informal settlements & affordable housing

INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS &

AFFORDABLE HOUSING

CIB Report Publication 314

Editors:

Happy Santosa Sri Yuwanti Erika Yuni Astuti

CIB Working Commission W 110 Informal Settlements and Affordable Housing

Published by: CIB General Secretariat ISBN: 978-90-6363-056- 0 February 2007

Informal Settlements and Affordable Housing Meeting and Conference, Semarang 22nd – 23th February 2007

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PREFACE and ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This book represents the works of the researchers in the Asia region which are compiled together in the international conference on “INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS and AFFORDABLE HOUSING” by Research and Development Board – Central Java Province in cooperation with the Department of Architecture, Institute of Technology Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) and the International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction (CIB) – Working Commission W 110 – Informal Settlements and Affordable Housing; 22 February 2007. The purpose of the conference is to obtain a global network and international exchange and cooperation in research particularly in Informal Settlements and Affordable Housing. The discussion in this book covers the following topics:

1. Informal Settlements and Affordable Housing 2. Housing Innovasion and Community Participation

Special thanks are directed to professor Johan Silas from Department of Architecture ITS, professor Eko Budiharjo from Department of Architecture Diponegoro University and to professor Liana Arrieta de Bustillos from the Centroccidental University “Lisandro Alvarado”, Barquisimeto, Venezuela for their contribution. Appreciation and thanks also directed to all the writers in this book.


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TABLE OF CONTENT Pages Invited Papers 1. Intangible Problems in Low Cost Housing Reconstruction for

Disaster Relief, The Case Study in Aceh and Nias Johan Silas ………………………………………………………………...

1 2. Technological Transference Proposal in Sustainable Housing

Construction in Urban Settlements L. Arrieta de Bustillos ……………………………………………………

5 Conference Papers 1 – Informal Settlements and Affordable Housing 1. The Strategical Policy of Perum Perumnas ( National Urban

Development Corporation ) to Realize Suitable Houses With the Very Low Prices Agus Budi Santosa ………………………………………………………..

23 2. Identification of Conceivable Impact of Resettlement Affected by

the Countermeasures for Sedimentation in the Wonogiri Dam Reservoir Winny Astuti ……………………………………………………………….

29 3. Affordable Housing of Earthern Structural Building

Krisprantono ………………………………………………………………

38 4. Magersari : Restructuring gendered Space in Vernacular

Settlement Case Study Particularrly Dalems (Nobles Residences) in Surakarta Mohammad Muqoffa ………………………………………………….....

44 5. Temporary Housing For Jobless Widows In The Urban Area

Happy Santosa & Sarah Cahyadini………….…………………………

85 6. Riverbank Settlement in Surabaya, the Reasons Behind the

Problems Ispurwono Soemarno …………………………………………………….

57 7. The Model of Informal Settlement at A High Density Environment

Fulfilling Thermal Comfort Requirement, Case Study in Surabaya/Surakarta, Malang, and Sumenep B. Heru Santoso, Rosalia Niniek S., Mas Santosa ............................

67 8. Spatial Change of Fishermen Settlement In The Context of

Urbanization of Cambaya Village In Makassar Sherly Asriany …………………………………………………………….

73 9. Segmental Development Design for Wonokromo Waterfront

Settlements at Surabaya Andon Setyo Wibowo …………………………………………………….

78 10 Resettle the Informal Settlement Inhabitants in Semarang City

(Exemplify the Karangroto Case for Solving Cakrawala Barat Problems) Sri Yuwanti ……………………………………………………………….. 84


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Conference Paper 2 – Housing Innovasion and Community Participation 1. Naturalism Approach for Housing and Facilities Provides

for Low Income Target Groups Jamilla Kautsary, Mila Karmila, ………………………………………

94 2. Find Solution to Handling Slums Settlement In Semarang City

Mohammad Agung Ridlo ………………………………………………..

100 3. Social Development Strategies in Slum Area (Aresidential Case In

the Floods of Bengawan Solo River Subdistrict of Pucangsawit, Surakarta Muranti Jani Rahayu, Rutiana D. ……………………………………...

106 Reconstructing Shelter – Rebuilding Lives” Lesson Learned From

the Disaster Response Program in Yogyakarta and Central Java Henry Feriadi ……………………………………………………………..

113 4. Environmental Improvement of Urban Slums through Community

Empowerment Case Study of Kelurahan Bulak Banteng, Surabaya Dewi Septanti ……………………………………………………………..

119 5. Community Participation in Slum Upgrading Programme

A Case Study in Surabaya, East Java Andarita Rolalisasi ………………………………………………………

130 6. Path Way Corridor as a Place for Informal Settlement

A. Tutut Subadyo …………………………………………………………

135 7. Housing Development Programme for Tsunami Areas in Aceh

(Case study houses funded by Asia Development Bank ) Johanes Krisdianto ………………………………………………………

139

8. Culture, a Community Heterogenity Bonding Sidem Tetuko ……………………………………………………………...

146

9. Affordable Housing, a Study on Mud – Volcano Disaster Purwanita Setijanti, Wahyu Setiawan, Mahesti Okitasari ………….

156

10. Affordable and Sustainable Housing for Disaster Mitigation Case Study: RIA for Calang Wahyu Setyawan ………………………………………………………….

168 11 Vertical Housing: Building Envelope as Solar Energy Receiving-

Set Nurhamdoko Boni ………………………………………………………..

177


INVITED PAPERS


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INTANGIBLE PROBLEMS IN LOW COST HOUSING RECONSTRUCTION FOR DISASTER RELIEF

THE CASE STUDY IN ACEH AND NIAS

Johan Silas Laboratory for Housing and Human Settlements

Department of Architecture – ITS (Email: [email protected])

Abstract

When facing the unsuspected mega disaster as experienced in boxing day of 2004 in Aceh and Nias, the immediate reaction shown at that time was how to save the surviving victims as much and as fast as possible in order not to add more unnecessary and additional lost of live and suffering. The actions taken at that time among others was how to build as much and a quick as possible shelters to house them within the available resources that normally arrived gradually and late as it was restricted by confusions, and as well as cumbersome rules and regulations that was initially not designed or formulated to deal with emergency situation that need prompt actions and result. Keywords: intangible problems, low cost housing, reconstruction I. INTRODUCTION

The mega earthquake and tsunami that hit areas in closing the year 2004, covered from northern Aceh to Malaysia, Thailand, India, Sri Lanka to as far as the northwestern part of Africa destroyed hundreds of thousands of human lives, buildings as well as the memory and evident: It also created a fast numbers of surviving victims, orphans and widows. The immediate reaction taken by international and national communities to provide help and relief were of global scope and scale that this generation has not seen or known and experience before. However, the large scale problems faced and have to be resolved, have no any previous reference that was needed to deal with the huge and difficult aftermath as this has not happened before in the long memory of the present generation and the generation before. II. TOO MUCH TOO SOON

The fast and widely publicized images of the disaster create a strong world wide sentiment and human solidarity to assist in easing the burden and hardship felt by the hundreds of thousand of indiscriminate victims. In a very short time volunteers from any part of the world and from any walk of lives arrived in huge numbers and equipped with the state of the art tools and equipments, and supported by adequate funding that resulted in almost perfect way of easing the sufferings of the victims, especially during the first three months in the emergency period. However, the large amount of fund gradually pledged and made available by world communities, did not always result in positive and effective ways of assisting the victims as it was difficult to manage in the chaotic situation and covering a large of devastated areas. Many mismatched and even wrong doing


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were carried out by a large number of actors and institutions including fake NGOs that could not be avoided and ultimately resulted in waste of vast amount of resources that was not known or made known to the people who donated their valuable and hard earned fund. III. DISTURBING REALITIES

If in the initial stage after the disaster hit the area, the overall panorama was debris scattered in all parts of the stricken area, it gave the impression of almost impossible to clean it in a short possible time. Nevertheless only in about six months time after and hard work in cleaning, the real scars that later emerged were gruesome pictures of the destruction of many kinds that have never and ever been seen before by this generation. A year later and approaching the second anniversary of the disaster, different and yet still frightening pictures emerged in the form of deteriorating ‘new’ housing built as relief, empty housing and abandoned half finished housing in the scale reaching to thousands of unutilized units.

IV. HARD REALITIES

Many reasons can be given for the hard and bad realities that can be seen in disaster relief effort; from the bureaucratic administrative aspects to the incompetence of performing their tasks as shown even by parties that bear names of world class. BRR (Institute for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction) as special institution established to deal with this realities also fails in almost all respects to deal with the situation, partly relates to the incompetence and no available reference. It is indeed not easy to establish a large institution consist of complex tasks consist of staff both from the private and public sectors. BRR is also overwhelm by rule and regulations that does not in any way meet the need of urgent problem to be resolved in the fastest and large number way. Finger pointing on who is to be blamed is easy and often been done, yet the expected improved realities only appeared too little too late. The blame for the many mishaps should not only be directed to those coming from out side of Aceh and Nias, but many local actors both in the bureaucracy as well as the private sectors in deed played a very important role to the badly achieved result mentioned above. V. IS SUSTAINABLE HOUSING TRUE?

Conceptually, sustainable low cost housing to be used for disaster relief is true and important although the realities in the field speak otherwise as many will testify especially the beneficiaries that have to live there. Low cost environmentally sensitive housing is not only true but a necessity that cannot be avoided and it can easily be achieved and shown in a limited scale such as in Gampong Pande etc. Big names of international institutions that get and forced themselves involved in housing reconstruction have not contribute ideas or solutions in a correct and effective way to solve the problem such as by UN Habitat or Red Cross/Crescent from many countries. As we know Red Cross and Red Crescent specialized in initial rescue to save lives and heal wounds. They have no competence in any way to build houses. The same applies to OXFAM that specialized in the provision of food and water, also enter into housing reconstruction. Most of the houses are in dire state. When everybody that serve the reconstruction in Aceh and Nias gradually started to leave since the beginning of this year to the end of next year, sadly enough Aceh and Nias will not be in


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better state as was initially promised and expected nor will they be more able to deal with the situation when resource is back to the limited state and no expertise support is available anymore. VI. THE WAY OF SUSTAINABLE HOUSING

To implement sustainable housing at least five simple principles need to be taken into account and be based on:

1. Adopt and adapt principle of local traditional housing that has been tested over a period of very long time, to include the principle of environmental based and earth quack resistance structure.

2. Introduce and integrate recent available technology in environmental sensitive housing construction to include earth quake resistance methods and the application of passive low energy architecture (PLEA) that has for a long time been studied and applied in Surabaya. At ITS an ecohouse was jointly developed in 1998 with Tsukuba University and Kyoto University of Japan to do testing of simulation PLEA house model.

3. Allow the beneficiaries to decide the present and future need as they perceived it to be accommodated in the planning and design of the houses with sustainable principles.

4. Also consider the environmental issue in a larger sense to include various waste management, recycling and social safe guard issues for vulnerable groups such as widows, orphans, etc.

5. Introduce measures to ensure to better understand and able to best utilize and develop the result at later stage as they see it fit. Training and enabling process to the house owners need to be done.

VII. RULES OF SUSTAINABLE HOUSING

Never should or let central institutions to decide and dominantly endorse the rules and regulations needed in the effort in to over-come the result of destructions after a big (natural) disaster. Most and existing rules and regulations were drafted and designed for the use to deal with problems in normal and controlled condition that does not exist whatsoever in disaster area where speed and scale is the demand. The need for special ways and means to deal with the reconstruction and rehabilitation effort should be made available as soon and as flexible as possible. This has ultimately be managed by competent and experienced personnel drafted to work full time and well supported with the needed resources.

VIII. THE INTAGIBLE PROBLEMS

Problems with intangible nature in dealing with relief and reconstruction afford after a mega disaster should not be over looked or taken for granted such as:

• Intervention by authorities that felt the authority and responsibility to deal with the problem but have no knowledge as well as experience of the real situation in the field has created a lot of unnecessary problems.

• Free riders attracted by the large amount of fund consist of among others those that came to help such as many NGOs local and international and those that were suppose to be helped (victim beneficiaries) mainly because the availability of large funds that they feel easy to be manipulated and supported by elements from within the system itself.


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• The existing rules and regulations that was drafted in a rush to be applied to the emergency situation only increase unnecessary work and burden by the relief team in fighting the immediate need and yet still following the rule of law.

• Fighting against the mal and corrupt practices by many parties is only an additional waste of time and energy and prolong the time to relief the hardship of the victims not in a longer time than necessary.

IX. CONCLUDING NOTES

The constraints in providing low cost and sustainable housing in disaster relief effort change dynamically over time in quantitative and qualitative terms that is not easy to foresee but need to be responded effective and efficiently. It is therefore extremely important to do periodic evaluation and taking opinion that developed over time from among the users and beneficiaries to gain and understand better and important lessons both from the technical as well as the perceived point of view. It is never too late to learn and to make the badly needed improvements in all terms so that more and better steps can be taken to deal effective and efficiently the problem after mega disaster in any time and any place.


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TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFERENCE PROPOSAL IN SUSTAINABLE HOUSING CONSTRUCTION IN

URBAN SETTLEMENTS

L. Arrieta de Bustillos

Lisandro Alvarado Centroccidental University (UCLA). Housing Communitarian School Association.

(Email: [email protected] )

Abstract

The proposal of technological transfer is part of an education model implemented by the association “Housing Communitarian School” in Barquisimeto Venezuela, through which is to involve to the university in the local development and whose purpose is the one of qualifying the spontaneous manufacturers in the handling of techniques adapted in the construction of sustainable housings. The school also assists the requirements settled down in the Constitution Bolivariana of Venezuela as for the student obligatory social service, through community internships as part of the ordinary plan of study. So far they have been possible to qualify 250 students and more than 150 residents; 3 investigation projects and more than 4000 hours of technical support. The importance of the work resides in the achieved impact through the prototype of teaching community which is a contribution that can be replied in other universities of the region.

Keyword: technological transfer, education, capital stock, sustainable housing.

I. INTRODUCTION Most poor settlements residents live in inadequate houses, exposed to great

risks, with deficiency in Basic services and a high stack level. Auto-construction and auto-management are the main production way of building houses for people without technical training. On the other hand, in spite of poverty conditions they live in, these residents are responsible for the biggest housing stock produced in some cities in Latin America. In Venezuela, until 1998, 77% of houses were produced by the informal sector in spontaneous construction processes. (Tipple G., 1998).

The construction of this type of house is made without appropriate resources or technical assistance, and in most cases on unstable surface with high risks before natural disasters. (Arrieta and Bujana, 2004). One of the most important aspects of this issue is he risk that the informal settlements face because of the poor quality in its construction and the present threats which give the informal settlements a high vulnerability condition which has produced thousands of human lost caused by natural disasters or by men. There are a lot of spontaneous constructions built using “Engineering with no Engineers” in Venezuelan Settlements, specially in Caracas where they are placed in topographically inadequate land, considering the seismic high risk condition in the Capital as it is in Barquisimeto classified as Zone V “high risk” which represents


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an eminent danger for hundreds of thousands residents who are the most affected ones during tragedies. To identify the most common failures in these constructions and knowing what causes them is an important part of the research work previously to the proposal.

This reality of housing is been ignored, almost completely by the engineering schools not only in Venezuela but in most Latin American countries. However, in spite of the eminent needs, residents of informal settlements require from universities. It’s possible to see with some exceptions, a break out between research nature and objectives, the teaching, the extension of Venezuelan universities and the needs present in local communities in technological and social assistance.

In the case of UCLA University, out of 190 research projects and 120 extension projects, only a few are socially oriented to overcome local poverty levels, besides, the social impact of the projects with an incidence to change in reality, could be considered as “localized” and without great consequences, because these are done in an isolated way and in some cases with no continuity, therefore not optimizing the resources.

The work promoted by the Housing Communitarian School Association leads to the proper technological transference in building houses, allowing the practice of social Engineering and the promotion of Architects and Engineers with a social conscious. Also, it’ been possible to build alliances between public and private sector enterprises oriented to solve social problems lead by poverty and acting in the housing building processes in local settlements.

From this experience, we have had the participation of students and spontaneous constructors in the construction of “housing seeds” built as part of the training in the building in a practical way, using this training as a base for the promotion of economical and social communitarian development. So far, it’s been possible to trained over 350 people; three (3) research projects and over four thousand (4000) hours of technical assistance.

II. BACKGROUND

The Housing Communitarian School Association was founded in the year 2000 ascribed to UCLA Engineering School. Its purpose is to form spontaneous constructors in “barrios”, helping workers who have hared the traditional constructive practices to get appropriate formation and introducing Architectural and Engineering students as communitarian internship.

This association identifies and applies research project results with social pertinence related to traditional sustainable construction techniques that leads to internal processes and cover the appropriate techniques to local needs. In our 4 years founded, we have given technical assistance and introduced innovation construction processes produced in local settlements, involving not only technical aspects but everything related to citizen development, always looking after reducing housing vulnerability built without technical formation and on unstable soil, also taking care of increasing life quality of the residents of the area.

The educational model is been designed based on a number of courses and instructors selected according to local needs. This model is founded in 2 programs: a) University internship training Program and b) Communitarian constructors training program. Each course has a work base team which introduces professors from different deans according to the different activities for


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each case. In the course’s programmes, we include life formation and human development.

The participants are motivated through practical exercises and communitarian experience references. Themes such as project for life, pro-activity, assertive behaviour, etc are part of training. As an important experience background with global focus, where one solves the housing issues, one can name “ciudades de la gente” from Venezuelan Central University Architecture Faculty, Zulia University Local Development Unit Architecture Faculty and UCLA Engineering School Sustainable Habitat Group.

The key strategy is been to introduce professors from different disciplines, students and residents in training programs in order to teach them the appropriate technical construction techniques in sustainable housing building, using these houses as strategy to produce income generation, involving the universities in the social community development.

All these lead to the elaboration of this Project, founded in qualitative research and action research, using as a base the experience lived during the foundation of Housing Communitarian School Association in the year 2000-2004 to achieve a technological transference proposal in sustainable housing construction in informal settlements of Lara State, Venezuela, sustained in the continuous improvement towards the quality of life which also allows to be transfer to other universities in the region.

III. URBAN SETTLEMENTS CHARACTERIZATION

The detailed urban settlement characterization in Latin America was presented in CONPAT 2003 in Yucatan, Mexico in the Project “Vulnerability, Risks and Threats in Latin American and Caribbean Urban Settlements. Sustainable Livelihoods” where it was possible to analyze the socio-economical characteristics, the risk degree and the vulnerability, the basic services and the pathological problems in housing construction in these urban settlements. In the following two years, attempting to the actual UCLA institutional politics, we have continued the research, making important founds that allows a better comprehension of the habitability issues, the life quality levels and the high risk conditions in what the residents of our cities live. In this opportunity, we present in the tables 3, 4, and Graphic 2, information from the research project “Public Risk in Urban Settlements. Case: Barrio Simon Bolivar” (Bujanda J.), referred to the magnitude of poverty in 17 countries of the region, global numbers of the basic services existence and data of the poverty levels in Venezuelan urban settlements, specially Lara State, which is been applied to the technological transference proposal contained in this project. Additionally, we also present in Table 1 and Graphic 1, numbers of the Human Development Standards and the density of the principal settlements in Venezuela.

As it is reflected in the following Table, Honduras and Nicaragua present the higher poverty and indigence percentages. Honduras with a 74% of poverty which almost 51% are indigents and Nicaragua presents 65% of poverty and 40% in indigence condition. In Latin America, in general the poverty percentage is about 35%, with a urban poverty condition of almost 30% with 14% of national indigence and 9% in urban zones. In the late 90’s, 125, 8 million residents in urban areas are poor, compromising this situation to 35 out of 100 homes.


