
ower
pla
nts
oper
atin
g un
der t
oday
’s m
ore
strin
gent
en
viro
nmen
tal c
limat
e. T
he b
lend
ed fl
y as
h of
fers
en
d us
ers
mor
e be
nefit
s ve
rsus
the
sum
of t
heir
parts
. Ble
nded
fly
ashe
s ca
n be
use
d in
any
ap
plic
atio
n w
here
a C
lass
F fl
y as
h is
spe
cifie
d.
BLE
ND
ED F
LY A
SH
5
–A
ppen
dix
X1. V
erify
ing
Ble
nd P
ropo
rtio
ns (s
umm
ary)
.–
X1.2
Mec
hani
cal m
etho
ds …
wei
ghin
g in
divi
dual
con
stitu
ents
as
each
goe
s to
the
blen
ding
sys
tem
. . .
but c
hem
ical
ana
lysi
s as
de
scrib
ed b
elow
is re
quire
d . .
. fo
r ver
ifyin
g ac
tual
ble
nd
prop
ortio
ns.
–X1
.2.3
Sam
ple
and
chem
ical
ly a
naly
ze in
divi
dual
con
stitu
ents
be
fore
pro
duct
ion
begi
ns.
–X1
.2.4
Sam
ple
and
chem
ical
ly a
naly
ze fi
nish
ed b
lend
ed
supp
lem
enta
ry c
emen
titio
us m
ater
ials
at e
stab
lishe
d fre
quen
cies
. .
. Fo
r qua
lity
cont
rol p
urpo
ses
and
verif
icat
ion
of b
lend
pr
opor
tions
. –
X1.2
.5.2
Tho
se c
hose
n id
entif
iers
are
then
use
d to
cal
cula
te th
e m
ass
% o
f con
stitu
ents
in th
e bl
ende
d su
pple
men
tary
ce
men
titio
us m
ater
ial.
AST
M C
-169
7B
LEN
DED
SU
PPLE
MEN
TARY
CEM
ENTI
TIO
US
MAT
ERIA
LS
AST
M-1
697
ASTM
C1697
‐10 Ap
pend
ix X1.2.5.2 (W
orkshe
et)
±5%
Max
P2Va
riance
Sample
Miller
Gaston
Blen
d % C
| F
Theo
retical
Actual
Actual vs
Date
Sample IDs
Type
Total Sum
Total Sum
Class C
Class F
Total Sum
Total Sum
Theo
retical
7/1/13
1480
MR; 161
2GT; 165
2P2A
Mon
thly
65.73
88.91
51%
49%
77.09
77.96
1.1%
8/1/13
1723
MR; 192
1GT; 193
7P2A
Mon
thly
62.89
88.67
51%
49%
75.52
76.2
0.9%
9/1/13
2071
MR; 205
6GT; 214
3P2A
Mon
thly
62.85
87.69
51%
49%
75.02
75.78
1.0%
10/1/13
2335
MR; 229
6GT; 235
2P2A
Mon
thly
65.39
87.82
51%
49%
76.38
76.51
0.2%
11/1/13
2422
MR; 261
4GT; 257
1P2A
Mon
thly
63.61
88.83
51%
49%
75.97
76.72
1.0%
12/1/13
2680
MR; 218
GT; 44P
2AMon
thly
65.54
88.54
51%
49%
76.81
76.88
0.1%
Calculations: A
STM C16
97‐10X
1.2.5.2 lim
its +/‐5%
7
•In
dust
ry S
peci
ficat
ions
–AS
TM –
Amer
ican
Soc
iety
for T
estin
g M
ater
ials
–
AASH
TO –
Amer
ican
Ass
ocia
tion
of S
tate
Hig
hway
the
Tran
spor
tatio
n O
ffici
als
•D
OT
Spec
ifica
tions
•H
eadw
ater
s R
esou
rces
’ Sta
ndar
d O
pera
ting
Proc
edur
es
(SO
P)
VER
IFIC
ATIO
N O
F C
OM
PLIA
NC
E
8
BLE
ND
ING
IMPA
CT
TO C
OLO
R
Clas
s F A
shRe
sultin
g Blen
dCl
ass C
Ash
9
Che
mic
al
Cla
ss F
75%
F /
25%
C
50%
F /
50%
C25
% F
/ 75%
C
Cla
ss C
Silic
on D
ioxi
de, S
iO2
47.7
3%45
.26%
42.7
4%40
.85%
39.3
2%
Alu
min
um O
xide
, Al2
O3
28.1
9%25
.65%
23.2
1%21
.17%
19.2
4%
Iron
Oxi
de, F
e2O
311
.92%
10.5
1%9.
28%
8.23
%6.