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Table 1. Latin America (17 countries): Poverty and Indigence Magnitude. 1997-1999

Poverty percentage of homes (a) Indigence percentage of homes

Total country Urban Zones Urban Zones Country Year

Total Metropolitan

Area Total

country Total Metropolitan

Area Argentina 1999 -------- ------- 16.2 ------- ----- 3.5 Bolivia 1999 54.7 42.3 39.1 32.6 16.4 14.5 Brasil (b) 1999 29.9 24.6 ---------- 9.6 7.1 --------- Chile (c) 1998 17.8 17.0 12.4 4.7 4.3 3.0 Colombia (d) 1999 48.7 44.6 38.1 23.2 18.7 17.2 Costa Rica 1999 18.2 15.7 14.7 7.5 5.4 4.7 Ecuador 1999 ----- 58.0 --------- ------ 27.2 --------- El Salvador 1999 43.5 34.0 26.4 18.3 11.1 6.8 Guatemala 1998 53.5 38.8 30.9 28.0 12.9 6.6 Honduras 1999 74.3 65.6 58.4 50.6 37.1 28.7 Mexico 1998 38.0 31.1 ------- 13.2 6.9 -------- Nicaragua 1998 65.1 59.3 52.4 40.1 30.7 24.0 Panama 1999 24.2 20.8 19.6 8.3 6.6 6.3 Paraguay 1999 51.7 41.4 32.9 26.0 13.9 6.9 Dominican Rep. 1997 32.4 31.6 ------ 18.2 11.0 ------- Uruguay 1999 ------- 5.6 5.8 ------ 0.9 0.9 Venezuela (f) 1999 44.0 ----- ----- ------- 19.4 ---------- Latin America (g) 1999 35.3 29.8 ------- 13.9 9.1 ---------

Source: CEPAL, (a) Includes indigence or extreme poverty conditions (b) Average data in Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo. (c) Own estimations based on national socio-economical characterization polls (CASEN) 1990, 1994. 1996 and 1998. . (d) From 1993, one opened the geographical range to evaluate almost the total of urban population. (f) From 1997, the poll design does not allow the separation of urban-rural component. However, the numbers correspond to the national total. (g) Estimations for 19 países.

IV. HUMAN DEVELOPTMENT STANDARDS (HDS)

The human development Standard in Venezuela for 1997 was 0.69, considering as half low, and Lara State was estimated in 0.66 (half low) under the national average. If we see Graphic 1, we recognize how the HDS has descended in the last decade in the State.


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For 1991, this standard was in the upper range (0.85-0.825) since this range had been modified to (0.825-0.8) even when it’s still considered as high. The standard continues going down to reach 0.66 in 1997 just as we stated before (INE, 2000). Graphic 1. Evolution of HDS in Lara State. Source: (INE). 2003

One of the principal needs in cities of Latin American countries and the Caribbean area is the access to basic services such as running water, electricity, served water systems, etc. This situation is even worst in informal settlements since the land is located where local governments do not have the planning of supply for these services, therefore, they are excluded from the possible planning in short medium or long terms from the local governments.

According to numbers published in the year 2000 by the UNCH, in the year 1997, 18, 63% of urban population in Latin America and the Caribbean area do not have access to running water systems, 13, 70% do not have drinkable water, 24, 95% do not have W.C. (bathrooms) in their houses, 33, 15% do not have access to served water systems and 21, 58% do not have electricity services. According to Statistic National Institute (INE) (2003), in Venezuela the numbers and percentages are lower than the ones in the rest of Latin America and the Caribbean area. 14, 5 % do not have running water systems. In Lara State, 17, 84% (3, 54% above national average) do not have running water systems and 25, 31% do not have access to served water systems.

Evolution of HDS in Lara State

0.5

0.55

0.65

0.7 0.7 5

0.8 0.85

0.9

1 2 3 4 5 6 Years H

uman

Dev

elop

men

t Sta

ndar

d (I

DH

)


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Graphic 2. Basic Services in Venezuela Source: National Statistics Institute. (INE). 2003.

Risk and Vulnerability: risk is considered dangerous within the informal settlements but its level and perception degree and ways to actually face them can vary according to the leadings that the society chooses. The principal threats the settlements are exposed to are identified in Bujanda’s project and presented in Table 2.

In Latin America and the Caribbean, disasters have often occurred in the past 30 years. Almost every country is suffered a disaster at least in one occasion with great intensity and bad consequences to its development. Its geographical extension and its variety in climate and geology leads to manifestation in energy liberated by nature (Bujanda and Arrieta 2004).

Table 2. Principal Threats

PRINCIPAL THREATS

Climate Hydrology Topography Seismic Produced by

Men 1.Tropical twisters 1.Flooding 1.

Avalanches 1.

Earthquakes 1. War

2. Hail 2. Dryness 2. Sliding 2. Failures 2. Constructive failures

3. Tornados 3. Desertification

3. Subsidence

3. Liquefaction

3. Explosions

4. Hurricane 4. Sedimentation

4. Tsunami 4. Fire disasters

5. Cold waves 5. Volcanic eruptions

5. Collisions

6. Warm waves 6. Pollution 7. Fire disasters 7. Diseases 8. Subversive

actions SOURCE: Own

14.5

8.63

3.23

No Electricity No running water No W.C.

Perc

enta

ge (%

)


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Table 3. Principal Disasters occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean since 1972 (BID / CEPAL, 2000)

DISASTERS OCURRED IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN SINCE 1972

COUNTRY (ES) DATE EVENT DEATHS DAMAGES (US$10^6)

Nicaragua 1972 Earthquake 6,000 2,968 Honduras 1974 Hurricane Fiji 7,000 1,331 Guatemala 1976 Earthquake 23,000 2,147 Dominican Republic 1979

Cyclones David y Frederic 2,000 1,869

Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru

1982-83 El Niño n.d. 5,651

Mexico 1985 Earthquake 8,000 6,216

Colombia 1985

Show-Storm del Ruiz, Armero, Chinchina 22,000 465

El Salvador 1986 Earthquake 1,200 1,352 Ecuador 1987 Earthquake 1,000 1,438 Costa Rica and Nicaragua 1988 Hurricane Joan 300 1,700 Costa Rica and Panama 1991 Earthquake 73 Over 2,300 Nicaragua 1992 Tsunami 116 30

Andes Community 1997-

98 El Niño 600 7,694

Central America 1998 Hurricane

Match 9,124 6,008 Dominican Republic 1998

Hurricane Georges 235 2,193

Colombia 1999 Earthquake 1,185 1,580

Venezuela 1999 Flooding 20.000-50.000 3,237

SOURCE: BID/CEPAL, 2000.

In all these disasters, the most affected ones are residents in the informal settlements since they don’t practice the adequate standards in design, construction of the buildings and productive activities which do not reach to level of sustainable and define themselves with a high risk level. According to Bujanda, they have counted over 100 million deaths caused by these threats. To all this, we add the risk and vulnerability in the housing building process in informal settlements. This situation can be solved if we teach how to make sustainable construction.

Construction Systems used in settlements: In the project by Arrieta, Isea and Montilla 1994, it is identified that the most common construction systems are confined masonry. Based on this reality, we chose it to carry on with the research and as a base in the training process in the Housing Communitarian School Association. See Figure 3 “Construction of productive Seed-House using portant


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wall techniques. Rehabilitation Centre El Pampero. El Rosario. Lara State” and Figure 4 “Constructive Detail in corner of Seed-House”. There is also a big difference in the housing construction spontaneous process: the first one, which is the construction of the “rancho” as a provisional place, highly unstable and a second one which is the progressive substitution of the “rancho” for another house using more resistant materials. These materials which are frequently a second hand materials have low resistance and not very durable such as: zinc, wood, brick, carton, bahareque. Progressively, in some cases, their residents reach a higher number and start adding another floor originating multifamily homes which in some settlements in Caracas have reached up to 8 floors. The problem is not the number of floors or number of residents but the almost total absence of technical criteria in the construction process that produces a very vulnerable structural system before the natural disasters risks. This process is completed without any support of tools or necessary equipment. (Acosta, D. 2000). The typology in failures within this type of system is presented in Table 4.

Table 4. Construction Pathology. Some Construction Failures in Housing

Construction.

Structural System -Irregularity in foundations dimensions.

-Variations in Columns and Beams dimensions.

-Beam cross with no support.

-Beams supported directly on walls.

-Absence of transversal reinforcement.

-Unlined Construction axes.

Materials: Concrete -Resistance average between 80 and 180 kg/cm2

-High content of organic material.

-Dehydrated cement.

-Variation in components quantity.

-Porosity and irregularity in material surface.

V. OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH

Main Objective: Create a communitarian teaching prototype founded on informal education through the Housing Communitarian School Association who responds in an integral way the needs of sustainable, habitability and durability through communitarian participation in construction, housing design, respecting the typology and settlement patterns to contribute maintaining cultural features, social capital and development.


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VI. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

• Design and apply a student and resident training program in the use of appropriate techniques, resources production and housing construction as a strategy to increase social capital in settlements.

• Identify and create appropriate conditions to promote different work processes and human development in lowest social levels.

• Increase university borders involving the UCLA Engineering School to achieve the productive housing development in settlements in the State.

• Design a Technological Transference Proposal in sustainable housing construction in Lara State’s settlements.

VII. METHODOLOGY

Nature of research: to do the proposal, we used qualitative research which is based in a group of logical principles established and shouldn’t be brought from the outside; the researcher, Eisner (1998) considers it not only a way to describe but most importantly, a way to improve Education Practice.

The objective nature and methods accuracy will orient the researcher reflection to approach and figure out the phenomenon that are socially studied. This is because in qualitative research, interactivity is an essential dimension of knowledge production process and it’s an important constitutive part of human phenomenon studies.

This principle oriented to the meaning of observation process and communication in a methodological level in the present research. Among the qualitative research methods, one used action research which is the “systematically gathered information to produce social change” (Taylor and Bogoan, 1999), to solve practical problems (p. 32) according to Colina and other (1987).

This type of research allows making projects that are related to values, aptitudes, behaviours and aspirations within poor class, in order to transform community human units into productive beings to improve their life quality. Among its forces, one find problem solving, the improvement of action sectors, the cooperative labour, the mutual agreement, the feedback in a cyclical process, and real environment impact. P. 6).

This method is the best one when the researcher not only wants to know a certain reality or a scientific group issue but also solve it. In this case, the subjects involved participate as co-researchers in every phase of process: problem statement and evaluation of what is been reached.

The main purpose of these researchers is not an outside goal; it is oriented to create conscience and development in studied groups (Martinez, 2002). About housing, the used methodology is founded in communitarian housing construction projects based on productive beings and in this case with interdisciplinary team support and great resources from university.

Research scenery, Time and Action Units: the research scenery was the informal settlements in Barquisimeto city. The observation time was during 2000-2004. The action units were 18 professors from UCLA Civil Engineering Faculty and Business Faculty, 250 trained students for informal education, 150 trained residents, 3 researchers involved the Science and Technology National Found, The UCLA Scientific Humanistic and Technology Development Council, the Appropriate Technology Transference for poor Areas Institute, the


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Rehabilitation Centre of “El Pampero”, “El Oasis”, the Regional Housing Institute (IMVI), the Regional Housing Foundation (FUNREVI), the National Housing Council (CONAVI), the Faith and Joy Association and Torres County Jurisdiction, 25 local settlements such as: Aleman, El Rosario, La Lucha, Cerro Pelon, Simon Bolivar, 12 de Octubre, Los Arrengues, 19 de Abril, El Coreano 1 y 2, Los Pocitos, Agua Azul and El Pampero among others.

Recollection, Ordering and Information Analysis: the research project was made through 2 phases:

1. A Theory Research, introducing national experiences and other Latin American Universities experiences. Among the Venezuelan experiences, one can find Venezuelan Central University Architecture Faculty through Settlement Production Centre and UCLA Civil Engineering Faculty on the reaches in the brick field manufacture system (Sustainable Livelihoods Group) and Masonry System which are been a relevant academy support.

2. A field research made since the founding of Housing Communitarian School Association using participative observation methods in settlements studied and field notes to record characteristics as instruments. In order to follow learning, we developed and applied several different evaluation instruments such as: questioners, tests, design and making of “in situ” housing communitarian projects.

3. To analyze the information and order it, we made is simultaneously through the several systematic processes that found the action research (Lopez de George, 1997): a) Diagnosis of reality according to nature and objectives in each selected community, b) Change Strategy Planning, c) Planning Strategy Coordination, d) Strategy Implementation, training courses for project integrants, the residents, communication between work teams and as a way to transmit results, achievements and produced knowledge, e) Impact Evaluation, f) New Proposal towards high quality training courses.

An action research plan was made founded in 5 phases: Phase I: the identification of quality in Income Production Processes,

Quality Evaluation of brick-field units or concrete brick units manufactured in the region in a manufacture level. a) Action: background, bibliographical references producer identification, characterization, essay standards. b) Reflection: recommendation body for producers.

Phase II: pathology characterization and identification in use of spontaneous housing construction selected techniques. a) Action: construction fault identification. b) Reflection: diagnosis and evaluation, recommendations for spontaneous constructors in use of confined masonry.

Phase III: creation of a communitarian teaching prototype founded on informal education through Housing Communitarian School Association. Instructional design for technological transference courses- teaching objectives- learning- program contents- field practices- evaluation- schedule- resources. b) Reflection: trainer training.

Phase IV: documentation record, workshop. Involve community identification, financial sources. a) Action: technological transference with traditional methods. b) Reflection: instructive forms, resources, field practices, evaluation, schedule.

Phase V: final evaluation. a) Action: system receptivity, work impact. b) Reflection: “popular construction manual”.


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Phase VI: improvement proposal. a) Action: technological transference founded on information technologies. b) Reflection: communitarian learning founded on informal education sustained in competition development.

VIII. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS AND FOUNDS As result of each one of the referred phases, we obtained different

products which were used as a base for the course instructional design, considering the advantages and disadvantages in every applied technique. For the adobe wall technique, we used stabled clay with cement; to do this, we used the experiences obtained for years by the Sustainable Livelihood Group from the UCLA Civil Engineering School. In a second course, we used the technique implanted by the Technology Transference for the Development of the Poor areas, Peru (ITACAB) which uses bamboo, carrizo or caña as bonding element in the adobe walls. Both experiences were analyzed comparatively, identifying the following founds:

Comparing the techniques of Adobe Portant Walls

Model Cost: 1.329.680, 00 Bs. 692,542 US$ (El Pampero) Model Cost: 1.010.000, 00 Bs. 526,042 US$ (The Oasis, does not include roof)


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Adobe portant wall structure reinforced with steel (El

Oasis)

Adobe portant wall structure reinforced with carrizo (El

Pampero) Dimensions of

structure 3 m x 6 m

( 0.20 m wall width) 3 m x 5.5 m

(0.40 m wall width)

Dimensions of adobe

0.40m x 0.20m x 0.10m

adobe: 0.40m x 0.15m x 0.15m

¾ adobe: 0.30m x 0.15m x 0.15m

transversal setting: 0.35m x 0.15m x 0.15m

Types of foundation

Cimentación corrida y Sobreseimiento formado por bloques U rellenos

Cimentación corrida y sobreseimientos (0.45x0.30) de concreto ciclópeo

Reinforcement Characteristics

Vertical reinforcement: corner: 4 Ø 3/8” Horizontal reinforcement: 1 Ø 3/8” every 6 adobe rows

Vertical Reinforcement: Corner: 1 carrizo bar and in mid sections every 40 cm. Horizontal Reinforcement: Carrizos every 4 adobe rows.

Adobe Resistance and Compresion

25 Kg/cm² (has to be more since we used small quantities of cement which helps to

get a better resistance)

Not proved (not cement used, which leads to a

minor resistance)

Seismic-Resistent Behaviour

Best Not proved

Durability

Se empleo un Sobreseimiento formado con bloques U rellenos. There is infiltration for capillarity which leads to decrease Durability.

Se empleo un Sobreseimiento formado por concreto ciclópeo. There is a better behaviour before water. There were not infiltrations. This contributes to durability

The materials are easy to obtain and are inexpensive compared to other constructive systems. It allows the residents get involved in the construction process which makes it reapplied. It allows the construction of housing according to budget availability.

Sustainability The use of cement to make adobe units and steel Reinforcement increase the cost of the construction.

It is more sustainable because we use carrizo Reinforcement and don’t use cement to make adobe units decreasing construction cost.

The construction process is simple, easy to learn and inexpensive. Accepts multiple choices in the use of many different materials such as cement, caña brava, carrizo, bambu, steel and mod.

Versatility In this technique, it is used less amount of adobe units. The walls are thinner which is more versatile since the construction period is shorter.

The wall is wider which leads to using a bigger amount of adobe units for the construction.


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Figure 1. Course: Construction of Model seed Productive Housing, using Adobe

Portant Wall Technique. El Pampero Rehabilitation Centre. El Rosario. Lara State, Venezuela, May 2004.

Figure 2. Constructive detail in corner of model seed housing. (May 2004)

Another important aspect to highlight is the structure of the teaching prototype within the Housing Communitarian School Association whose philosophy sustains the teaching action proposal, through which we don’t only transfer the technical information but ti also provides from a great human development experience and the growth of the social capital in the State, which leads to confident values, partnership, civic conscious and ethic that make the collective actions and cooperation easier and also allow to raise life quality levels in residents (Klisberg, B. 2004). The objectives and proposed goals are been achieved in a 70%.

The conception of a group work towards the social and communitarian development allow the promotion of social conscious in professionals to face the problems caused by poverty, acting in a direct way in pro the developing country. The founds presented are products from the lived experience in the period. Those products are presented in Tables 5 and 6. The course profiles promoted by the Housing Communitarian School Association are presented in Table 9.


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Table 5. Proposed and Reach Goals.

Concept 250 Trained students 120 Trained residents

4000 Hours of Technical Assistance 02 Constructions of Seed Model (3 x 5 meters) 07 Published Pedagogical Notebooks 06 Inter-institutional Agreement signed

Table 6. Research Projects Made Applying Different Processes Towards The Decreasing of Physical Vulnerability Before The Natural Disasters and Improving The Life Quality in Local Settlements:

Concept

03 Research Project: 1) Most common failures in informal housing in settlement Simon Bolivar Arrieta de B. L, Isea A. y Montilla A. UCLA. 2000. 2) Elaboration of measurement instrument for the Housing Communitarian School Association. Anzola E. UCLA 2002 3) Public Risk in urban settlements. Case: Barrio Simón Bolívar, Barquisimeto Venezuela”. ( 2004)

The project has also generated other Research Projects besides from the pointed ones before, whose results were used to funding and structure this Technological Transference Proposal in the construction of sustainable houses in different settlements in Lara State, also hoping that this proposal was applied in other universities as a strategy of building a social capital and local development.

Table 7. Other Researches

1) Napier, M. Santosa, H. and Arrieta de B. L. “Understanding the Interface between the Environment and Sustainable Livelihoods in Informal Settlements in Asia, Latin America and Africa: A Review of Current Thinking and Practice” published in CIB report ISBN 90-6363-035-2 2003.

2) L. de Bustillos, J. Bujanda “Vulnerability, Threats and Hazard in the Caribbean and Latin America. Arrieta de Bustillos, J. Bujanda. Surabaya University. Published in memories of CONPAT 2003, Merida, Mexico and Surabaya Conference

3) L. de Bustillos. Housing Construction Pathology in Informal Settlements. Technical Assistance for Income Generating Through Consortia Communities. Published in memories from CIB Symposium “Construction and


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Environment”, Sao Paulo, Brazil, November 2000 and CONPAT 2001 Dominica Republic, October 2001

4) Change of paradigm in low cost housing construction. How to assure the construction quality in different processes managed by Communitarian Organizations. Published in Memories from the V CONPAT and VI Quality Control. Puerto Alegre, Brazil, 1997.

5) Urban Clinics. Technical Assistance Services with Students and Teachers in Barrios of Barquisimeto Proposal. UCLA-DIC, Barquisimeto, Venezuela, 1996.

6) Social Engineering Practice. Presentation for Class ’96. Barquisimeto, Venezuela, 1996.

The structural problems in the houses aren’t usually in the one floor house, especially if it’s a light roof house. The difficulties begin when these houses start growing and the residents build a second or third floor and the people actually believe that they can have more floors. The major problems are caused because they do not have a project or the technical advice to build structures. The problem will certainly show when a natural disaster occurs such as an earthquake. Table 8. Orienting Principles of The Proposed Teaching Prototype.

Technical Cooperation and Technological Transference: the relationship of autonomy and complementation, not dependency among students, professionals, technicians and sector residents.

Learning doing: the training program for communitarian contractors in the Housing Communitarian School Association is founded on the principle of “learning doing”. The Theory-practical activities allow participants execute the techniques learned into the communities, learning the adequate method from practicing.

Community Participation: the Housing Communitarian School Association believes that the process of social development and construction, the practice of perfect democracy is required in critical participation of citizens in social life.

Community participation is part of the project from the beginning and must participate and activity programs, area definition that required technical assistance, selection of formation and training themes as much as the following and evaluation of the process.

Binding -Training- Job: looking for a local sustainable development means to get involved with the economy and the income generation to the families in informal settlements where they work. In construction field, assistance and partnerships within small family enterprises that are willing to become in Micro-enterprises as product of communitarian productive training, increases the productive system with higher possibilities for trained individuals to get a job as a result of Housing Communitarian School Association training.

The Housing Communitarian School gives priority to those settlements where there are development projects or social-urban rehabilitation projects from private or public institutions. We give them support to local workers in housing construction, services and other communitarian work in order to keep the benefits in the community residents. These contractors in small scale could pay the government investments to make the more efficient (Tipple, 1998).

Territoriality: the training and technical assistance activities to be developed by the students will adjust to the needs of each community, using for that only the participation of residents.


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Teaching - Research - Extension: the Housing Communitarian School Association is an integral project that promotes teaching-research-extension activities. Participation of teachers, students and internships in the association represents the prototype of what an integral school project should have.

Articulations Intra and Inter-institutional: in order to add efforts, experiences and volunteers, it is important to coordinate and articulate with technical organizations such as educational institutions and social-urban development promotion in the region. In this issue, we have established certain agreements with National Housing Council (CONAVI), Faith and Joy Association, UCLA University and institutions such as National Science and Technology Foundation (FONACIT), among others.

Participants Profile: Residents: must know how to read, write, at east 18 years of age, live in

the area, work or have worked in anything related to community, be willing to attend a communitarian work.

Internship students: be a regular student in the Architectural or Civil Engineering Faculty with at least 140 approved credits. Be willing to attend a communitarian work.

Each course level (general formation, community and specialized training) is taught in separated courses. The flexibility of teaching programs allows it. On the other hand, the programme of different workshops can adequate to the demands of the courses, always acting coordinated to a proposed objective.

Table 9. Workshop choices:

• Micro-enterprise Construction Organization. • Human Development • Organizational and Communitarian Development • Informal Settlements • Construction Technology applied to Informal Housing • Social management • Most Common Pathologies in Informal Housing Construction • Construction Technology • Masonry • Cover, windows, doors • Electrical and Sanitarian Services • Waterproof work • Structural Blacksmith’s Trade • Brick Manufacture • Brick-field Manufacture • Evaluation and Prevention of Natural Risks • Urban Disaster Management

The instructional design is conceived under a flexible and dynamic schema according to the established curriculum model and based on a workshop offering that work continuously following the requirements for each course. The courses are organized and designed according to the demands in each internship program and the community needs with rehabilitation programs.


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The workshops contain themes such as general formation and technical formation. The theory and practical workshops prepared by the specialists are the following:

The technical content of the program is covered with field practical sessions that allow the active preparation. Besides, the communities get benefits with the construction of a “seed unit” which is part of constructive practices workshops. This unit is later available to generate community growing processes and jobs.

The students are trained as technical assistants through 18 practical workshops. At the end of the courses, they are placed in Housing Institutions as “Communitarian Internship students” or and in Construction Processes, Settlement Rehabilitation and Housing for Social Interests.

The Communitarian Constructor Program takes place through design of theory-practical training sets, mainly in settlements where there are projects for urban development.

The Technological Transference Proposal in sustainable housing construction in different settlements is sustained in the use of information technology and the competence development. This should be based on the principles exposed in Table 8.

Universities should assume the commitment to adopt technological transference models such as this one, in order to project the settlements in their classrooms, showing the social pertinence through associations such as the Housing Communitarian School Association.

In a certain way, we have accomplished to gather the people together in order to increase their capability and make easier the achievement of goals with a communitarian objective. In a new way, UCLA University promotes values that increase Lara’s social capital.

IX. DISCUSSION

This experience has included an innovation since involves students from UCLA University and Venezuelan Central University in order to study the reality of settlements and also train them in the appropriate use of used techniques in spontaneous constructions.

The contribution of this work resides in the use of the knowledge we have gained and the impact it can generate if is applied, using it as a strategy to generate activation processes in social economy and local development and as reference to introduce instructional designs to be applied in information transference generated in different CONPAT events, whose memories represent an important support resource to improve the quality of our constructions not anly in the settlements but in the rest of the cities.

Additionally, this research and school participation is almost unexplored: the guilds and construction institutions and engineering faculties generally work with formal construction; civil engineers are trained for that, which does not include a number of spontaneous constructors that if we analyze the scale of participation, makes the reality absurd. The fact that actually an association such as Housing Communitarian School Association exists and promotes this type of processes causes local impact.


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X. RECOMMENDATION

To unlearn the old culture using to the new learning, the sustainable housing construction in settlements in Lara State, where we could all “learn to learn” and “solve the problems” according to the local needs.

To transform the curricula from de Civil Engineer career in the different Faculties from the universities across the country founded on the competences development, introducing instructional design that allow the connexion between students, research teachers, etc to get involved in the solution of housing problem with objectives clearly defined with continuity and permanent towards quality.

To incorporate the Engineering and Architecture studies plans objectives oriented to promoting confident values, partnership, social conscious and ethic as a base for the local and social capital improvement.

To use the technical transference proposal in the sustainable housing construction in settlements in Lara State as an example to follow in other regions in order to contribute with the housing problem in the country and in Latin America.

REFERENCES

Tipple, G. (1998) The changing face of housing development. Congreso Internacional de Urbanismo y Vivienda: URVI 98, Barquisimeto, Venezuela

Bujanda J. y Arrieta de B., L.(2004) Riesgo público en los barrios. Caso de estudio barrio “Simón Bolívar”. Barquisimeto. Venezuela. Trabajo de Grado de la Maestría de Gerencia de Construcción. UCLA. Barquisimeto. Venezuela.

Eisner, E. (Metodología y evaluación cualitativa. Instituto de Educación. Stanford, EEUU: 1979)

Taylor, S. y Bodgan (1987), R. Introducción a los métodos cualitativos de investigación. Madrid. España: Paidós.

Colina y Otros (1987) Consideraciones Metodológicas y Prácticas para una Gestión en una Comunidad. Universidad del Zulia. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales. (Maracaibo, Venezuela).

Martínez Mígueles, M. (2002) Cómo hacer un Buen Proyecto de Tesis con Metodología Cualitativa. Mimeografiado. 5 p.

López de George, H. (1997) Cambiando a través de la Investigación Acción Participativa. Fundación Escuela de Gerencia Comunitaria. (Caracas, Venezuela).

Klisberg.B.(2004) Ética y Capital Social. Banco Internacional de Desarrollo. (Washington, DC. USA)

Acosta D.(2000) Densificación y Vivienda en los Barrios Caraqueños. Universidad Central de Venezuela FAU. (Caracas, Venezuela).


Conference Topic

1

’ Informal Settlements and Affordable Housing’


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THE STRATEGICAL POLICY OF PERUM PERUMNAS

( NATIONAL URBAN DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION )

TO REALIZE SUITABLE HOUSES WITH THE VERY LOW PRICES

Agus Budi Santosa

National Urban Development Corporation, Regional V

I. INTRODUCTION

Perum Perumnas (National Urban Development Corporation) is the only housing developer owned by the government of Indonesian Republic as BUMN (Badan Usaha Milik Negara/State-owned Corporation), which was established on June 18th, 1974 based on The Government Regulation / PP No. 29/ 1974 Juncto PP No. 12/ 1988 Juncto PP No. 15/ 2004. As the company that executes the society housing completed with the facilities development and policy, Perum Perumnas has Vision of: “ Independent to providing the qualified and affordable housing” To realize the vision as the BUMN, the Perum Perumnas Mission includes: 1. To improve the development of residental and settlement in urban areas. 2. To provide decent and affordable housing and human settlement for

middle to low income people. 3. To provide consultation and legal service in the field of housing and

human settlement. 4. Site and services the authorized land, planning based upon the objective,

to utilize based upon the venture need, to provide/ to advertise the land part in the shape of houses and developed lands.

5. To execute other venture supporting to the achieving of the objective and purpose of the company.

In order to create a society service increase, Perum Perumnas is divided into 7 (seven) areas, which are controlled through Regional offices located in the Province Capitals. One of the offices is Perum Perumnas Regional V, which is located in Semarang with the working units of: Central Java, Special Administrative Territory of Yogyakarta, South Kalimantan and East Kalimantan. Perum Perumnas Regional V has an asset of undeveloped land in Jeruk Sawit location of Gondangrejo district, Karanganyar Region, Central of Java Province with the width of 188,065 m2; the land was owned since of 1996. In order to hold the anniversary of Hari Kesetiakawanan Sosial Nasional (HKSN)/ National Social Solidarity Day, it is necessary that social solidarity spirit be increased to support the poor society in the central government, district/ municipality government, BUMN, cooperative and other institutions that are called to complete this national social problem, such as the housing development for Low Income society.


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The program of housing development for low-income society, which has been in the planning, has the same synergy as other instsitutions that have the same purposes to inhabit the industrial workers with very low purchasing power, which are concentrated on the radius of ± 7 km from the location of Jeruk Sawit, Karanganyar Regioan that the market prospect recently has not been managed.

II. PURPOSE

VI.1. To support the program of central government in order to realize Gerakan Nasional Pengembangan Sejuta Rumah (GNPSR)/ the National Movement of One Million Houses Development, this has been established by the government of RI.

VI.2. To support the accomplishment of houses, which is very needed by the industrial workers especially the Type of Healthy Simply House (Rumah Sederhana Sehat) is RsH. 21, RsH. 23 & RsH. 27, with the price of Rp. 17 millions until the maximal of Rp. 30 millions synchronized with the ability of the purchasing power.

VI.3. To increase welfare especially for the low-income industrial workers, which never gain to purchase the affordable houses, so that it could anticipate the possibility of the social gap.

III. PROBLEM

The real basic problems in order to realize the housing development for the low-income society especially industrial workers in Karanganyar Regioan Central of Java Province are: 1. Jeruk Sawit field owned by Perum Perumnas with the width of 188,065

m2, which had been owned since the year of 1996, is a land that has much high level of management difficulty either technical or the land contour, which has both a high sharp hill so that it needs higher production cost, and a difficult way in to the location, which pass village road that is needed to be widen and reconstructed. As the results, the higher the production cost, the higher the house pricing, which is in the end based on the market view, it is impossible that the customer could afford to purchase the house.

2. The recent financial condition generally has become better than before, however for Low-Income Society, a part of basic needs is still unaffordable, moreover the house price, even though it has been supported by governmental subsidized interest of Home Ownership Loan, nevertheless the credit is still unreachable. One of the housing development objectives in Indonesia is Low-Income Society, including the industrial workers with the salary of Rp. 350,000, - until Rp. 1,500,000, - monthly (minimal UMR) that have low purchasing power ability, which cause Low Income Society so difficult to realize the dream of having their own houses.


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IV. DISCUSSION

IV. 1. Location General Description

The Griya Lawu Asri Housing location is in Jeruk sawit Village Gondangrejo Sub-district Karanganyar Region Central of Java with the width of 188,065 m2, which its ideal condition needs way in/ out access and the land completed that affect the cost needed with the location general description as follows: 1.1 The distance from surakarta City is ± 6 km.

a. The distance to the main street (Jl. Tentara Pelajar, Surakarta City) ± 4 km through village road ROW 8 m, which needs reconstruction.

b. The land condition has sloping angle of 0 — 10%, which are farmland and hard plants.

1.2 Easy-reachable electricity network. 1.3 There is a naturally dumping line system in the middle of the

location. 1.4 The land water surface of ± 15 m depth. 1.5 It is located on free-polluted location without any industrial

manufacturer around. 1.6 The market consideration: It could complete the house need for part of societies in Karanganyar Region and Surakarta City citizens. To fulfill the low-income industrial workers purchasing power, it needs to construct affordable houses, which are in the range of Rp. 17 millions until Rp. 30 millions with a full support of housing subsidized facility through the subsidized Home Ownership Loan.

IV. 2. The Development Plan

1. The Technical Standard of the House Development The development of industrial workers housing is being planned with the technical standard for the housing, which is proper, healthy, safe, harmonious and well-organized, such as: a. The completion of proper water and drainage tunnel. b. The completion of air circulation, sunlight, and electricity. c. The completion of house layout. d. The completion of environment prevention.

2. The Applicant Requirements a. Industrial workers/ Civil Servant, which has not had their own

houses. b. The minimal working period of 5 years. c. If either husband/ wife is working, only one may apply for the

house. d. The applicant has never achieved Subsidized Home Ownership

Loan, Down Payment Support), Civil Servant Housing Fund System (Bapertarum) for Civil Servant, Housing Down Payment Loan (PUMP) of Worker Social Insurance (PT. Jamsostek) for Industrial Workers.


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3. The Planning Principle a. The width of productive land of ± 60%, public and social

facility of ± 40%. b. The plan of lots : 1075 units, consist of RsH.21/60 = 200 units,

RsH.27/84 = 162 units, RsH.36/84 = 101 units and Kiosk 21/84 = 12 units.

c. The land price estimation basis is NJOP year 2006 of PBB/ Land and Building Tax office, with the lowest amount of Rp. 7,150, - and the highest of Rp. 14,000, -.

d. As the selling decision basis that is not more than Rp. 30 millions, it has been calculated that the infrastructure Departemen of Public Works support on the funding; Regional Government Budget of Karanganyar Region, Regional Government Budge of Central Java Province, and National Budget of Central Government.

IV.3. The Development Execution

Perum Perumnas Regional V and the government of Karanganyar Regioan equalize upon the shape of the establishing of the program of 10,000 Units of RsH (Rumah Sederhana Sehat/ Healthy Simply House) within the price of Rp. 17 millions until the maximal price of Rp. 30 millions, especially; the Serba Usaha Karanganyar Bersatu Cooperative and PT. Usaha Mandiri Bersama, which is arranged within MoU (Memorandum of Understanding). Whereas the RsH price could gain a maximum result of Rp. 49 millions based upon the Minister of Public Housing Act Number: 03/PERMEN/M/2007 upon the Housing and Settlement Accomplishment with the Housing Subsidy Facility Support through subsidized Home Ownership Loan. The execution of Griya Lawu Asri Industrial workers Housing Development Phase I had built 200 units of RsH, which simultaneously was completed based upon the devotee’s development that had passed the banking selection. The execution of Phase I had been legitimated by the President of RI Dr. H. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono on December 20th, 2006 along with the anniversary of HKSN (Hari Kesetiakawanan Sosial Nasional/ National Social Solidarity Day).

IV. 4. Objective

The objective of the program of Griya Lawu Asri Industrial workers Housing Development in Karanganyar Region is workers with Regional Minimum Salary (UMR) within the maximal of Rp. 1,7 millions/ month, which work on the Palur Industrial Park, Jaten sub-district and that have not had their own houses, which rent room of boarding house, or improper rental house. Phase I is to develop ± 1,075 units in the location of Jeruksawit Village. Phase II is to plan the land liberation and to develop in the location of Sukosari, Kaling, Bulurejo, Kebun Jeruk and Plesungan village with the house production capacity of ± 2,000 units and to search new locations so that it is targeted that within 3 up-coming years, there would be realization of development and advertising of approximately 10,000 units.


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IV. 5. The Completed Effort 5.1.To complete meeting & coordination with Central and Province

HKSN team. 5.2. To complete meeting & coordination with Karanganyar District

Head and staff. 5.3. To complete meeting & coordination with the Credit Funder Bank

for the applicant selection and until the credit agreement preparation.

5.4. To complete the land measuring and certification process promptly with National Land Board of Karanganyar Region.

5.5. To complete the joined team forming with the private sector. V. THE POLICY CONSIDERATION

VI.1. The house advertising price with the maximal of Rp. 49 millions is on the priority of the proportion of 81.4% with the maximal advertising price of Rp. 30 millions within the consideration of the accomplishing of the housing subsidy facility support through subsidized Home Ownership Loan, which is a down payment subsidy of Rp. 5 millions and Rp. 7 millions for RsH 23 and RsH 27, whereas Rp. 9 millions for RsH 29.

VI.2. The Industrial Workers along with Jamsostek members can use Home Ownership Loan Healthy Simply of Jamsostek (KPRSHJ) through BTN Bank with the facility of Housing Down Payment Loan (PUMP) of PT. Jamsostek for the maximal of Rp. 10 millions and the interest gap subsidy addition of 2% whereas PNS could use PUM (Pinjaman Uang Muka/ Down Payment Loan) Bapertarum with the maximum of Rp. 10 millions.

VI.3. Based upon the regulation, the housing subsidy facility support through subsidized Home Ownership Loan healthy simply housing project is the building width of 21 until 36 m2, the parceling width of 60 until 98 m2, the maximum building price of 75% of the type C office house price, and the maximum land price is similar with the house construction price.

VI.4. The program of industrial workers housing development is the Central Government concern to the low-income society through the related Ministers, they are: the Minister of Public Housing, the State Minister of BUMN/ State-owned Corporation, the Minister of Cooperatives, the Minister of Social Affairs, the Minister of Public Works, the Minister of Finance, the Minister of Internal Affairs, the Head of National Land Board and Nation Elements, such as: Dekopin (Dewan Koperasi Indonesia/ Indonesia Cooperative Board), Perum Perumnas/ National Urban Development Corporation, Private Company and The Region Government of Karanganyar. In order to realize the industrial workers housing, each party gives support and help appropriate to its funding ability, so that the program could be realized and designated as the national model.

VI.5. The Housing Community Exploitation Program, with the following efforts: • The increase of environment quality upon the vile area, traditional

village, fisherman village, and ex-transmigration village.


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• The facility and technical support, the house reconstruction on the vile area, traditional, fisherman village and ex-transmigration village.

• The exploitation of poor society in city and village area.

VI. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

VI.1. Conclusion

a. The concern of the Central Government in order to realize the National Movement of One Million Houses Development by developing Griya Lawu Asri Industrial Workers Housing in Jeruk Sawit Village Karanganyar Region Central of Java Province, which is completed into synergy by Perum Perumnas Regional V and the Government of Karanganyar Regioan upon the nation elements supported by the Government of Central of Java Province and the related Ministers.

b. In order to realize Griya Lawu Asri Industrial Workers Housing development, each party gives support and help appropriate to its funding ability, so that the program could be a realization.

c. Griya Lawu Asri Industrial Workers housing could directly be experienced by the industrial workers with low income in order to give welfare to their family with the completion of the need of a affordable, healthy, safe, harmonious and well-organized house.

VI.2. Suggestion

a. Griya Lawu Asri Indstrial Workers housing development in Jeruk Sawit Village Karanganyar District, Central Java Province has to be an appropriate pioneer, model and applicable to District Government and Municipality in the Republic of Indonesia.

b. The related intsitutions, central, province, district and municipality government or the society elements have to strive simultaneously in order to realize programs that could complete the low-income society’s need, including the need of the houses to anticipate a social gap.


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IDENTIFICATION OF CONCEIVABLE IMPACTS OF RESETTLEMENT

AFFECTED BY THE COUNTERMEASURES FOR SEDIMENTATION

IN THE WONOGIRI DAM RESERVOIR

Winny Astuti Study Program of Urban and Regional Planning (PWK)

Engineering Faculty Sebelas Maret University Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia

(Email: [email protected])

Abstract

The Wonogiri Multipurposed Dam Reservoir right now faces the problems of rapidly sedimentation. One of the countermeasures to cope with the sedimentation problem of Wonogiri Dam Reservoir is the construction of bypass channel for the Keduang River and sediment flushing through flushing gate on the right bank of dam. Planned route of bypass channel goes through about 29 households in and farm lands in 4 desa (villages). Therefore the land acquisition and resettlement are necessary especially for area located in the low land where the bypass channel is to be open channel. Due to the social, economic and cultural characteristics of the community, which mostly closed family, the resettlement should be conducted more carefully in order to eliminate the social conflicts.