22%
Sulfu
r Tri
oxid
e, S
O3
0.32
%0.
78%
1.03
%1.
27%
1.52
%
Cal
cium
Oxi
de, C
aO4.
02%
8.75
%13
.56%
18.5
1%23
.25%
Sum
Of O
xide
s (C
lass
)87
.84%
81.4
2%75
.23%
70.2
5%64
.78%
Avai
labl
e Alk
..7
51.
261.
1.9
11.
33
Car
bon
% (L
eco)
1.94
1.47
1.06
0.58
0.15
7
Spec
ific
Gra
vity
gm
/cm
32.
382.
422.
422.
462.
49
LO
I %2.
131.
571.
090.
70.
31
Fine
ness
%24
.02
24.0
223
.76
22.6
425
.1
Moi
stur
e %
0.13
0.11
0.1
0.1
0.10
6
Sum
mar
y of
Che
mic
al a
ndPh
ysic
al P
rope
rties
10
CO
MPR
ESSI
VE S
TREN
GTH
A
STM
C-1
09
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Cla
ss C
75/2
550
/50
25/7
5C
lass
F
7 da
y SA
I28
Day
SAI
11
AST
M C
-192
CO
NC
RET
E D
ATA
Con
trol
Cla
ss C
C
lass
F
50/5
0Sl
ump
.25
inch
66
66.
5U
nit W
t lb/
ft14
5.6
146.
314
6.3
147.
1A
ir %
Pre
ssur
e6
5.5
5.2
5W
C R
atio
0.62
0.58
0.63
0.59
Tem
p. F
6565
6565
1 D
ay C
ompr
essi
ve *
* 15
0196
286
210
07
3 D
ay C
ompr
essi
ve *
*28
1922
4518
3720
887
Day
Com
pres
sive
3197
3552
2726
2813
14 D
ay C
ompr
essi
ve
3432
3513
3097
3440
28 D
ay C
ompr
essi
ve40
5842
2837
5541
3256
Day
Com
pres
sive
4580
5212
4693
5268
** 3
X6
Cyl
inde
rs a
ll ot
her a
ges 4
X8
12
CO
NC
RET
E ST
REN
GTH
AST
M C
-39
13
The b
lendin
g pro
cess
re
duce
s var
iabilit
y of
Clas
s F fly
ash f
rom
the po
wer p
lant. T
he
blend
in co
ncre
te at
a 25
perce
nt su
bstitu
tion
rate
perfo
rms b
etter
tha
n the
contr
ol mi
x an
d the
Clas
s F m
ix at
28 an
d 56 d
ays.
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1 da
y3
days
7 da
ys14
day
s28
day
s56
Compressive PSI
Age
in D
ays
Com
pres
sive
Str
engt
h
Con
trol
Cla
ss C
Ash
50 /
50C
lass
F A
sh
CO
NC
RET
E ST
REN
GTH
14
SETT
ING
TIM
E O
F C
ON
CR
ETE
AST
M C
-403
15
ASTM
C-1
012 s
ulfate
expa
nsion
grap
h res
ults,
Clas
s C fly
ash i
s exc
eedin
g max
imum
ex
pans
ion lim
its at
six m
onths
. Blen
d doe
s not
perfo
rm as
well
as a
straig
ht Cl
ass F
ash;
howe
ver, p
erfor
ms be
tter t
han s
traigh
t Clas
s C
fly as
h.
“Tilk
asky
and C
arra
squil
lo(1
993)
; and
Dun
stan
(197
6); s
howe
d tha
t con
crete
conta
ining
some
hig
h-ca
lcium
fly as
hes a
re su
scep
tible
to su
lfate
attac
k, an
d gen
erall
y, hig
her v
olume
s of
high-
calci
um fly
ash m
ixtur
es ha
ve a
grea
ter
susc
eptib
ility t
o sulf
ate de
terior
ation
” (A
meric
an C
oncre
te Ins
titute
[ACI
], 200
8, p.
17).
Blen
ding C
with
F fly
ash m
itigate
s pro
blems
ca
used
by hi
gh C
aOC
ashe
s.
AST
M C
-101
2
0.00
0
0.02
0
0.04
0
0.06
0
0.08
0
0.10
0
0.12
0
0.14
0
1 w
k2
wk
3 w
k4w
k8
wk
13 w
k15
wk
4 m
th6
mth
Expansion %
Tim
e w
eeks
C A
shF
Ash
Blen
d
16
AST
M C
-156
7 D
ATA
•AS
TM C
156
7 co
mpa
rison
gra
ph
show
s th
e bl
end
outp
erfo
rms
stra
ight
Cla
ss
C’s
abi
lity
to in
hibi
t alk
ali s
ilica
reac
tivity
ex
pans
ion.