The study was purposed: firstly, to grasp the current physical, environmental and socio-economic cultural condition of the affected area of sedimentation countermeasures problem, especially in the land, where the planned bypass channel is to be open; and secondly, to examine likely environmental and socio-economic cultural impacts related to the process of resettlement of the community from the affected area.Methodology used in the study was explorative survey by Institution Survey to the head of village of 4 affected areas (Pondok, Gedong, Pokoh Kidul and Purworejo); Interview and questionnaire survey to 40 respondents of 4 affected villages, and Reconnaissance Survey to the affected area. Keywords: resettlement, environment, social conflict I. INTRODUCTION

The Wonogiri Multipurposed Dam Reservoir right now faces the problems of rapidly sedimentation of about 5,9 juta m3/tahun in the period of 1980-1993 and 1993-2005 = 3,1 juta m3/tahun (Kristiawan, et al. 2005). Sediments are transported from the catchment area, which have a poor land use, intensively farming areas with a high population density. Therefore the poor condition of community surrounding the Wonogiri dam Reservoir contributes to generate sedimentation due to inappropriate land farming.


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One of the countermeasures to cope with the sedimentation problem of Wonogiri Dam Reservoir is the construction of bypass channel for the Keduang River and sediment flushing through flushing gate on the right bank of dam (JICA, 2005). This countermeasures is potential for dislocating people of 4 villages (Pondok, Gedong, Pokoh Kidul and Purworejo) from their settlements to other places. Therefore this should be managed very carefully.

Resettlement is the process of housing the people by relocating them to the parcel of land appropriate to the master plan. The supply of land for new settlement is provided by the government. This proccess generate all attendant problems of acquisition by negotiation and expropriation, which take a long time (Turner, 1990). According to Directorate General of Housing and Human Settlement 2001 Resettlement and Urban Renewal should refer to TRIDAYA Concept (Depkimpraswil, 2001). This should also refer to azas :

a. TRIBINA : Improving physical quality of human settlement as well as social quality, and economic quality.

b. Empowerment of the community as an actor of development. c. Land provision, which guarantee people to be closed to their place of work

and environment. d. Fastening the process of resettlement of the targeted people to the more

adequate and sustainable human settlement, which concerns with the affordability of the community.

e. Should be based on the multi years activity. In the case of Resettlement, there are also costs of acquisition such as

lawyers’ fees, building inspection fees, etc as well as relocation costs which includes moving and establishment cost. The second important kind of cost is the social dislocation and reestablishment which are no less real than financial costs (Troy, 1996). This might be more important to individual affected and to their communities. Social dislocation breaks friendship and mutual support among neighbors, which creates trauma of moves. Therefore the identification of conceivable impacts of resettlement is very important to be conducted as a part of Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Document and IEA Document (Indonesian= AMDAL).

II. METHODOLOGY

Identification of social-economic character of the community affected by the project was conducted by explorative research by several steps as follows:

Phase Metode Data collected Phase 1 Institution Survey to the

head of village of 4 affected areas (Pondok, Gedong, Pokoh Kidul and Purworejo)

- Land use and total area - Number of population - Demographic characteristic of

population - Social economic characteristic of

population Phase 2 Interview and

questionnaire survey to 40 respondents of 4 affected villages

- Condition of indigenous inhabitant

- Economic activities and distance form work place

- General condition of houses and infrastructure; land and housing


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status - Condition of land for resettlement

Phase 3 Reconnaissance Survey to the greenbelt of planned bypass channel

Physical and Environmental condition of affected area: - Identification of Land use - Typology of houses and building

structure - Housing density - Infrastructure condition

Reconnaissance survey was conducted by identification of projected

impact of the construction of Planned Bypass Channel through the settlements. This was identified by reconnaissance to the settlements along the greenbelt of the planned bypass channel for the average distance of around 100 meter from the mid of the channel.

Data was analysed by identification of conceivable impacts of supposed project components . These indicate into two scales as follows: - SIGNIFICANTLY IMPORTANT (significantly negative impact) and - SIGNIFICANTLY UNIMPORTANT (significantly positive impact) In case of Resettlement issue it is considered to be SIGNIFICANTLY IMPORTANT according to the qualitative profesional adjustment as follows:

1. The project component significantly leads to the social and psychological uncertainty of the affected community.

2. The project component significantly generates the change of economic activity and social relationship.

3. The project component significantly potencial for social conflict.

III. RESULTS OF THE STUDY

III. 1. Social-economic and Physical Environment Condition of the Affected

Area

The planned bypass tunnel for Keduang River and sediment flushing is passing the area covering 4 villages in the Kecamatan Wonogiri. There are Pondok, Gedong, Pokoh Kidul and Purworejo. These cover area of more than 5000 ha with a total population of 20,553 people. The land use of the area is composed mostly by paddy field, dry field such as cassava, corn, and back yard woods. Core competence of the area are paddy field, cassava, bean, coconut and cashew nut. This refers to the economic activities of the people, which mostly in the agricultural sector (mostly as a paddy field worker), and some of them work in building construction and in private sector.

1. Existing Social-economic and Environmental Condition of the

Affected Area Data collected from the questionnaire survey stated that education

level of the people are most (63%) elementary school; 15% is junior high school and 17.5% is senior high school and only 5 % is undergraduate.

In terms of the land and housing status, most of the community (85%) perceived that they have the ownership land status, while all of them (100%)


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perceived that they have ownership housing status. However, this never stated whether they have written certificate from the National Agrarian Bureau or no.

Culturally, the community has a very closed relationship to each other, and all of them have family relationship. Most of them (85%) are indigenous inhabitant, which are mostly Javanese people with an average length of stay is relatively long is about 43 years (Field work 2005)

From table 1. economic activities of people are mostly (78%) in charge in agricultural sector, such as paddy field, crops planted, dry agriculture (cassava, bean, corn, and sugar cane).

Table 1. Economic Activities of Inhabitants in the Affected Area

No Economic Activity

Frequency

Percentage (%) Remarks

1 Agricultural

31 78 Paddy field, crops planted, dry agriculture (cassava, bean, and sugar cane)

2 Forestry - - 3 Industry - - 4 Service 3 7.5 Teacher, building construction

worker 5 Others 6 15 Government sector, army

Total 40 100 Sources: Fieldwork 2005

Place of work of inhabitant is very closed from home, mostly in the walking distance (less than 2 km) located in the same village. Only about 10 % of them works in Ngadirejo, Wonogiri Regency and in the city of Surakarta as a commuter.

In conducting the economic activities, the problems indicated are related to climate factors; lack of irrigation; land drought; low price of production; endemic problems; lack of ownership land for productions.

2. General Condition of Physical Environment

Table 2. Condition of Infrastructure in the Surrounding Affected Area

No Physical infrastructure Remarks

1 Local Street Constructed mainly from the aspalt and perkerasan

2 Water Resources The inhabitants are mostly used the artesis well for ground water (60%)

3 Electricity 100% of inhabitants are supplied from the PLN

4 Sanitation 73% have own MCK (lavatory), the rest utilizes the collective MCK and the neighbor MCK.

5 Septic Tank 68% have own septic tank and the rest is using others such as river etc.

6 Local Drainage Usually no local drainage. The water flows directly to the ground and to the jamban.


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7 Garbage Collection Garbage usually throws to surrounding area, no special garbage collection area.

Sources : Fieldwork, 2005

Social Infrastructure Condition of the affected area is as follows (table 3)

Table 3. Condition of Social Infrastructure in The Surrounding Affected Area No Social

Infrastructure Remarks

1 Religion facility There are some mosques in a good condition 2 Education facility Kindergarten, Elementary school and TPA

(Alqur'an education facility) 3 Health facility Posyandu and Puskesmas in a good condition 4 Economic facility Local market and small vendor

Sources : Fieldwork, 2005

3. Existing Environmental Condition of Settlement Along Planned

Bypass Channel (Affected Area)

This subchapter grasps the current status of settlements, which are likely affected by the construction of the planned bypass channel socially and environmentally. The assessment was done by identification of social and environmental character of the settlements along the greenbelt of the bypass channel for the average distance of 100 meter from mid of the planned channel. It was identified that at least 29 houses will be affected by the project and needs resettled. In spite of houses, this also affects to land acquisition of the paddy field, dry field, wood forest etc.

Figure 1. Study Area of Settlement along The Planned Bypass Channel

Keterangan : 1. Zone Hilir 2. Zone Dusun Pengkol 3. Zone Dusun Semin Wetan 4. Zone Dusun Sumberejo-Jurug 5. Zone Dusun Grogolan-Dawung 6. Zone Dusun Tinumpuk-Semin Kulon 7. Zone Dusun Watu Pecah 8. Zone Hulu


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Housing Character Houses are located very spreadly along the study area, in the zone 2 (Dusun Pengkol), it was only found 10 houses with minimum floor area of 48 sqm to 240 sqm. Another houses found in Zone 3 (Dusun Semin Wetan), it was 14 houses with the floor area of 80 sqm to 400 sqm. Wheter in Zone 4, it was only found 2 houses and 3 houses were found in the Zone 6 (Dusun Watu pecah). Therefore the total houses affected by the project were 29 houses. Table 4 describes that most houses has floor area between 151 – 200 sqm (38%) with average floor area of 177.7 sqm.

Table 4. Housing Type of the Affected Area

No Housing Type (sqm)

Frequency

Percentage Notes

1 < 50 1 3 2 51 – 100 5 17 3 101 – 150 6 21 4 151 – 200 11 38 5 > 200 6 21 6 Total 29 100

Most of houses are in a permanent condition, constructed from bricks wall with main structure of wood.

Mean : 177.7 sqm Sources : Fieldwork, 2005

Housing orientation and position is mostly 10 meter to 25 meter from the edge of the River planned for the bypass channel. Therefore nearly all of the houses potential for resettlement.

III. 2. Likely Environmental and Socio-Economic Cultural Impacts Related

to the Process of Resettlement

Construction of new sediment bypass channel for the Keduang River is one of the countermeasures for decreased effective storage in the reservoir. According to the steps of constructin, there are several conceivable impacts: 1. Pre Construction

1. Project Socialization and advocacy Project socialization affects the social and psychological

uncertainty of the community in the location of planned bypass channel as well as in the surrounding area. This is mainly due to the fear ness for the change of life, the change of economic activities, the possible difficulty in surviving in the new settlement, etc. With the relatively a lot of people directly affected by the project (29 households), the socialization of project component will potentially generate refusal of the community. They refuse to be apart from the family, relative and neighbors when some people have to be relocated. Refusal of the community will be potential for the social conflict and riot when it does not managed properly. Proper and careful advocacy and approach to the community is needed in order to bring to the same perception for the betterment of the environment and quality of life of the community. Therefore, continues negotiation and communication with the community should be conducted, especially in


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building the agreements related to compensation for land and houses and other compensation. Characteristic of impact is considered to be permanent not only in the process of pre construction but also, after construction and post occupancy. According to the professional adjustment, this leads to the level of SIGNIFICANTLY IMPORTANT (-2).

2. Land Clearing Land clearing leads to the change of land use, loss of valuable

agricultural land, productive land, natural bushland and native habitat. Because most of the people are closely attached to the land as an economic activity, this process is potential for the social conflict due to the loss of economic activities. The communities tend to refuse for release of their property. Even though the land and housing status usually a possessive right, they believe to have owned land and building status (Hak Milik). If the social conflict does not managed properly and carefully, this leads to the community riot with the provocation. Therefore, according to the professional adjustment, this leads to the level of SIGNIFICANTLY IMPORTANT (-2).

3. Land Acquisition In the stage of land acquisition, this leads to the social and

psychological uncertainty, especially for the loss of economic activity and the loss of property. The critical conflict will be on the agreement of compensation for land and housing. Usually the compensation is measures only for the value of the property (land and houses) without measuring the value for the loss of economic activities and social value. The loss of economic activities creates the loss of job, income generating activities, which leads for the hopeless. The fear ness for obtaining the new economic activities (crop production, rice field, etc) in the new settlement becomes the critical impact in the prosess of land acquisition.

There are also costs of acquisition such as lawyers’ fees, building inspection fees, etc as well as relocation costs which includes moving and establishment cost. The second kind of cost is the social dislocation and reestablishment which are no less real than financial costs (Troy, 1996). This might be more important to individual affected and to their communities. Social dislocation breaks friendship and mutual support among neighbors, which creates trauma of moves. Therefore according to the professional adjustment stated in the chapter 3, this leads to the level of SIGNIFICANTLY IMPORTANT (-2).

4. Resettlement

Process of resettlement of the community is divided into several stages: 1) preparation for a temporary land for resettlement, 2) Preparation of temporary houses, 3) Relocation of people to the temporary settlement, 4) Preparation for new location of resettlement, 5) Land preparation for new location, 6) Construction of Houses and settlement, and 7).Resettlement of people to the new settlement.

1) Preparation of a temporary land for resettlement


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Location of a temporary land for resettlement should give opportunities and access for new economic activities and social relationships. Inappropriateness of land for substitution of their economic activities becomes the crucial impact. This leads to the loss of economic activities in agricultural, forestry, industrial sector, etc. 2) Preparation of temporary houses Lack of infrastructure in the temporary settlement, such as water supply, electricity, drainage and sanitation etc becomes serious problems, which potential for degradation of health and environmental quality. Substandard of housing quality, such as lack of ventilation, building construction, size of houses also leads to the degradation of health quality as well as psychological stress. 3) Relocation of people to the temporary settlement Emotional trauma of moves is the potential impact of the relocation. The most crucial cost is social dislocation and reestablishment. The cost may include the wrench from familiar surroundings as well as the breaks of friendship and relationship of neighbors. 4) Land preparation for permanent location of resettlement The first problem appeared when the location of land does not meet the needs of the community. Land for resettlement should give opportunities and access of permanent economic activities. Substitution of previous economic activities as farmers etc into the new land is very important for the sustainability of the community. It will be serious impact when the land is inappropriate, such as unfertile etc for the change of the economic activities of the communities. Inappropriateness of land leads to the shift of community to other location, which potential for generation of new squatter settlements in the surrounding previous area. 5) Construction of Houses and settlement, and There is no much choice for the type of houses, which meets the need of the community. 6)Resettlement of people to the new settlement. Resettlement of people is potential for the change of social and cultural life of the community, social dislocation and trauma of moves. This also impacts for the change of economic activities in the new settlement. The most critical impact is the loss of income earning opportunities, breaks of socio-cultural relationship with friends and neighbors. Trauma of moves leads to the stress and hopeless. Character of impacts is relatively permanent. Therefore fastening the process of resettlement minimizes the conflict. According to the professional adjustment, resettlement leads to the level of significantly important.

IV. CONCLUSION

The Impacts of Resettlement especially afected by the Construction Project leads to the level of significantly important due to possibility of generating the social and psychological uncertainty and the loss of economic activity of the


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community. Therefore this should be environmentally managed properly. Understanding of the socio-cultural of the community is very important in the process of approaching the target group. Developing strategic advocacy and approach to the community is needed in order to bring to the same perception for the betterment of the environment and quality of life of the community. Therefore community participation in planning, implementation, evaluation and monitoring of the project is very important. Continues negotiation and communication with the community should be conducted to have an agreement for the compensation of land, housing, and others.

REFERENCES

Depkimpraswil. 2001. Petunjuk Pelaksanaan Peremajaan Lingkungan Permukiman kumuh di perkotaan dan pedesaan dengan konsep TRIDAYA

JICA and Directorate General of Water Resources Ministry of Public Works. 2005. The Study on Countermeasures for Sedimentation in The Wonogiri Multipurpose Dam Reservoir in the Republic of Indonesia. Nippon Koei Co, Ltd and Yachiyo Engineering Co, Ltd.

Kristiawan, .et al. 2005. Penerapan Teknologi Pembuatan Bata Merah sebagai Usaha Meningkatkan Penghasilan Masyarakat Sekitar Waduk Wonogiri. Penelitain Doktor Muda. LPPM. UNS.

Troy, P.N. 1996. The Perils of Urban Consolidation- A Discussion of Australian housing and urban development policies. New South Wales:The Federatin Press.

Turner, A. 1980. The Cities of the Poor. Settlement Planning in Developing Countries. London: Croom Helm.


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AFFORDABLE HOUSING OF EARTHERN STRUCTURAL BUILDING

Krisprantono

School of Architecture Soegijapranata Catholic University Semarang


Abstract One definition of architecture is the design of building and the definition of building is durable enclosures in control environment and the creation appropriate for human function is durable in human function. Environment and architecture has to be blended together like a coin with two side faces. Climate and architecture are two subject of binary opposition that need to be solved by an architect. If we divide the world in the main climate areas analyze their traditional architecture, it is astonishing to discover how distant areas produced similar architecture solutions. Generally speaking vernacular architectural forms are product of climate on building’ for example the proportion between and area of wall change from case to case according to the climate, and the most important purpose of materials used is to change the microclimate inside the house. Today it becomes more and more difficult to find a reflection of vernacular architectural principles in modern buildings. For example, in tropical countries the traditional skills have been abandoned in favor of concrete architecture with wide screen of glass walls to produce solar radiation. This kind of structure will let in big amount heat to the surrounding area. Any architect who to change the microclimate of the building with cooling machines should think that it is time for him to find other solution. Earthen architecture is one solution for the wall construction in the dry arid in the tropical area such as Indonesia. Keywords: architecture, environment, earthen material

I. INTRODUCTION

Most population in the developing are living in rural areas. Most of rural houses are built with earth, for example houses in rural areas of North Africa, Middle – East India, China and South American countries. A shelter made from earth indicate poverty. Cement and fired bricks are and will be luxury building materials for the majority in rural areas. The production of cement which is not ecologically right will increase and it shortage also higher. On the other case the production of cement and bricks can not fulfill the demand of millions low – cost houses and is therefore out of the question for the poor. New Industrial building materials and complicated building methods have not their way into the village yet , they are still too expensive

In this sense Ken Yeang comments in Tropical Urban Regionalism that: “The modern buildings especially in the tropical climate, when they reach in a certain scale become a high technology item. They use up a significant amount of


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material and energy resource for their production and require sizeable and elaborate systems to power and maintain (them)” (Yeang 1987, 15). On the other hand architects face the limitations of an urban site. They can not avoid erecting high-rise buildings with multiple use designs, because the land on which they are building is so expensive. The consequence is that in big cities, it is difficult to achieve adequate quality of environment for the human beings that live there.

The new era of industrialization was spread out across the world by western countries, who introduced new formations of life style which later became known as modernity. As third world countries took over the idea of modernity, there was a danger that the most important points about the nature of regional cultures could be gradually disappear. With the development of education, recently Third World countries have become more aware of their own culture, or at least of the put that it is changing. In development educational implication of architectural design, architects and scholars in Indonesia have begun to think about the revitalization of their culture in terms of searching for the architectural identity of Indonesia.

The idea of a return to cultural philosophy became the basis for propaganda since the 1970s, especially in relation to architectural identity, with a series of solutions offered to the confrontation of binary contradiction between traditional and modernity. Ismail Serageldin has identified the inherent contradictions of this current architectural debate as being to do with the modern versus traditional, technology versus craft and international versus regional (Serageldin 1989). As Chris Abel argues: “Sometimes called the green movement, or in the developing world context, eco-development, these experiments have their architectural counterparts in a renewed interest in regional architecture and history, which usefully serves to focus attention upon previously neglected concepts of cultural and place identities” (Abel 1997, 166). Possibly Earthen Architecture will become one solution of unique and better architecture and environment in modern time. II. CLIMATE AND ARCHITECTURE

Climate and architecture are two subject of binary opposition that need to be solved by an architect. If we divide the world in the main climate areas analyze their traditional architecture, it is astonishing to discover how distant areas produced similar architecture solutions. Generally speaking vernacular architectural forms are product of climate on building’ for example the proportion between and area of wall change from case to case according to the climate, and the most important purpose of materials used is to change the microclimate inside the house.

Today it becomes more and more difficult to find a reflection of vernacular architectural principles in modern buildings. For example, in tropical countries the traditional skills have been abandoned in favor of concrete architecture with wide screen of glass walls to produce solar radiation. This kind of structure will let in big amount heat to the surrounding area. Any architect who to change the microclimate of the building with cooling machines should think that it is time for him to find other solution. Also when modern materials are introduced on buildings some other visible problem can appear:

Waste of energy used in the production of materials Waste of energy used for transportation, stocking and preservation Waste of energy used for construction


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When Le Corbusier designed the Ronchamp Chapel in East of France he learned vernacular architecture of Santorini (island in South of Greece), M’zab valley (South of Algeria) and from the mosques on the island of Djerba (Tunisia). He also drew scetches for the massions Murondins in Saint Die (1945) to built with rammed earth techniques (earthen architecture). Possibly Earthen architecture is one solution for the wall construction in the dry arid in the tropical area such as countries in Middle East and North African countries.

III. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE

“Vernacular architecture - a field of study which deals with built environment of those people whose cultures are often characterized by rich mythological systems - has developed a rich mythological system of its own” (Stea 1990, 20). Vernacular buildings as an expression of culture, record the visual shape of history and are treasured as representative features of the past. The form and space of the vernacular concept direct an idealized version of life through the relationship between local climate and the life style of the people. The environment reflects many socio - cultural forces including beliefs, religion, family structure, and social relationships between individuals. Lessons can be drawn from vernacular wisdom.

The form of vernacular buildings is not simply the result of physical forces or any single ordinary factor, but is the consequence of a whole range of socio-cultural factors seen in their broadest terms. Form is in turn modified by climatic conditions and by methods of construction, materials available, and the technology (Rapoport 1969). “Regionalism is more easily illustrated through vernacular building, religious institutions, and through building types that have existed in a particular society for a period of time long enough to have established a tradition in terms of image, style function and technology or in the way of construction“ (More 1989, 53)

From the West to the East of Indonesia, the richness of the architectural idioms of the past represents a great cultural tradition. On one hand, we are aware of these cultural traditions, and on the other hand, we are also forced to respond to the new challenges of life so that independence from colonial rule and foreign domination with its new architectural styles, gradually changes the architectural features of urban areas. With the passing of time, the cultural context of society must change as well. The people have to adapt to new physical arrangements which replace traditional living patterns as existing cultural symbols of the society (Budihardjo 1992, 27). Parallel developments also cause human roles to change and therefore threaten cultural identity.

The cultural meaning of vernacular ‘form’ is derived from the nature of the belief systems and religion. In the past, society was ordered and determined according to belief and religious values. Therefore transferring belief systems and religion transmits the relationship with tradition, social customs and nature. The understanding of the past from vernacular concepts as expressed through symbols, can be read on several levels and transferred into modern design to embody certain meanings that have relevance to modern life. This understanding of the past can help in providing lessons for aesthetic inspiration for the use of past values in future design. Contemporary design that provides for the present and future attempts to reflect these aspirations by developing a continuity with reference to the past, in providing a better environment for today, and the future,


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by care and concern for the splendid legacy of past eras. Therefore it can be concluded that the visualization of the concept of the future is not possible without fully appreciating the fundamental experience of the past. In the integrity of this approach, it is understandable that the history of human kind is nothing without its own past, so the past has a substantial role in the human sense of identity.

In terms of the human life span, history records the chronology of the past, present and future. We are now in the position of the present. Understanding history, the present tense is always in association with the past and in continuation is drawn toward the future. It is clear that it is impossible to ignore any of these tenses in the linking concept of history. It is necessary to fully understand experiences of the past in connection with the present and future, because the past is reality of humankind.

Therefore it can be concluded that visualising the future is not possible without fully appreciating the fundamental experience of the past. It is understandable that the history of the human lifetime is nothing without its own past, so the past has a substantial role in human sense of identity. The historical approach is that one can learn from the past. That study of the past is of value philosophically as well as for making us aware of its complexity and resonance things. For the national scale appreciating the past may lead to the pride of nationalism and better understanding to our sense of identity, in role our guiding towards the future. Linking to the concept of the past, present, and future, history is the repository of permanent values transmitted from one generation to the next in the form of myths, and is also a process of evolution in which systems of cultural value only possess a relative truth.

In general terms, we are dealing with an aspect of history which is concerned with the evidence and physical work of the past. Every place has a history, culture and architectural heritage. Architecture is a product of culture and history, and so is an important means for approving the past. According to Rapoport: “ Human geography has always been linked with history, and even prehistory, and in the past history has also played an important role in architectural studies“ (Rapoport,1969:11). Vernacular architecture as an expression of the culture, way of life and aesthetic values of the local people, records the visual shape of their history over time. We can see the evidence of this from examining buildings and the way they are used both today and in the past.

There may be a great lesson in vernacular building for our own day in the value of constraints to establish generalized, “loose” frameworks, where the interplay of the constant and changeable aspects of man can find expression (Rapoport 1969, 135). Studying vernacular architecture may be relevant to other aspects of developing countries, and may throw light on the whole problem of understanding the relation of the built form to the cultures concerned, in turn making clear the value of cross cultural analysis in relation to housing and the built environment in general (Rapoport 1969,129). The value of this kind of study is that it provides a great ranges of variables in different cultures, as well as greater extremes, and hence a greater sense of the range of alternatives that is possible (Rapoport 1969,12). IV. EARTHEN ARCHITECTURE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE

Earthen architecture is part of vernacular building and also definitely part of history. Also earthen architecture is ecologically suitable to surrounding area.


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“Eko arsitektur adalah dimensi ekologis dalam arsitektur yang penuh berkaitan kepada lingkungan alam yang terbatas” (Frick 1998). In sustainable development architecture have to be viewed from many different angels; ecological planning in terms of balance of environment, healthy for human and environment and building materials donot give negative impact for the people surrounding. Therefore the building materials have to be provided in this area, simple technology and costly available. Earthen architecture is the product of relatively simple and highly effective technology. Clay is took approximately 50 cm from the ground, clean up from root and other organic stuff, mixed with sand, chopped straw and water. The clay provides cohesion, the straw function as to help the mass to dry evenly and minimizing cracking. The sand is inner filler. The water is to mix up all material together. Local recipes vary widely depending on the soil available, like in Lombok cow dung was used instead of straw, whether in Bali they used small stands instead. There are general methods of earthen architecture

IV.1. Pise or Rammed Earth Construction

In some areas the mixture is tamped in place using a large wooden square form and bake or dry under the sun. This method is similar to brick but without any fire burned. To construct the wall just like brick wall construction but using clay mixture between each bricks.

IV.2. Adobe or Coursing or Paddling

This method is commonly using in Northern Sudan. Thin layer of mixture is tamped in the wooden form (most commonly the size of form is wall size). The second, third and the next put on top of the first layer and the same method with the first one. After the form is full another wooden form is added in order the wall rises.

V. CONCLUSION

One of earthen construction great advantage is thermal. Usually mud walls have a high heat retaining capacity. During the day acting as a passive solar collectors, they insulate well against high temperatures and at night the heat they have absorb is slowly released. While outside temperatures may soar or fall dramatically, indoor ones stay remarkable constant.

In Vernacular Architecture as a Paradigm, Guvenc (1990) provides an insight into the most current interests underlying vernacular values in ‘building in harmony with environment’, citing a period in which people believed that it was possible for humankind to live in a certain place, adapting to the prevailing conditions by designing their built environment to be viable within its natural surroundings. Nowadays we have what might be termed the era of ‘building against the environment’s forces’ which has been brought about by the process of universal industrialisation and commercialisation, where the economy is controlled by capitalists, modern architecture is controlled by technology; the aim of design is to control the environment in order to reach maximum comfort and convenience. Architects in the modern era, for all their impressive knowledge and technological know - how often build comparably less well than did their predecessors. This era of destruction has to be brought to a turning point, that of the reawakening of our ‘collective wisdom’ to return to a ‘modern vernacular’


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practice. We have the idea of tracing back to the ‘past’ to study for the ‘future’ contemporary design sources. We must connect the ‘continuity past - present - future’ by the following objectives. Earthen Architecture will become slowly possible to answer the demand of unique architecture and better environment in the era of sustainable development to reach advantage of ‘building in harmony with environment’. REFERENCES

Bondsdorff, Pauline von, 1998. The Human Habitat, Aesthetic and Axiological Perspectives, Gummerus Kirjapaino Oy, Jyaskyla, Findland

Bourgeois, Jean – Louis, 1983. Spectacular Vernacular; A New Appreciation of Traditional Dessert Architecture. Gibbs M. Smith Inc, Salt Lake City

Clark, Tim. 1992. Rediscovering Sustainable Architecture. Open House Intl

Day, Christopher, 1990. Places of the Soul; Architecture and Environmental Design as a Healing Art, Harper Collins Publisher, London

Fathy, Hassan. 1973. Architecture for the Poor, the American University in Cairo Press, Cairo

Fathy, Hassan. 1991. Natural Energy of Vernacular Architecture, Chicago Press Goldfinger, Myron. 1993. Villages in the Sun. Rizolli, New York

Pearson, David, 1994. Earth to Spirit; In Search of Natural Architecture. Gaia Book Ltd, London

Popposwary, 1979. Rural India; Houses in Rammed Earth, Sri Aurobindo, Ashram Press, Pondicherry

Rapoport, Amos. 1969. House Form and Culture. Prentice Hall, New York Rudofsky, Bernard.1967. Prodigous Builders, Martin Seeker and Wadburg Ltd

Steele, James. 1988. Hassan Fathy, Academy Edition (London) Serageldin, Ismail.. 1989. Space for Freedom; The search for Architectural

Excellence in Muslim Societies, Aga Khan Award for Architecture, Butterworth Architecture, London

Turan, Mete. 1990. Vernacular architecture: Current challenges in the Environment and Social Economy, Gower Publishing Company (Vermont - USA)


44

MAGERSARI: RESTRUCTURING GENDERED SPACE

IN VERNACULAR SETTLEMENT CASE STUDY: PARTICULARLY DALEM

(NOBLE’S RESIDENCES) IN SURAKARTA

Mohamad Muqoffa Department of Architecture

Sebelas Maret University Surakarta (UNS) (Email: [email protected])

Abstract

The starting point of this paper is the spatial phenomena: magersari; the right of abdi dalems to occupy the land or a part of dalem (noble’s house). Abdi dalems work as servants for the noble in exchange for a place to live, to receive the good fortune of blessing (berkah). The objective of this paper is to restructuring gendered space of magersari as a part of Javanese vernacular settlement: dalem. Dalem actualize as masculine domain. Furthermore abdi dalem imitate to noble’s social construct, so that magersari is arranged by gender concept.

The purposes of this paper are to understand the links between social phenomena and setting (vernacular settlement), and to explore the spatial segregation based on gender and to define domain of gender concept. Furthermore the purpose this paper is to restructure gendered space in magersari. Keyword: magersari, gendered space, dalem, to restructure

I. INTRODUCTION

Based on cultural historicity, Surakarta was an aristocratic city where separated into inner city and rural district. A Sociologist, Soemardjan (1981) and an archeologist, Adrisijanti (2000), suggested that segregation consider to cosmological concept which divided Surakarta to some conceptual spatiality, i.e. nagarigung (centre, inner city) and mancanegara (rural district). The Sunan of Surakarta, whose title was Sunan Paku Buwono and most of his families used to live in the keraton (palace) which nowadays stands as a monument to Javanese culture, spirit of Java and in dalems (noble’s houses). The keraton and most of the dalems are laid in nagarigung area.

The world view of Javanese family relates to social construct that so-called patriarchy. These social construct actualized the relationship between woman and man, which woman became subordinate. In the largest Javanese house, the keraton, there was gender’s construct, which Sunan (the king) separated domestic activity into two domains, woman’s domain and man’s domain. These also transform into architecture, which express as keputren (woman’s domain) and keputran (man’s domain). Dalem has similar arrangement


45

where it separated into two to domains. Pendhapa and its surround (front zone) are man’s domain, and dalem and its surround (back zone) are woman’s domain. Doing my research which I conducted in 1997 shown that particularly dalems have different phenomena of spatial segregation based on gender. To understand the inhabitants’ construct of gender, we need to observe the people who live in the Javanese house. According to my research the construct of gender in particularly dalems were different, even though all of them were noble. What is the conceptual reason behind these phenomena? In more specific questions: what are the differences of gender bias and their expression in spatial order (architecture) in each dalem in Surakarta? Magersari where abdi dalems used to live in also separated into two domains, i.e. man’s domain and woman’s domain. The question is what kind of spatial segregation based on gender is arranged in magersari? The purposes of this paper are to understand the links between social phenomena and setting (vernacular settlement), and to explore the spatial segregation based on gender and to define domain of gender concept.

The method can be divided in three phases, first to choose the district as an object or setting (as urban living). Second, to choose the Jawanese houses as samples. They were chosen by purposive sampling technique. Third, to identify the phenomena of gendered space. Fourth, to analyze the data and information related to the phenomena. The district or object was selected by purposive sampling. The selection criteria used is district which has characteristic of vernacular settlement.

II. DALEM: THE LIVING HISTORIC SETTLEMENT OF SURAKARTA

The dalem or noble’s house is usually a complex of buildings which is consisting of two until four buildings and it is surrounded by high wall. Each building has different type of Javanese traditional architecture, i.e. pendhapa, dalem, gandhok, etc. Almost all of the dalems have a gate (or sometime two gates). To enter the dalem one passes trough a gate. The orientation of dalem is always to the north or south. The user of dalem is usually the noble and his family, and also abdi dalems (servants) and his family. Abdi dalems usually used to live in magersari. The magersari system which is a symbiotic relationship of mutual dependence between abdi dalems and the noble’s family. The user of magersari which belong to two groups: the abdi dalems families who live and work there, and the noble’s family whose members belong to the priyayi.

On the other hand, Javanese house as a research sample is a typological of Javanese house, which refer to some of writings on the Javanese house, i.e.:

Javanese house is a house which consist of specific expression or form, i.e.: Joglo, Limasan, Kampung, and Mesjid (Suto Prawiro, terjemahan, 1969).

Javanese house is a house which consist of varied house-form, i.e.: griya Tajug, griya Jugloro, and griya Limasan (R. Sastra Wiryatma, terjemahan, tt).

Javanese house is a large settlement, and also means: house-form, wood’s construction (R.Slamet Soeparno Kridosasono, terjemahan, 1976:1).

Dhapuring griya Jawipunika ugeripun namung warni sekawan: Joglo, Limasan, Kampung, Masjid (transkripsi oleh Suroso, 1982:9).

Javanese house is a house which varied form, i.e.: Joglo, Limasan, Kampung, Tajug dan Panggang-pe (Hamzuri, tt: 14).


46

Omah (house) is the most common of several Javanese words meaning house. The word omah is signing a particular concept as well as the dwelling where domestic practices mainly take place. (Revianto, 2000:3-4).

III. READING GENDERED SPACE IN JAVANESE VERNACULAR

SETTLEMENT

Inspired by my research which I conducted in 1997, “Gender Aspect on Javanese House (dalem) in Surakarta”. By focusing three dalems (in the inner city-so called nagarigung), I have discovered differences of gendered space and the inhabitant’s construct of gender issues, even though they have same in cultural background.

Concerning the gender context of its development, Spain (1992) suggested that gendered space is spatial order where it can be divided into women’s role and men’s role. Further more, Spain said that: “Architectural space also plays a role in maintaining status distinctions by gender. The spatial structure buildings embody knowledge of social relations, or the taken-for-granted rules that govern relations of individuals to each other and to society. Thus, dwellings reflect ideals and realities about relationships between women and men within the family and in society (1992:7).

Guwanwan (1989), a Berkeley educated architect, conducted a field-study in an old quarter southeast of Yogyakarta, i.e. Kotagedhe. He attempted to discover some of the cultural theme, such as cosmology and world view, cosmos which play an active role in the Javanese house. He found duality in order of Javanese house, i.e. women’s domain (dalem, pawon), and men’s domain (pendhapa, gandhok).

The Javanese sociologist, Marbangun Hardjowirogo (1980), analyzed seriously the cultural significance behind the social system of Javanese family. He suggested that gender inequalities in Javanese family are not always shown by subordinating woman’s role.

In contrast, an anthropologist, Hildred Geertz (1983) in her field study in two small cities in East Java, attempted to discover some of gender themes, such as minor woman’s role (subordinate). As Geertz thought, De Jong (1985) observing Javanese cultural and tradition, emphasized the hierarchy of social order in the community. The hierarchy arranged not only top-down order, but also an inequalities relationship between women and men.

Based on many arguments above, I derive that gender can be understand as social construct which depend on many the contexts (time, economic, culture). Gender can express architecture and its elements. III. MAGERSARI: RESTRUCTURING GENDERED SPACE Some dalems in Surakarta have still maintained its architecture preserved within traditional or vernacular architecture. A little dalems, of which its architecture has been adaptive-reused or demolished, have undergone changing in functions and in ownership as well. The dalems in Surakarta spread in inner city, nagarigung, an area in around the keraton. There are many kampungs as well as vernacular settlement in Surakarta, where magersari are show continuity and change in the social construct of gendered space. Some dalems show continuity in spatial and cultural context. Some others, show change not only in spatial but also cultural context.


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The tendency demonstrates that dalems in Surakarta have gendered space. The man’s domain of dalem is pendhapa where is located in public or semi-public zone. The performance art (traditional dance), puppet show (wayang) also took place in pendhapa. When puppet show took place, men sit on the pendhapa, and women sit on pringgitan. It was related to masculine space. In contemporary living, pendhapa is related too much activity which has not segregated by gender. The phenomena in pendhapa can be cultural activity, feminine activity (arisan) etc. Men usually sit on pendhapa while take a rest or read news. There are many men’s properties, e.g. spears (tombak), umbrella, bird cage, etc are laid down in pendhapa.

Abdi dalem has a similar social construct with noble family, in particular in gender perspective. Meanwhile magersari has different expression and actualization of architecture. But it is same as dalem in spatial concept. The spatial of some magersaris are arranged in two parts or zones refer to gender concept. The front area is man’s domain and back area is woman’s domain. Some other magersaris has man’s domain in right part and woman’s domain in left part.

In the contemporary living man do their daily activity in random part of magersari. The defined space is not important again. The gendered space is produced at the time when abdi dalem do the activity. The space where permanently as woman’s domain is kitchen and surround.

Table List of Javanese House in Surakarta

NO NAME OF DALEM LOCATION STATUS CONDITION 1. Mangkuyudan Baluwerti Not

occupied -

2. Brontodiningratan Baluwerti semi permanent 3. Ngabehan Baluwerti Not

occupied sold

4. Cokrodiningratan Baluwerti Not occupied

-

5. Sindusenan Baluwerti Re-use Hindu spiritual place

6. Mloyokusuman Baluwerti occupied Permanent (lojèn) Termporal function: (pendhapa, dalem)

7. Sasono Mulyo Baluwerti Re-use Shadow puppet show (wayang)

8. Suryohamijayan Baluwerti Not occupied

sold

9. Purwodiningratan Baluwerti occupied Permanent (lojèn) Termporal function: (pendhapa, dalem)

10 Mangkubumen Baluwerti Not occupied

-

11 Joyodiningratan Baluwerti Not occupied

-


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12 Sontokusuman Baluwerti Not occupied

-

13 Kusumobratan Kampung Gajahan

Not occupied

-

14 Joyokusuman Kampung Gajahan

Re-use home stay

15 Hadiwijayan Kampung Keratonan

Re-use Private office, elementary school

16 Padmonegaran Jl.Veteran Occupied - 17 Sastronegaran Kampung

Kusumodilagan

Occupied -

18 Pringgolayan Jl.Danukusuman

Occupied Permanent (lojèn) Termporal function: (pendhapa, dalem)

19 Sindunegaran Kampung Re-use - 20 Cokrokusuman Kampung

Cokrokusuman

Re-use asrama TNI AU

21 Wuryaningratan Jl.Slamet Riyadi

Re-use Sold, gallery

LEGEND : an occupied house

REFERENCES Blier, Suzanne Preston, 1994, the Anatomy of Architecture: Ontology and

Metaphor in Batammaliba Architectural Expression, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Colombian, Beatriz, 1992, Sexuality and Space, New York: Princeton Architectural Press.Darsiti Suratman, 1989, Kehidupan Dunia Kraton Surakarta 1830-1939, Yogyakarta: Penerbit Tamansiswa.

De Jong, S., 1985, Salah Satu Sikap Hidup Orang Jawa, Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius.

Geertz, Hildred, 1983, Keluarga Jawa, terjemahan oleh: Hersri, Jakarta: Grafiti Pers.

Gunawan Tjahjono, 1986, “Cosmos, Centre, and Duality in Javanese Architectural Tradition: The Symbolic Dimension of House Shapes in Kotagede and Surroundings”, Desertasi Doctor of Philosophy in Architecture, tidak diterbitkan, Berkeley: University of California.