•
Com
bini
ng C
lass
C a
nd C
lass
F fl
y as
h cl
early
low
ers
the
perc
enta
ge o
f alk
ali
avai
labl
e in
Cla
ss C
fly
ash,
com
plim
entin
g th
e ad
vant
ages
of b
oth
prod
ucts
resu
lting
im
prov
ed c
oncr
ete
dura
bilit
y.•
Adde
d be
nefit
of a
llow
ing
conc
rete
pr
oduc
ers
to u
se h
ighe
r per
cent
ages
of f
ly
ash
in th
eir c
oncr
ete
prod
ucts
as
com
pare
d to
typi
cal C
lass
F fl
y as
hes.
•
Hig
her p
erce
ntag
es o
f fly
ash
repl
acem
ent,
impr
oves
con
cret
e du
rabi
lity
17
Comb
ining
Clas
s C
and C
lass F
fly as
h ha
s the
follo
wing
be
nefits
:
Lowe
r CaO
Lowe
r LOI
Lowe
r ava
ilable
Na2
O
18
•U
se o
f AST
M C
-169
7•
Perfo
rman
ce d
riven
sal
es w
ith a
sh th
at c
an b
e ta
ilore
d to
a
parti
cula
r reg
ion.
•Ab
ility
to m
aint
ain
cons
tant
sup
plie
s of
mat
eria
l.•
Poss
ibilit
y to
use
oth
er S
CM
suc
h as
Sla
g, S
ilica
Fum
e an
d na
tura
l Poz
zola
ns in
ble
nd.
•Ab
ility
to b
enef
icia
te o
ne s
ourc
e, w
ith a
noth
er o
f bet
ter
prop
ertie
s.•
Prov
ide
bina
ry p
erfo
rman
ce p
rodu
ct to
the
mar
ket f
or
sing
le s
ilo u
se.
BEN
EFIT
S C
/F B
LEN
DS
19
•Fl
orid
a•
Geo
rgia
•Al
abam
a•
Tenn
esse
e•
Kent
ucky
•Pe
nnsy
lvan
ia•
Loui
sian
a•
Mis
siss
ippi
•C
olor
ado
C-A
SH &
F-A
SH D
OT
PRE
BLE
ND
APP
RO
VALS
20
IOW
A D
OT
PER
MEA
BIL
ITY
DAT
A•
Iow
a D
OT
unde
rtook
a s
tudy
on
pavi
ng p
erfo
rman
ce to
m
easu
re p
erm
eabi
lity
of a
ll al
low
ed s
tate
pav
ing
mix
ture
s ut
ilizin
g SC
M a
vaila
ble
in th
e m
arke
t and
on
curre
nt
proj
ects
.•
Cla
ss F
is o
nly
avai
labl
e lo
cally
as
a co
mpo
nent
of a
lo
cally
pro
duce
d ce
men
t ble
nd. T
he b
lend
con
tain
s 20
%
clas
s F
fly a
sh.
•Io
wa
DO
T al
low
s fo
r the
pav
ing
mix
ture
to u
tiliz
e up
to a
40
% re
plac
emen
t of c
emen
t.•
Loca
l pav
ers
rout
inel
y us
e th
e 20
% F
cem
ent b
lend
with
20
% C
lass
C fl
y as
h, w
ith th
e re
sult
prov
idin
g fa
ster
set
tim
e in
coo
l wea
ther
and
low
er p
erm
eabi
lity.
21
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
100%
Cem
ent
15%
C A
sh30
% C
Ash
Type
IS(2
5)20
% C
Ash
Type
IS(3
5)15
% C
Ash
Type
IPF(
25)
20%
C A
sh
Coulombs
Tern
ary
Mix
Des
ign
-Lab
Stu
dyPe
rmea
bilit
y A
ASH
TO T
277
-Virg
inia
Cur
e M
etho
d
>400
0
H
igh
2000
-400
0
Mod
erat
e10
00-2
000
Lo
w10
0-10
00
Ver
y Lo
w<1
00
N
eglig
ible
w/c
= 0
.41
w/c
= 0
.41
w/c
= 0
.41
w/c
= 0
.41
w/c
= 0
.426
w/c
= 0
.40
22
•Ph
ysic
al P
erfo
rman
ce im
prov
ed o
n te
sted
ash
es.
•U
tiliz
atio
n of
Mar
gina
l Ash
es E
nhan
ced.
•AS
R M
itiga
tion
of B
lend
ed C
/F fl
y as
hes
impr
oved
ove
r C
lass
C fl
y as
h al
one.