Hamzuri, 1986, Arsitektur Tradisional Jawa, Jakarta: Depdikbud. Illich, Ivan, 1983, Gender, London: Marion Boyars Publishers Ltd. Inajati Adrisijanti, 2000, Arkeologi Perkotaan Mataram Islam, Yogyakarta:

Penerbit Jendela. Marbangun Hardjowirogo, 1980, Adat Istiadat Jawa, Bandung: Penerbit Patma. Mohamad Muqoffa, 1998, “Aspek Jender pada Dalem Bangsawan di Surakarta”,

Tesis Program Magister Arsitektur Program Pascasarjana ITB, Bandung, tidak diterbitkan.


49

Noeng Muhadjir, 1992, Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif, Yogyakarta: Penerbit Rake Sarasin.

Pemberton, John, 1994, On The Subject of “Java”, New York: Cornell University Press.

RM. Sajid, 1984, Babad Sala, Surakarta: Rekso Pustoko Perpustakaan Istana Mangkunegaran.

Revianto Budi Santoso, 1997, “Omah, the Production of Meanings in Javanese Domestic Settings”, Thesis Master of Architecture, tidak diterbitkan, Montreal: McGill University.

R.Sasra Wirjatmo, 1928, Kawruh Kalang Sasra Wirjatmo, tidak diterbitkan. R.Slamet Soeparno Kridosasono, 1976, Kawruh Kalang, Jawatan Gedung-gedung

DPU Surakarta. Sanapiah Faisal, 1990, Penelitian Kualitatif: Dasar-dasar dan Aplikasi, Malang:

Yayasan Asih, Asah Asuh. Selo Soemardjan, 1985, Perubahan Sosial di Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta: Gadjah

Mada Press. Soeto Prawiro, 1920, Kawruh Griya. _________, tt, Kawruh Kambeng, Jajasan Pahaman Radya Pustaka Surakarta. Soewito Santoso, (tt.), Babad Tanah Jawi (Galuh Mataram). Spain, Daphne, 1992, Gendered Spaces, University of North Carolina. Suratman, Darsiti, 1989, Kehidupan Keraton Kasunanan, Surakarta: 1893-1939,

Yogyakarta, Penerbit Taman Siswa.


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TEMPORARY HOUSING FOR JOBLESS WIDOWS IN THE URBAN AREA

Happy Santosa, lecturer

Department of Architecture, ITS ([email protected])

Sarah Cahyadini, designer Arcadia Duta Design,Surabaya

([email protected])

Abstract

Discussions in this paper include the houses built by individual to provide temporary houses for the poor widow (women) in the urban areas. The aim of this research was to study how individual can participate in providing houses for the jobless widow; and how the government enabled the individual activities in the house construction. The method used in the study was interviewing the dwellers, the owner and the local government. Analysis about the house conditions and how the house meets the requirement as a healthy and good shelter were based on the housing theories. Results of the research indicate that temporary housing can provide adequate shelter for the poor jobless widows until they can help themselves. Individual person can participate in the provision of houses for the poor and the local government as enabler. Keywords: temporary housing, partnership, jobless widows I. INTRODUCTION

A house is very important as a place for living. In the urban areas there are many women who are widows, who do not have adequate shelter for living. Usually the women are jobless or work in the informal sector, such as food seller, household helper in the city, construction worker, rubbish collectors, or any kind of informal works they can find. They have to work and raise their children as single parents, and this is obviously hard for the widows.

One trade man, who sells bird-nest, built temporary housing for the widows. It means that the houses can be occupied by the widows only for a period of 5 years. After that period, evaluation was made whether the dweller can stay or should move, based on the job or income they could obtain. The trade man built houses to honour his beloved mother who was widow and raised him by herself.

The aim of the research was to indicate how individual can participate in providing houses for the widows and how the local government can support the activities. To evaluate the effectiveness and useful of the houses, some housing theories should be bare in mind and included in the discussion

II. HOUSING THEORY Agenda 21 Indonesia [1] requires future settlements to be the part of creating healthy environment, regarding also the economic aspects, social-culture, and politics. Future settlements must also be the place to nurture the youth and


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guarantee the improvement of life quality for everyone. Housing development should ensure an integrated social and ecological function to improve sustainable life quality. This involves two major programs: adequate shelter for all and sustainable housing in an urbanizing world. Adequate shelter [2] means more than a roof over one’s head. It also means adequate privacy; adequate space; physical accessibility; adequate security; security of tenure; structural stability and durability; adequate lighting, heating and ventilation; adequate basic infrastructure such as water-supply, sanitation and waste-management facilities; suitable environmental quality and health-related factors; and adequate and accessible location with regard to work and basic facilities, all of which should be available at an affordable cost. Adequacy should be determined together with the people concerned, bearing in mind the prospect for gradual development.

III. TEMPORARY HOUSING FOR THE JOBLESS WIDOWS

III.1. The Housing

The temporary housing for the jobless widows – known as the Arba’in House- is located in Bangil, a city about 45 km East of Surabaya, the capital city of East Java province. There are 40 houses in this area, 1 mushalla (little mosque) specially for women, and a playground. The housing was established in August 2001 by one successful trade man based on his deep concerned for the life of the widows-such as his mother. These 40 houses are equipped with electricity and water supply. The design process involves an architect –the owner’s nephew. The plan of the housing is shown in figure 1.

Figure 1. Arba’in House Plan

The construction process of the houses was done in two stages. The first 20-houses were built in 2001, and the next 20-houses located in the back of the mushalla and the playground was built in 2003. It has good structure and 3 meters wide paved pathways in between the houses. The gutter was located in front of the houses along the pathways.

Bedroom

Livingroom

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Bathroom

LaundryBackyard

Terrace

800.0

700.0

Arba'in House Plan

150.0 300.0 250.0

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The plan is basically coupled house; every 2 houses share one water pump. Each house was equipped with electricity and clean-water usage meter. There are 2 bedrooms, 1 living room, 1 bathroom, and 1 kitchen. There is also a private backyard with special place for laundry in every house. Pictures of the houses and The playground, prayer house, pathways are shown in figure 2 and 3. Picture 4 shows the interior of the house.

Figure 2. Arba’in Houses

Figure 3. From Top left clockwise : The Playground, The Mushalla, The Paved Pathway

Figure 4. Interior of the house


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The layout of the houses follows the shape of the site, which is the private

property of the trade man. The layout was shown in figure 5.

Figure 5. Layout of the Houses

MushallaPlayground

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III.2. Requirement for House Dwellers The recruitment process was handled by the owner himself. Each one is

carefully selected. Not only widows (women) from Bangil can stay in this house, but also from the surrounding city such as Pasuruan, Malang, Kediri. The selected dwellers must obey certain rules applied in the housing. These rules were mostly based on Islamic values, since Bangil is known for its religious Moslem citizen. Some of the rules are: (1). dwellers must not allow a visit by male guest that is not her muhrim (a close blood-related family) inside the house, and there are curfew applied after 10 pm – unless there are special events such as big gathering for praying or wedding party. (2). The dwellers allowed staying in the house for 5 years period. They do not have to pay the rent nor the electric and clean-water payment. (3). The dwellers are responsible for the electric and clean-water payment of each houses and keeping the environment clean and healthy.

By giving these advantages, it is hoped that the widow can focused more on improving her economic life so that she can increase the quality of her (and the children’s) life. After 5 years, the owner will examine whether dweller has been able to support her life without his help. If so, than the widow must not extent her stay in the house and give a chance for other unfortunate widows. III.3. Local Government as Enabler The local government supports the housing in technical and economical aspects. Technical aspects include the easy access and permit in electricity and clean water supply. The local government also gave training programs such as sewing and cooking. After given the training, they were given the sewing machines. Now, the dwellers are trying to borrow money from the local government to start a small-scaled business. IV. THE ROLE OF TEMPORARY HOUSING IN SUPPORTING THE

POOR IN URBAN AREA The temporary houses built by individual, i.e. an industrialist in Bangil

urban area, are very useful for the needy widows who are jobless or work at the informal sectors. As mentioned in the Agenda 21 Indonesia, the human settlements should provide healthy environment including economic, socio-culture and political aspects. [1] IV.1. The House Environment, Economic, Socio-Culture and Political

Aspects The environment surrounds the temporary houses i.e. the “Arba’in Houses”, are helthy and clean since this settlements are equipped with access street and gutters; rubbish bin at each house; plants and flowers. The women manage the environment and houses every day, and weekly cleaning together. The temporary houses also can support the widows in the economic aspects. They can open-up business at their houses, such as beauty salon, hair-cut, tailoring, selling cakes and food. Most of them struggle to find jobs in the vicinity of their settlement, such as in the market. The social culture of the dwellers can be maintained. The women gathering are for Friday prayer, routine Al Qur’an cited at the mushalla and “arisan” (gathering money, which derived every month). In term of political aspects, the “Arbain” temporary houses were built legally with support from the local government. The owner always maintained and evaluate the houses and the dwellers conditions. The widows live there are secure and do not frightened by eviction.


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IV.2. The House as Adequate Shelter Adequate shelter means adequate privacy, space, physical accessibility, adequate security, security of tenure, structural stability and durability, adequate lighting, heating and ventilation, adequate basic infrastructure: water supply, sanitation and water management facilities. [2] Assesments of the “Arbain” temporary houses as adequate shelter for the widows are shown in table 1. Table 1. The House as Adequate Shelter

Factors Conditions 1. Privacy The house provides adequate privacy for the women.

People enter the house should strictly follow the rules 2. Space The house space is 56 m2. The maximum family

member is 5 person; hence each person occupied about 10 m2. This is above the minimum requirement of house space of 7 m2 decided by PU standard. [3]

3. Accessibility The houses can be reached easily from the urban centre. There is access street in the settlement, front and backyards at the house lots.

4. Security • Security of the house is maintained, no guest is allowed after 10.00 p.m.

• The access street along the house can be watched easily by the dwellers; hence the dwellers usually alert if strange people entering the settlement.

5. Security of Tenure The security of tenure for the house is maintained since the owner has the permission from the local government to build the houses and has the property right of the land.

6. Structural Stability and durability of houses

• The houses are sturdy in form of the structural stability. They supported with columns at every 3 m span, with adequate stone-foundations. Trusses are made of woods and the houses were designed by an architect.

• In term of durability, the houses were constructed with permanent materials, which were not easily deteriorated.

7. Lighting and Ventilation

• Windows are constructed at every back and front walls of the houses. These provide enough natural lighting in the houses. Window size are about 1/4 of the floor area , this is above the minimum requirement of 1/6 PU Standard [3].

• The openings, include doors and windows can provide adequate cross ventilation within the houses. Distances between doors and windows are about 4 m, which are less than 7 m the minimum distance allowed for cross ventilation within the house [4].

8. Basic Infrastructure • Water Supply

• From the city water supply, channeled into each

house. This potable water is adequate for each


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• Sanitation • Electricity • Playing Ground

household about 50 l per person per day • Each house has bathing and toilet, and laundry

facilities. • House lots are equipped with gutters for the drainage

and septic tanks to process wastes from the toilets • Wastes are collected regularly and dumped at the

city wastes collection place. • Each house equipped with electricity • Playing ground was located in the centre of the

housing site

From the above assessment, it is clear that the “Arbain” house can provide adequate shelter for the widows. This is one example of individual who cares for the poor widows living in the urban area, who willingly support the development of houses for the urban poor.

V. CONCLUSIONS • Even the “Arbain” houses are temporary houses, these can help the poor

widows in providing adequate and healthy shelter. • The house dwellers can occupy the houses for the period of 5 years until they

are re-married or can help themselves to find other houses and jobs. • The “Arbain” house is one contribution of individual to develop houses for the

poor. This development was supported by the local government, who provide permission for the house construction and trainings for the dwellers.

REFERENCES National Committee for HABITAT II (1996) National Report Republic of

Indonesia for HABITAT II. Ministry of Housing. Jakarta. The United Nation University (1996) HABITAT II Istanbul Declaration on

Human Settlements -The Habitat Agenda. The United Nation University. Turkey.

Department of Public Works (1978) Pedoman Standard Perumahan dan Permukiman (Housing and Settlements Standard). Department of Public Works, Jakarta.

Lily Pudjiastuti, Happy Santosa, Septa Rendra (1998). Kualitas Udara dalam Ruang (Air Quality in the Room). University of Indonesia Press, Jakarta.


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RIVERBANK SETTLEMENT IN SURABAYA, THE REASONS BEHIND THE PROBLEMS

Ispurwono Soemarno

Laboratory for Housing and Human Settlements, Architecture Department, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya

[email protected]

Abstract

Rapid urbanization in most large cities of developing countries has formed the development of informal settlements. Some urban migrants select ‘abandoned’ land such as riverbanks for their settlements. This kind of development has implications to the environment and urban development at large. In Surabaya, the local government has been making an effort to formulate appropriate policies to deal with riverbank settlements. The local government commissioned a study on riverbank settlements in 2002. The aim of the study was to understand how riverbank settlements developed, the social economic profile of riverbank residents, their perception on land tenure etc. The research was done through field observations, respondent identification and interviews with the respondents. The research findings and recommendations provided the local government with basic inputs for their policies on riverbank settlements. Keywords: rapid urbanization, uncontrolled development, riverbank

settlements. I. INTRODUCTION

(ESCAP, 1997) predicted that during the period of 1960-1990 the urban population in South, Southeast and East Asia will increase by 560 million people and around another 1,450 million people during 1990-2020. Hence, by the year 2025 most Asians will be urban dwellers. No wonder that cities become sources of economic development and national savings, while urban productivity becomes crucial to national development (Harris, 1992). In developing countries, where cities often double in size and population within a decade, land becomes the most critical problem and becomes an important factor in urban development (Dunkerley, 1983). The population of Surabaya itself in 1980 was 2,017,527 and in 2000 became 2,599,796 persons (Surabaya in figures, 2002). It showed an annual population growth of 1.27% during 1980 - 2000. Total area of Surabaya is about 327 km².

Rapid urbanization has resulted in increase in the demand for urban land, mainly for settlement purposes. Very often it has to be met by converting rural land situated at the periphery of existing built-up areas. This expansion is mostly accompanied by an increase in the economic value of the more central locations. Unfortunately, local governments are usually not prepared with necessary regulations for rapid urban development, including urban spatial development planning. Urban land policies are frequently prepared on a piece-meal basis in reaction to specific demands from interest groups or as a reaction to particular urban land problems (ESCAP 1997; Firman, 1998), like the squatter settlements.


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Squatter settlements are settlements where the land is occupied illegally. They are considered as informal settlements as they are built through informal process such as: on unclear land status, informal subdivision of land, no building permit etc. The common process of these settlements usually started with the establishment of temporary dwellings by a few families on vacant land. As time passes with no eviction occurring, some other families join them and build their own dwellings. By the time the government realizes the circumstances, the settlement is already so large that the social cost of the eviction will be much higher than the legal cost.

In 2002, with the funding from the Human Settlements Office (Dinas Permukiman) of East Java Province, the Laboratory for Housing & Human Settlements of Architecture Department at Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya carried out the study of the riverbank settlement in Surabaya. This paper describes the above study and is divided into three parts. The first part describes general condition of riverbank settlement along Kali Surabaya where this study was carried out. The second part describes survey preparation and the analysis of surveys conducted at the above location. Finally, this paper concludes with the results of the study and implications for future development of riverbank settlements at Kali Surabaya. II. GENERAL CONDITION OF RIVERBANK SETTLEMENT ALONG

KALI SURABAYA The growth of urban settlement plays an important role in urban

development as it usually covers a large part of urban areas. Most developing countries are characterized by high-income settlements being located in prime locations of the city, complete with all necessary urban services, while the low-income settlements have to fight for their location even before their dwellings can be built. If they can find a place, in most cases these are in un-serviced urban areas.

Kali Surabaya is located in South Surabaya and is stretched out in east-west direction as shown in Figure 1. To the North of this river lies Joyoboyo, a bus terminal, while to the South there is a medium size market and Wonokromo train station. Previously, Joyoboyo was a main terminal of public land transportation system in South Surabaya because all vehicles entering Surabaya from the South had to enter this terminal. Since the operation of a regional bus terminal at Bungurasih in 1992, Joyoboyo has been changed into a sub-terminal. From the situation described above, one can understand that the area around Joyoboyo is a very busy area. Like in other big cities, this kind of location where a lot of people gather round at almost every hour, is not only busy in commercial activities but also a place where criminals pursue their activities. For those without enough capital this area becomes primary choice to live as it is not far away from where they earn their income. Hence Kali Surabaya has become a kind of low-income urban settlement.

The above situation reflects what has been described by some scholars that generally, low-income urban settlements have long been seen to be a source of disease (von Faber, 1937), and dens of crime (Yudohusodo, 1991; Harris, 1992; Drakakis-Smith, 2000), or breeding places for political instability (Doebele, 1983). The consequence is that they should be demolished (Angel, 1976). The urban migrants who lived there were considered as ‘marginal’ populations, outside the normal organization of society and slowing down the development


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process. Thus, usually the early official response was to demolish them (Doebele, 1983). The solutions to these kinds of poverty problems are mostly based on notions of charity rather than empowerment (Angel, 1976; ESCAP, 1996).

The absence of urban infrastructures and services are the main characteristics of these settlements. Somehow, people can find ways in accessing basic services. The need for water could be fulfilled by water vendors who see the above situation as an opportunity for income. Some dwellers could even have electricity installed in their houses. Meanwhile the river on their backyard can be used for bathing, washing purposes and/or as pit latrines.

The housing condition along Kali Surabaya is much diversified. Poor housing lies next to nice brick wall buildings. Building material used is also varied from mixed used wood or bamboo to plastered brick and concrete (see Figure 2 and Figure 3). Most of the dwellers earn their income around Joyoboyo and Wonokromo areas. Their occupations are also varied such as: becak drivers, fishing rod sellers, tailor, welding service, building materials seller etc.

The plot area of each dwelling and land status also varies. All of this information was collected during the survey. Survey preparation and steps carried out prior to interview are describes in the following section. III. METHODOLOGY OF STUDY AND ANALYSIS

In general this study used two sources: first, written and un-written information from related institutions to the study and secondly, primary data from the field. Prior to formal visits to the study area, meetings were carried out to discuss further actions. The best ways to communicate the intention of this study to the respondents were also taken into consideration. Steps carried out for this study were as follows:

- Study area visit and indication of its boundaries. Daily activities of the residents were also noted and photographed.

- Questionnaire preparation including maps of study area, and survey permit application from related institutions. Here a list of questions was drawn up covering: respondent’s name, occupation, total inhabitants per dwelling, householders’ monthly income and expenses, plot area, land status, etc. An open answer is provided to the question of ‘respondent’s plan if their settlement is cleared by the government’. The intention to this question is to get as much as possible people’s aspirations to solve the riverbank settlement problem.

- Study area preconditions through information leaflets to the respondents. These leaflets were distributed together with local governments’ administrative staff.

- Dwellers identification and first introduction towards questionnaire materials. The respondent should be one of the dwelling’s inhabitants. This step was also done together with local government’s staff. Whenever possible, the respondent who provided the answers to the interviewer was photographed in front of their dwelling.

- Comparing and improving initial data and maps acquired from related institutions and those collected from the field.

- All information was then presented in an interim report and discussed in a seminar. The participants were related institutions, the province as well as the city-council and representatives of the cities where the riverbank settlers mainly came from.


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- Preparing initial basic concept of riverbank resettlement based on this study. - Socialization to the community regarding the above concept and improvement

of the riverbank physical condition and environment. - Preparation of final report of this study and proposal of resettlement programs.

From the riverbank settlements of Kali Surabaya studied, three areas were indicated as the locations to be interviewed:

- Gunungsari area which is positioned between the western side of terminal Joyoboyo until the terminal itself;

- Jagir Wonokromo area which is situated between Jagir Bridge and Nginden Bridge, on the eastern side of the terminal.

- Nginden-Wonorejo area, which is located from the Nginden Bridge to East Surabaya.

The riverbank settler at the western part of Gunungsari area was refused to be interviewed. In total, only 415 respondents from Gunungsari area, 1090 respondents from Jagir Wonokromo area, and 594 respondents from Wonorejo area were interviewed. Since March 2002, however, the government managed to clear Nginden-Wonorejo area from illegal settlement. This area was relatively easy to handle because the settlement was not so large and the locations of the dwellings were somewhat scattered. To defend their settlement, the people from Gunungsari and Jagir Wonokromo areas took action as follows:

- Visited the provincial council and asked their representatives to discuss with the government so that the government could reconsider their plan to clear the riverbank settlement at Kali Surabaya. The results were as follows: a. The government program could still be continued without neglecting the

settlers. b. The riverbank settlement would not be cleared without land compensation. c. Land compensation could be in the form of a walk up apartment. d. Land for commercial activities would be considered later. e. Further discussions would be held with related parties. f. The Kali Surabaya dwellers should submit copies of all their legal

documents regarding their settlement status. - Lobbied the government to allocate at least 5 years time for them to be

relocated. - If river maintenance was urgent matter in relation to flooding problem, the

government could deepen the river and cut through the backside of their dwelling but the people hoped that the front should remain as it was, especially for those who have commercial activities.

- Relocation options should only be done with land compensation so that they could continue their commercial activities.

- If the government would not afford to pay the compensation, or to give free land, the settlers were ready to buy the land through installment process provided that the government guaranteed the land could be converted into freehold status complete with legal documents.

- Interview results

From the interviews, tables could be prepared. Regarding people’s aspiration for the solution of their settlement, only those who live in Gunungsari and Jagir Wonokromo areas were tabled because Nginden – Wonorejo area was already cleared. From table 1 (in appendix) one can see that the majority of the


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respondents were not ready to move. Among the dominant answers were as follows:

- 266 respondents (17.67%) gave “No plan to go” answer. - 206 respondents (13.69%) were not available during the survey. - 179 respondents (11.89%) gave “to look for another shelter in Surabaya”. - 145 respondents (9.63%) preferred “to ask for shelter in Surabaya and ready to

pay for it (through installment), but no walk-up apartment. - 116 respondents (7.71%) preferred “to resist eviction, will fight to stay”. The other answers are not that significant in terms of percentage.

The interview results also show that the majority of the inhabitants of Kali Surabaya riverbank actually know that they had no right to live there. They try however, to ask the government to provide them with a sort of compensation, whatever it might be (money or land) so that they can continue with their life. Out of 1055 respondents above, only 6 respondents gave answers “to fight first” answer and 116 respondents gave answer “to resist eviction and will fight to stay”.

Table 2 and table 3 (in appendix) show that the origin and the identity card status of the dwellers were not all from Surabaya. Some of them were from Bangkalan, Jombang, Kediri and Sampang. Beside that, 81 respondents have KIPEM card. This means that they are not the holder of Surabaya identity card. On the other hand, 1398 respondents are Surabaya identity card holders. This fact shows that there is something wrong with the process of identity card granting from the local government itself. Usually it is not easy for those with unclear settlement status to obtain an identity card.

Furthermore, with the enactment of Law (UU) no. 22/1999 regarding the Local Government, this law supports fair competition among local governments. Hence, local governments should have good cooperation in solving the socio-economic problem of their border crossing community who temporarily settle in neighborhood administrative areas. The findings from this study, gave reason to invite the above local governments to attend the seminar of this study and share the solutions together. IV. CONCLUSIONS

The interview result shows that the intention to solve the riverbank settlements problem is not a simple matter. The notion that the government knows best to solve the squatter settlements problem (Angel, 1976) and the initial government’s solution to demolish them (Doebele, 1983) should not be applied here. It is true that the majority of the dwellers are ready to move from the place they live but the government has to be ready with several solutions, either in the form of fund, land for relocation or both.

This study also gives good lessons for the government to solve any problem as early as possible, and not let the problem expand until it is difficult to solve. It might not be the best solution for everyone. However, it also shows that discussion and dialog to find a “better solution” for every party involved can still be a good way in solving the problem.


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REFERENCES Angel, S. and S. Benyamin, 1976, 'Seventeen reasons why the squatter problem

can't be solved.' Ekistics, vol. 242, January 1976, pp. 20-26. Doebele, W. A., 1983, 'The Provision of Land for the Urban Poor: Concepts,

Instruments and Prospects', Land for Housing the Poor, S. Angel, R. W. Archer, S. Tanphiphat and E. A. Wegelin, pp. 348-374, Select Books, Singapore.

Drakakis-Smith, D., 2000, Third World Cities, Routledge, London. Drakakis-Smith, D., 2000, Third World Cities, Routledge, London.

Dunkerley, H. B., Ed. (1983), Urban Land Policy: Issues and Opportunities, Oxford University Press, New York.

ESCAP, 1996, Living in Asian Cities: The Impending Crisis-causes, Consequences and Alternatives for the future, New York.

ESCAP, 1997, Urban Land Policies for the Uninitiated, downloaded from a web-site: http://www.unescap.org/huset/land_policy/index.htm , on 26/06/2000.

Firman, T., 1998, ‘Towards an Indonesian Urban Land Development Policy’, City, Space and Globalization: An International Perspective, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Michigan, Michigan.

Harris, N., Ed. (1992), Cities in the 1990's: The Challenge for Developing Countries, UCL Press, London.

Pemerintah Daerah Propinsi Jawa Timur, Dinas Permukiman, Sub-Dinas Pengembangan Perko-taan, 2002, Laporan Akhir, Penyusunan Studi Resettlement Stren Kali Surabaya, unpublished Final Report, Surabaya.

Surabaya dalam angka, 2002, Bappeko Surabaya and BPS Surabaya, CV Nugroho & Co, Surabaya.

Winayanti, L., 2002, A view from a bridge: riverbank settlements in Jakarta, in Modernity, Tradition, Culture, Water; a Proceeding of an international symposium 29-31 October 2002, Kasetsart University Press, Bangkok.

Yudohusodo, S. and S. Salam, Eds, 1991, Rumah untuk Seluruh Rakyat, Inkoppol, Unit Percetakan Bharakerta, Jakarta.


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Appendix Tabel 1: Response by Kali Surabaya dwellers to clearance of their settlement

Jagir Wonokromo

Gunungsari Total Future planning

Total (%) Total % Total (%) To fight first 6 0.40 0 0 6 0.40 To stay with others/relatives 4 0.27 7 0.47 11 0.73 To return to their homeland 31 2.06 29 1.93 60 3.99 To buy/to pay installment/to build a shelter in another area 2 0.13 0 0 2 0.13

To rent in another place 35 2.33 23 1.53 58 3.85 To rent in another place within Surabaya area 3 0.20 0 0 3 0.20

To look for another plot of land or shelter (unclear whether to buy or to rent it)

62 4.12 0 0 62 4.12

To look for another plot of land or shelter (ready to pay for it) 35 2.33 0 0 35 2.33

To look for a very simple house (RSS) or another place 24 1.59 2 0.13 26 1.73

To look for another place to open a small business 35 2.33 6 0.40 41 2.72

To look for another shelter in Surabaya (unclear whether to buy or to rent it) 74 4.92 105 6.98 179 11.89

To look for a temporary shelter 16 1.06 0 0 16 1.06 To look for a shelter or another business place in Sby (unclear whether to buy or to rent it)

12 0.80 0 0 12 0.80

To stop the business/trade 1 0.07 0 0 1 0.07 To follow the plan of the majority of the people 9 0.60 4 1.59 33 2.19

To follow government’s policy 11 0.73 7 0.47 18 1.20 To return to the previous place 7 0.47 0 0 7 0.47 To ask for shelter in Sby, ready to rent or to buy (through installment process) 73 4.85 0 0 73 4.85

To ask for substitution land in Sby 15 1.00 1 0.07 16 1.06 To ask for compensation 3 0.20 24 1.59 27 1.79 To ask for exact date (for moving) 1 0.07 0 0 1 0.07 To ask for land substitution 13 0.86 12 0.80 25 1.66 To ask for postponing the eviction date 5 0.33 0 0 5 0.33 To ask for a shelter in Sby, and ready to buy through installment, no to walk-up apartment.

145 9.63 0 0 145 9.63

To move to their own house 2 0.13 2 0.13 4 0.27 To accept living in a walk up apartment 5 0.33 11 0.73 16 1.06 To resist eviction, will fight to stay 68 4.52 48 3.19 116 7.71 To resist walk up apartment 4 0.27 10 0.66 14 0.93 No plan to go 210 13.95 56 3.72 266 17.67 To accept for relocation option 0 0 21 1.40 21 1.40 Unclear. Respondents were not available during the survey 179 11.89 27 1.79 206 13.69

Total 1090 72.43 415 27.57 1505 100.00 Source: Survey result, July 2002.


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Tabel 2: The population of Kali Surabaya dwellers based on identity card status, 2002.

Gunungsari Jagir Wonorejo Total No. Identity card Total (%) Total (%) Total (%) Total (%)

1. Aceh 0 0.00 1 0.05 0 0.00 1 0.05 2. Bangkalan 7(4) 0.33 45(4) 2.14 30 (3) 1.43 82 (3) 3.91 3. Banyuwangi 0 0.00 1 0.05 4 0.19 5 0.24 4. Blengah 0 0.00 2 0.10 0 0.00 2 0.10 5. Blitar 5 0.24 5 0.24 4 0.19 14 0.67 6. Bogor 1 0.05 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.05 7. Bojonegoro 1 0.05 5 0.24 4 0.19 10 0.48 8. Cepu 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 0.10 2 0.10 9. Cirebon 0 0.00 2 0.10 0 0.00 2 0.10 10. Gresik 1 0.05 6 0.29 5 0.24 12 0.57 11. Jember 4 0.19 14 (5) 0.67 4 0.19 22 1.05 12. Jombang 5 0.24 14 (5) 0.67 8 0.38 27 1.29 13. Kal-Sel 1 0.05 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.05 14. Kediri 18 (2) 0.86 7 0.33 8 0.38 33 1.57 15. Kertosono 0 0.00 1 0.05 0 0.00 1 0.05 16. KIPEM*) 0 0.00 80 (2) 3.81 1 0.05 81 (4) 3.86 17. Lamongan 7 (4) 0.33 4 0.19 11 0.52 22 1.05 18. Lumajang 1 0.05 3 0.14 9 0.43 13 0.62 19. Madiun 0 0.00 0 0.00 4 0.19 4 0.19 20. Madura 2 0.10 7 0.33 7 0.33 16 0.76 21. Magelang 0 0.00 1 0.05 0 0.00 1 0.05 22. Magetan 3 0.14 1 0.05 0 0.00 4 0.19 23. Malang 3 0.14 8 0.38 9 0.43 20 0.95 24. Medan 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.05 1 0.05 25. Mojokerto 6 0.29 5 0.24 2 0.10 13 0.62 26. Nganjuk 6 0.29 5 0.24 5 0.24 16 0.76

27. Nias,North Sumatra 0 0.00 1 0.05 0 0.00 1 0.05

28. Pacitan 1 0.05 1 0.05 0 0.00 2 0.10 29. Padang 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.05 1 0.05 30. Pamekasan 0 0.00 0 0.00 5 0.24 5 0.24 31. Pasuruan 1 0.05 3 0.14 3 0.14 7 0.33 32. Ponorogo 1 0.05 3 0.14 5 0.24 9 0.43 33. Probolinggo 1 0.05 1 0.05 0 0.00 2 0.10 34. Purworejo 0 0.00 1 0.05 0 0.00 1 0.05 35. Rembang 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 0.10 2 0.10 36. Sampang 5 0.24 8 0.38 17 (4) 0.81 30 (5) 1.43 37. Sampit 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.05 1 0.05 38. Semarang 0 0.00 4 0.19 0 0.00 4 0.19 39. Sidoarjo 5 0.24 10 0.48 13 (5) 0.62 28 1.33 40. Situbondo 0 0.00 1 0.05 0 0.00 1 0.05 41. Solo 4 0.19 3 0.14 1 0.05 8 0.38 42. Sumbawa 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.05 1 0.05 43. Sumenep 0 0.00 1 0.05 0 0.00 1 0.05 44. Surabaya 312 (1) 14.86 769 (1) 36.64 317 (1) 15.10 1398 (1) 66.60 45. Timor Timur 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.05 1 0.05 46. Trenggalek 0 0.00 4 0.19 2 0.10 6 0.29 47. Tuban 0 0.00 2 0.10 0 0.00 2 0.10 48. Tulungagung 0 0.00 1 0.05 6 0.29 7 0.33


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49. Yogyakarta 1 0.05 1 0.05 4 0.19 6 0.29

50. Unclear identity 13 (3) 0.62 59 (3) 2.81 97 (2) 4.62 169 (2) 8.05

Total 415 19.77 1090 51.93 594 28.30 2099 100.00 *) KIPEM: (Kartu Identitas Penduduk Musiman), Temporary ID card for seasonal migrants. Source: Survey result, July 2002.

Tabel 3: City of origin and number of person of Kali Surabaya settlements

dwellers, 2002.

Gunungsari Jagir Total No. City of origin Total % Total % Total %

1. Aceh 0 0.00 10 0.66 10 0.66 2. Bali 1 0.07 1 0.07 2 0.13 3. Bandung 0 0.00 1 0.07 1 0.07 4. Bangil 1 0.86 0 0.00 1 0.07 5. Bangkalan 13 0.07 80 (3) 5.32 93 (3) 6.18 6. Banjarmasin 1 0.07 3 0.20 4 0.27 7. Banyuwangi 3 0.20 8 0.53 11 0.73 8. Bawean 1 0.67 0 0.00 1 0.07 9. Bekasi 1 0.67 0 0.00 1 0.07 10. Blengah 0 0.00 2 0.13 2 0.13 11. Blitar 11 0.73 18 1.20 29 1.93 12. Blora 0 0.00 2 0.13 2 0.13 13. Bobokan 1 0.07 0 0.00 1 1.07 14. Bojonegoro 5 0.33 13 0.86 18 1.20 15. Cepu 0 0.00 4 0.27 4 0.27 16. Cirebon 2 0.13 3 0.20 5 0.33 17. Gresik 6 0.40 14 0.93 20 1.33 18. Jakarta 1 0.07 2 0.13 3 0.20 19. Jember 7 0.47 27 1.79 34 2.26 20. Jepara 0 0.00 6 0.40 6 0.40 21. Jombang 21 1.40 59 (4) 3.92 80 (5) 5.32 22. Kal-Sel 1 0.07 0 0.00 1 0.07 23. Kebumen 0 0.00 1 0.07 1 0.07 24. Kediri 41 (2) 2.72 56 3.72 97 (2) 6.45 25. Kertosono 2 0.13 3 0.20 5 0.33 26. Klaten 0 0.00 2 0.13 2 0.13 27. Kutoarjo 0 0.00 1 0.07 1 0.07 28. Lamongan 25 (4) 1.66 26 1.73 51 3.39 29. Lampung 2 0.13 0 0.00 2 0.13 30. Lumajang 4 0.27 13 0.86 17 1.13 31. Madiun 11 0.73 23 1.53 34 2.26 32. Madura 10 0.66 57 (5) 3.79 67 4.45 33. Magelang 0 0.00 2 0.13 2 0.13 34. Magetan 4 0.27 7 0.47 11 0.73 35. Majalengka 0 0.00 1 0.07 1 0.07 36. Malang 15 1.00 42 2.79 57 3.79 37. Martapura 1 0.07 0 0.00 1 0.07 38. Menado 0 0.00 1 0.07 1 0.07


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39. Medan 5 0.33 2 0.13 7 0.47 40. Mojokerto 11 0.73 24 1.59 35 2.33 41. Nganjuk 23 (5) 1.53 38 2.52 61 4.05 42. Ngawi 0 0.00 4 0.27 4 0.27 43. Nias 0 0.00 2 0.13 2 0.13 44. Pacitan 4 0.27 8 0.53 12 0.80 45. Padang 1 0.07 1 0.07 2 0.13 46. Palangkaraya 0 0.00 1 0.07 1 0.07 47. Palembang 0 0.00 1 0.07 1 0.07 48. Pamekasan 2 0.13 1 0.07 3 0.20 49. Pasuruan 6 0.40 13 0.86 19 1.26 50. Pati 0 0.00 1 0.07 1 0.07 51. Pemalang 1 0.07 0 0.00 1 0.07 52. Ponorogo 2 0.13 23 1.53 25 1.66 53. Pontianak 0 0.00 2 0.13 2 0.13 54. Probolinggo 1 0.07 2 0.13 3 0.20 55. Purwoasri 1 0.07 0 0.00 1 0.07 56. Purworejo 0 0.00 1 0.07 1 0.07 57. Rembang 0 0.00 1 0.07 1 0.07 58. Sampang 28 (3) 1.86 31 2.06 59 3.92 59. Semarang 0 0.00 8 0.53 8 0.53 60. Sidoarjo 10 0.66 26 1.73 36 2.39 61. Situbondo 0 0.00 2 0.13 2 0.13 62. Solo 8 0.53 22 1.46 30 1.99 63. Sragen 1 0.07 0 0.00 1 0.07 64. Sukabumi 0 0.00 2 0.13 2 0.13 65. Sumba 0 0.00 1 0.07 1 0.07 66. Sumenep 1 0.07 2 0.13 3 0.20 67. Surabaya 93 (1) 6.18 249 (1) 16.54 342 (1) 22.72 68. Tarutung 0 0.00 1 0.07 1 0.07 69. Ternate 1 0.07 0 0.00 1 0.07 70. Trenggalek 2 0.13 16 1.06 18 1.20 71. Tuban 3 0.20 6 0.40 9 0.60 72. Tulungagung 6 0.40 22 1.46 28 1.86 73. Ujung Pandang 0 0.00 1 0.07 1 0.07 74. Wonogiri 0 0.00 1 0.07 1 0.07 75. Wonosobo 0 0.00 1 0.07 1 0.07 76. Yogyakarta 3 0.20 5 0.33 8 0.53 77. Unclear 11 0.73 81 (2) 5.38 92 (4) 6.11 Total 415 27.57 1090 72.43 1505 100.00

Source: Survey result, July 2002.