•Pe
rmea
bilit
y's
wer
e re
duce
d si
mila
r to
the
use
of s
ilica
fum
e.•
Res
ultin
g bl
ends
of c
lass
C a
nd c
lass
F fl
y as
hes,
mee
t AS
TM C
-618
.
SUM
MA
RY O
F FI
ND
ING
S
23
•Am
eric
an C
oncr
ete
Inst
itute
. (20
08).
Man
ual o
f con
cret
e pr
actic
e: U
se o
f fly
ash
in c
oncr
ete
com
mitt
ee-2
32.
Farm
ingt
on H
ills, M
I: Au
thor
.
•AS
TM C
39.
(200
0). S
tand
ard
test
met
hod
for c
ompr
essi
ve s
treng
th o
f cyl
indr
ical
con
cret
e sp
ecim
ens.
In R
. Alle
n, N
. Ba
ldin
i, E.
Gut
man
, E. K
eefe
, J. K
ram
er,
& C
. Lei
nweb
er e
t al.
Ann
ual B
ook
of A
STM
sta
ndar
ds: V
ol. 0
4.02
. C
oncr
ete
and
aggr
egat
es. W
est C
onsh
ohoc
ken,
PA:
Am
eric
an s
ocie
ty fo
r tes
ting
and
mat
eria
ls.
•AS
TM C
109
. (20
00).
Stan
dard
test
met
hod
for c
ompr
essi
ve s
treng
th o
f hyd
raul
ic c
emen
t mor
tars
(Usi
ng 2
-in. o
r [5
0-m
m] c
ube
spec
imen
s. In
R. A
llen,
N. B
aldi
ni, E
. Gut
man
, E. K
eefe
, J. K
ram
er,
& C
. Lei
nweb
er e
t al.
Ann
ual
Boo
k of
AS
TM s
tand
ards
: Vol
. 04.
01. C
emen
t;lim
e;gy
psum
. Wes
t Con
shoh
ocke
n, P
A: A
mer
ican
soc
iety
for t
estin
g an
d m
ater
ials
•AS
TM C
618
. (20
00).
Stan
dard
spe
cific
atio
n fo
r coa
l fly
ash
and
raw
or c
alci
ned
natu
ral p
ozzo
lan
for u
se a
s a
min
eral
adm
ixtu
re in
con
cret
e. In
R. A
llen,
N. B
aldi
ni, E
. Gut
man
, E. K
eefe
, J. K
ram
er,
& C
. Lei
nweb
er e
t al.
Ann
ual
Boo
k of
AS
TM s
tand
ards
: Vol
. 04.
02. C
oncr
ete
and
aggr
egat
es. W
est C
onsh
ohoc
ken,
PA:
Am
eric
an s
ocie
ty fo
r te
stin
g an
d m
ater
ials
.
•AS
TM C
101
2. (2
000)
. Sta
ndar
d te
st m
etho
d fo
r len
gth
chan
ge o
f hyd
raul
ic-c
emen
t mor
tars
exp
osed
to a
sul
fate
so
lutio
n In
R. A
llen,
N. B
aldi
ni, E
. Gut
man
, E. K
eefe
, J. K
ram
er,
& C
. Lei
nweb
er e
t al.
Ann
ual B
ook
of A
STM
S
tand
ards
: Vol
. 04.
01. C
emen
t; lim
e; g
ypsu
m. W
est C
onsh
ohoc
ken,
PA:
Am
eric
an s
ocie
ty fo
r tes
ting
and
mat
eria
ls.
•AS
TM C
156
7. (2
004)
. Sta
ndar
d te
st m
etho
d fo
r det
erm
inin
g th
e po
tent
ial a
lkal
i-silic
a re
activ
ity o
f com
bina
tions
of
cem
entit
ious
mat
eria
ls a
nd a
ggre
gate
. Ann
ual B
ook
of A
STM
sta
ndar
ds: V
ol. 0
4.02
. Con
cret
e an
d ag
greg
ates
. Wes
t C
onsh
ohoc
ken,
PA:
Am
eric
an s
ocie
ty fo
r tes
ting
and
mat
eria
ls
•AS
TM C
169
7. (2
010)
. Ble
nded
sup
plem
enta
ry c
emen
titio
us m
ater
ials
. Ann
ual B
ook
of A
STM
sta
ndar
ds: V
ol. 0
4.02
. C
emen
t,lim
e, g
ypsu
m .
Wes
t Con
shoh
ocke
n, P
A: A
mer
ican
soc
iety
for t
estin
g an
d m
ater
ials
•G
ratta
n-Be
llew,
P. E
. (19
87).
Con
cret
e al
kali-
aggr
egat
e re
actio
ns. P
ark
Rid
ge, N
J: N
oyes
Pub
licat
ions
.
REF
EREN
CES