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THE MODEL OF INFORMAL SETTLEMENT AT A HIGH DENSITY ENVIRONMENT FULFILLIN

THERMAL COMFORT REQUIREMENT Case Study in Surabaya, Surakarta, Malang, and Sumenep

B. Heru Santoso1, Rosalia Niniek S2, Mas Santosa3 Department of Architecture, ITS

(Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] )

Abstract

High density is a common characteristic of urban informal settlement in Indonesia, the higher the population in an urban area, the higher the building density. The phenomenon of such settlement will impact to the quality of living especially in fulfilling the standard of thermal comfort requirement and the quality of air movement. The used research method is by studying the data collected in the field on some different characteristics of climatic condition to generate typology and building variants. Then they are simulated with a computational program as analyzing software. The research takes place in Malang, Sumenep, and Surabaya/Surakarta as case study. Keywords: Model, Informal Settlement, A High Density Environment I. INTRODUCTION I.1. The Building Density Phenomenon Based on the study of building characteristics in high density environment conducted in some region, such as: Surabaya, Malang, Sumenep and Surakarta, it can be seen that commonly there no significant differences among those regions. It means that each region with specific climatic condition do not have specific characteristics as building condition in the past. In the past, every region had a characteristic of building specifically based on its microclimatic condition. This can be seen from the form of roof, material usage, spatial lay-out, open space patterns, vegetations, building height, type and form of opening, uniformly building orientation, etc. But now, as the globalization and modernization era, the building caharacteristics particularly in study area representing coastal land, upland and lowland, have a similar characteristic of building. The similarity of building characteristics at 3 different climatic regions include: the phenomenon of building density; the use of building material; the thickness of building material; form and type of building opening; limited opening; ununiformly building orientation; configuration of building; spatial lay-out; very limited open space; etc. I.2. Building Density Parameter

1 Lecturer, Architecture FT-UNS, Ph.D student FTSP-ITS Sby 2 Lecturer, Architekture FT-UnMer, Ph.D student FTSP-ITS Sby 3 Lecturer,.Architecture FTSP-ITS Surabaya


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Density is an ambiguous terminology or multiperception terminology (Forsyt, 2003) to understand. Rapoport (1977) said that the characteristics of high density is tight spaces, large building height to space, many signs, many light and high artificial levels, many people visible, most made man, high noise levels, many cars and high traffic density. Meanwhile Santosa (2000) defined high building density by illustrating a kampong condition in Indonesia. According Santosa, a kampong is a form of urban settlement with high density population. The traditional social and cultural living style exists in kampong. It revealed from the way the people organize their social environment. Physically the form of kampong is dominated high density settlement (buildings), narrow pathway patterns and several open spaces which are spread in several places (Mas Santosa, 2000). From those statements above, it can be seen that the terminology of building density is rather different. Rapoport referred to density condition on western countries, meanwhile Santosa referred to the density condition on developing countries. The similarity of both statements is that density is characterized by high population, tight spaces and buildings dominating a given area (settlement). Sudiarso, (2003) stated that the parameter of density quantitatively refers to the sum of population per acre. It is also considered to the sum of buildings per acre or the coefficient of Building Base (KDB). The building density will be dense if the sum of building reaches 80 – 100 buildings per acre or more than 100 buildings per acre for very dense. In other word, the coefficient of Building base (KDB) reaches 50 – 70% for dense and more than 70% for very dense settlement. In other part Sudiarso also stated that density problem indicates slum condition of an area. I.3. Building Density and Ventilation Condition (Urban) building density is one of the principal factors that affects the microclimate of a given area and determines the urban ventilation condition and urban air temperature. The heat island phenomenon is mainly affected by urban density rather than the size of the urban area, the higher the density of building in a given area, the poorer its ventilation. On the other hand, a high density is beneficial for reducing the solar exposure of building during the summer period. The influence of the urban density on the ventilation condition depends on the wind and the spatial arrangement of the building and their height (Santamouris, 1997: 100) Related to the climatic condition in hot humid tropical region, high growing of building with no good strictly supervising from city council can be ensured that heating process and ventilation problem in most building will occur very intense. It affects achievement the thermal comfort in building. Therefore the choosing of suitable building material and ventilation system in the region with specific climatic condition is very important. I.4. Climatic Data and Building Characteristics in study area 1. Climatic Data This research was conducted in 3 different climatic regions. Surabaya and Surakarta represent lowland area, Malang represent upland area and Sumenep represents coastal area. The climatic condition in Surabaya shows that the coldest mont occurs in July. The average air temperature is 27,9oC with maximum air


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temperatur is 33,9 oC and minimum air temperature is 20,4oC. The average air humidity in July around 73,4% with maximum air humidity is 93,2% and minimum air humidity is 43,8%. The total horizontal radiation is 5550 Wh/m2 with precipitation level is 17,06 mm. The hottest month in Surabaya occurs in November. The average air temperature is 30,4oC with maximum air temperature 36,9oC and minimum air temperature is 22,9oC. The average air humidity in the hottest month is 71,04% with maximum air humidity is 96,2% and minimum air humidity is 41,4%. (Source: BMG Station : Perak, Karangploso, Kalianget) 2. Building Characteristics From the preliminary studies, it can be known that commonly the building characteristics are differed 2 things, they are urban and rural region. In urban area there is no significant difference in using building material. Most building use heavyweight / lightweight material both for roof or wall, ceiling, various form and type of opening, and also use single and cross ventilation. There is no uniform building orientation. From the density side, the Coefficient of building base is around 50 – 70%, even on the certain situation, the coefficient of building base is more than 70%. It shows that the building density is categorized into dense and very dense environment. In other side, in rural area there is rather different characteristic than those in urban area. Building material used in rural area is generally simpler, but relating to the modernization era, the influence of modern style of building has affected the building characteristic in rural area. Beside that, the population growing in rural area also influences to building density. In detailed, the building characteristics in area study can be shown in tables below:

Table 2 The Variants of House Living (Field Observation)

UPLAND-HIGH DENSITY

UPLAND-LOW DENSITY

LOWLAND-HIGH DENSITY ROOF WALL VENTILATION CEILING VARIANTS

L H L H V1 V2 0 1 1 MODEL-A1 2 MODEL-A4 3 MODEL-A6 4 MODEL-A8 5 MODEL-A12 6 MODEL-B8

ROOF WALL VENTILATION CEILING VARIANTS L H L H V1 V2 0 1

1 MODEL-A3 2 MODEL-A11

ROOF WALL VENTILATION CEILING VARIANTS L H L H V1 V2 0 1

1 MODEL-A4 MODEL-A8 MODEL-A12


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LOWLAND-LOW DENSITY ROOF WALL VENTILATION CEILING VARIANTS

L H L H V1 V2 0 1 1 MODEL-A1 2 MODEL-A5 3 MODEL-A6 4 MODEL-B6

Source : HPTP final report 2006

I.5. Thermal Comfort of Building Thermal comfort is one of the forms of comfort. The others are: acoustical, visual and air quality comfort (Santamouris, 1997: 129). The parameter of thermal comfort includes 3 aspects, they are: physical, psychological and external aspect (Francis Allard, 1998:5). In developing countries, like: Indonesia for instance, natural thermal comfort has to be fulfilled because of the health aspect and economical aspect (Aynsley, 1977). II. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This research is a small part of whole research of HPTP (Hibah Penelitian Tim Pascasarjana). Operationally the research conducted in this previous stage consisted of 4 steps as follows: a. Measuring the thermal performance on research object, b. Observing thermal responses on each element, particularly wall and roof c. Observing ventilation system and Air change rate d. Comparation among the construction combination to obtain the illustration of

important role of each variable The field observation on upland and lowland with high and low density was done in the preliminary studies gave the recommendation of typologies and architectural variants on each location. The analysis of typologies and variants taken from direct field observation was carried out with model determination for simulation. Simulation programs used in the research are Harmonic Analysis for Thermal Simulation, AIOLOS as wind behavior simulation to predict Air Change Rate. From the simulation, it can be predicted the most suitable model for each region. III. RESULT AND ANALYSIS

The simulation of thermal behavior on research model for condition in Surabaya that represents lowland area with high density was carried out to 15 models implementing 4 element variables of different building. The simulation was done in the hottest month, in November, and in the coldest month, in July. From the simulation result, the highest duration of comfort is the simulation result of A2 model (RL-WL-V1-C1). Meanwhile the lowest duration of comfort is the simulation result of A6 model (RL-WH-V1-C1). The determination of A2 model as model having the highest duration of comfort is when the comfortable temperature zone (22,9 – 27,7oC) runs in the resting time (45,8% in the hottest month, 58,3 % in the coldest month) and has a shorter overheating among the other models. The simulation of A6 model has the shortest duration of thermal comfort (4,2% in the hottest month and 37,5% in the coldest month).

The simulation of thermal comfort on research model for condition in Malang that represents upland area with high density was carried out to 15 models


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implementing 4 variables of different element building. The simulation was done in the hottest month and in the coldest month. From the simulation result, the highest duration of comfort is the simulation result of A6 model (RL-WH-V1-C1). Meanwhile the lowest duration of comfort is the simulation result of A1 model (RL-WL-V1-C0).The determination of A6 model as model having the highest duration of comfort is when the comfortable temperature zone (22,9 – 27,7oC) runs in the resting time (66,7% or 16 hours in the hottest month, and 83,3 % in the coldest month) and has a shorter overheating among the other models (17,1 K and 0,7 K). The simulation of A1 model has the shortest duration of thermal comfort (8,3% in the hottest month and 8,3% in the coldest month) with overheating level is around 61, 5 K (in the hottest month) and 33,5 K (in the coldest month).

Meanwhile, the simulation of thermal comfort on research model for condition in Sumenep that represents coastal land area with low density was also carried out to 15 models implementing 4 element variables of different building. The simulation was done in the hottest month and in the coldest month. From the simulation result, the highest duration of comfort is the simulation result of A4 model (RL-WH-V2-C1). Meanwhile the lowest duration of comfort is the simulation result of B6 model (RH-WH-V1-C1).The determination of A4 model as model having the highest duration of comfort is when the comfortable temperature zone (22,9 – 27,7oC) runs in the resting time (54% - 13 hours) in the hottest month, 63% in the coldest month) and has a shorter overheating among the other models (52,5 K and 35 K). The simulation of B6 model has the shortest duration of thermal comfort (29% in the hottest month and 50% in the coldest month) with overheating level is around 51,7 K (in the hottest month) and 27.8 K (in the coldest month). IV. CONCLUSION From the analysis above, it can be concluded that : 1. Not all elements of building can provide adequate thermal comfort particularly

in high density environment 2. Based on the climatic condition in Surabaya and the simulation result, A2

model with Lightweight Roof, Lightweight Wall, Single Ventilation, and Ceiling (RL-WL-V1-P1) is the most suitable model for Surabaya, meanwhile A6 model with Lightweight Roof, Heavyweight Wall, Single Ventilation, Ceiling (RL-WH-V1-C1) is the most unsuitable model for Surabaya (Lowland-high density)

3. Based on the climatic condition in Malang and the simulation result, A6 model with Lightweight Roof, Heavyweight Wall, Single Ventilation, Ceiling (RL-WH-V1-C1) is the most suitable model for Malang, and A1 model with Lightweight Roof-Lightweight Wall- Single Ventilation- Unceiling (RL-WL-V1-C0) is the most unsuitable model for Malang (Upland-high density)

4. Based on the climatic condition in Sumenep and the simulation result, A4 model with Lightweight Roof, Heavyweight Wall, Cross Ventilation, Ceiling (RL-WH-V2-C1) is the most suitable model for Sumenep, and B6 model with Heavyweight Roof-Heavyweight Wall- Single Ventilation- Ceiling (RH-WH-V1-C1) is the most unsuitable model for Sumenep (Lowland-low density)


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Special thanks for Laboratory of Science and Environment, Institute of

Technology Sepuluh November Surabaya and HPTP (Hibah Penelitian Tim Pascasarjana) Second Year (2006) that were facilitating and contributing the research and funding, and also special thanks to Prof. Ir. Mas Santosa, MSc. Ph.D, I Gusti Ngurah Antaryama, Ph.D and all member in HPTP team. REFERENCES Aynsley, RM, 1977,Architectural Aerodynamyc, Applied Science Pub, London Forsyt, Ann, 2003, Measuring Density: Working Difinition for Residential Density

and Building Density, University of Minnesota, Minnesota Francis Allard, 1998, Natural Ventilation in Building, James and James, London Rapoport Amos, 1977, Human Aspect and Urban Form,Pergamon Press, London Santamouris, 1997, Passive Cooling of Building, James and James, London Santosa, Mas, 2000, Specific Responses of Traditional Houses to Hot Tropics,

Senvar – I ITS, Surabaya Santosa, Mas, et all 2006, Sistim Pendinginan Pasip pada Bangunan di daerah

Tropis untuk upaya Pembambangunan Berkelanjutan, Laporan Akhir HPTP 2006, ITS, Surabaya

Sudiarso Budiyono, 2003, Penerapan Pedoman Perencanaan Tata Ruang Kota- Diktat Supplemen,Jurusan Arsitektur dan Planologi UNKRIS/ UNTAR, Jakarta


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SPATIAL CHANGE OF FISHERMEN SETTLEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF URBANIZATION OF

CAMBAYA VILLAGE IN MAKASSAR

Sherly Asriany Architecture Departement Khairun University, Ternate

Ph.D Student at Sepuluh-November Institute of Technology (ITS), Surabaya (Email : [email protected])

Abstract

Cambaya village is one of the oldest and largest fishermen settlement in Makassar municipality and is very strategic for the fishermen activities which still exists upto now. Cambaya village is undergoing change in line with the existing dynamic of the society and change in the town scale. It has been the destination of migration of fishermen from other areas.

The study was conducted to find out the description of the fishermen settlement space change in the context of urbanization concerning physical conditions of the settlement, socio-economic and cultural condition as a result of the government policy (infrastructure and regional development), demography (population growth) and land policy (land ownership status). Space change means a process of change (growth and development) of a region from time to time.

The study was descriptive qualitative. The data were collected through survey and interview with key informats and study of literature. The method of analysis used in the study was typo-morphology through historical observation as a means to interpret, trace, describe, and reconstruct the condition, nature/characteristics of the settlement in 1980s. For the present condition, direct observation in the field was done to see the change of space change.

The result of the study indicate that space change can change the structure

of land use, sosio-economic and cultural conditions, circulation and building plan and open space. The most significant impact on the fishermen settlement in the context of urbanization is demography both natural and migration for the periods of 1980s and 1990s. Whereas the aspect of regional policy (administrative change, infrastructure development, and land affairs) is just the implication of the space change process in the context of urbanization. Some recommendations are posed in the study related to further study of the development of the fishermen settlement in the future. Keywords: Spatial Change, Fishermen Settlement, Urbanization. I. INTRODUCTION

This paper reports an initial study conducted prior to arrive at a follow-up study on “Discriminative and non-discriminative Social Environment in a Community Scale.”. The study on spatial change in coastal villages in the urbanization context was conducted in 2002, while the study on social environment is on going now. The author was attracted to study on spatial because


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of its characteristics that always changes, either dynamic or static changes. In addition, a chamber is a place where various daily activities may be done which making it an integral part of the human life. Talking about the role of a chamber bring us to the question on “What for and what activity can be done in a chamber, either in public, personal, circulation and service rooms. The village of Cambaya sub-district of Ujung Tanah is a traditional fishermen settlement which is experiencing physical and non-physical changes. The physical changes in the village are more difficult to bring under control, as the population grows, migration, socio-economic and socio-cultural states have made Cambaya Village become a crowded and improper settlement. The new buildings continue to increase in number among pre-existing old buildings. In addition, new comers or families living together with primary family also add the density of population. Therefore, the land cannot accommodate them anymore and result in an imbalance condition where people begin to expand their settlement toward coastline. Generally, spatial change occurs in the coastline area where fishermen live with their family and it follows the geographic form of coastline. And so, any activities which supporting their basic necessities of life such as boat manufacture/maintenance, casting net craft, fish processing, and many other are conducted in their surrounding environment. A rapid growing population in Makasar city has also influenced their settlement pattern. The condition can be seen at the low tide areas where there is a high-populated area with a low quality environment and health. As a result, the land that used to be a place to make casting net and boat now has changed into a settlement area. A phenomena where a village is rapidly changed into a crowded town as mentioned above not only occurs in Cambaya village but also occurs in many other areas. For the reason, there is an idea to investigate how far the phenomenan may influence the spatial management pattern in the village of Cambaya. An area development process into a crowded town is not a final achievement, but it will continue to develop with a different rhythm and rate among the villages. II. DISCUSSION II. 1. A Change in the Buildings Structure Pattern

A change in the buildings structure patterns in the village of Cambaya can be divided into three groups, they are: a change based on the type/function, condition, and location/orientation of buildings. The arrangement pattern of buildings location usually influenced by the natural condition beside the human factor that also play a role in ithe formulation of the settlement pattern. By the presence of some groups of fishermen’s houses, a settlement area by itself is formed with a linier pattern following the coastline form in accordance with the beach/coastline condition. Generally, the average condition of the fishermen’s houses are still in semi-permanent state, but at upper side their condition are rather better. Based on the function and type of buildings, they can be divided into three groups, they are: fishermen’s houses, houses and fishery workshop, merchants/ businessman, and shop with a residence of the fish merchants and some other business. Fishermen’s houses which are located above the water surface are merely a place to live and only a few of them use their porches to dry fish, while the fishermen who live on the land use the space available underneath the house as a mini store like the houses located along the canal side.


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Most fishermen houses are located above the water surface, along the canal side or path, while the employers, merchants and other businessmen live along the primary or secondary roads because their houses are also used as offices or workshop (fishery market). Informal sector society (fishermen, labor) live along the seashore (above the water) and canal (in land). In the past time, a fisherman’s house was merely a place to live, but since in early 1990s many of them were changed into houses with a double-function, as a residence and a workshop, too. It is also associated with the improvement in their quality of life and the availability of infrastructure. In addition, they build a new settlement area nearby their family/relative or their employer’s house in order to facilitate their connection and work. It is associated with the familial relationship (socio-cultural) and patron-client relationship (socio-economy). II. 2. The Change in the Buildings Condition. A Description of buildings condition in the village of Cambaya consist of almost 90% of these are temporary buildings with their traditional architecture (house on stilts). There are also semi-permanent and permanent houses with a combination of traditional and modern architecture, almost 90% of them are belong to the employers, businessmen/merchants, teachers, civil servants, and some other professions. It indicates that a building/house may reflect the profession of its owner. Most temporary house/buildings are located or built on the water surface (approximately 80%), and only a few number (about 20%) are built on land and located along secondary street/path in the crowded settlement. Thus on the whole, the fishermen village of Cambaya can be said that it seems to have a very simple, although it is located in urban area. II. 3. The Change in Location/orientation and Density of Buildings Generally, the fishermen villages are usually marine-oriented with a purpose to be familiar with their work environment as fishermen. It results in a crowded area and making it become a dirty and improper settlement. It is called improper because of the unavailability of any standardized equipments and infrastructure for health/normal life such as toilets, drainage system, etc. A change in the buildings orientation, in which they should look out on the sea, is generally influenced by the land plot, direction and position of road accessible. If it must have the house back toward the sea, one should make an opening/window toward the sea so that it doesn’t impress the actual position. The arrangement pattern of fishermen house still follow a linear pattern in one or two sides, and it is still maintained until now by positioning a number of houses lining up along the coastline, while on upper land still follow a grid or linear pattern in one or two sides following the line and direction of road. Based on the form and pattern of the settlement, sea is a primary resource united with the settlement area so that it looks like no limit between the two ecosystems. Unlike the houses on upper land, They have no yard and it looks like they were floating on the water. A change had occurred in the year 1980s when the population density was still enough low where a distance between two buildings was about 2 – 3 meters with an enough wide yard. In early 1990s, the settlement was transformed due to the increase in the number of house and buildings which resulted in a very high density of building with a distance between two buildings was only about 0.5 – 1 meter. As a result, the settlement had become crowded and a spatial grouping


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occurred due to the patron-client relationship between employer and fishermen. A physical development had reached a maximum level so that the people were forced to expand their settlement area toward the sea, and it resulted in a serious irregularity in environmental management pattern. II. 4. The Change in the Open Space The significant changes occur in the open spaces, especially in the public open space, where they still can be found elsewhere in the past time such as parks/fields, fish fond, swamps, mangrove forests, and vacant land. Now, they cannot or so hard to be found, but only a small field for soccer/sport. In addition to changes in the structure of physical space, a change also occurs in the function of space, for example: the sea that used to be a tourism object, now it is hard to be found anymore. The increase in number of buildings/houses has resulted in a spatial change, the house yard that used to be large, now only a narrow yard left in accordance with the situation in field. It seems that the changes have occurred in the function, physical structure and open space width and it will result in a spatial change in the settlement pattern. III. CONCLUSION

A spatial change may impact the structural land use management which may implicate to the spatial change of settlement pattern, where it used to be an open public area and now it has changed into a crowded settlement area with improper condition. Besides, the presence of road and other equipments and infrastructure available may also result in a spatial change in the settlement pattern. The trade development in the village of Cambaya also has influenced the settlement space pattern due to the merchants/businessmen will occupy the area nearby the accessible primary road to facilitate transportation of goods and services. As a result of a strong patron-client relationship between employer and fishermen, it have implicated to the form of settlement pattern where they will try to build their house nearby their employer’s residence. Beside the patron-client hierarchy, one thing that also influence the form of settlement pattern is familial relationship, where they will try to build their houses nearby their family/relatives. IV. RECOMMENDATION The management of fishermen village should involve fishermen because they essentially have a high potency, they need direction and counseling with the government. A settlement for fishermen is a manifestation of a settlement activity (process) in certain period of time. The settlement plan should emphasize on the natural environment priority due to the process of settlement transformation in the fishermen village also relates to the natural environment condition, particularly location aspect that can support their activities and socio-cultural condition of the local residents. The importance of guidelines or a definite rule drawn up by the local government to make a good management and maintenance of settlement/village environment, can be used as a direction in arranging the city management policy, especially for Makassar city. The local traditional architecture of Bugis-Makassar also need to be maintained in the village in accordance with the present condition


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so that their characteristics will not disappear and the impression that Bugis-Makassar ethnic as the superior sailors could be maintained forever. To develop a proper settlement space for the sailor/fishermen in the future needs follow up studies on the spatial concept which may accommodate all their activities without loosing their social space/environment. The next concept is a study on social space in the settlement area which experienced discrimination due to the spatial pattern change. REFERENCES Abraham, Charles, (1964); Man Struggle for Shelter in Urbanizing World,

Massachuset, MIT Havard College. Altman, Irwin, et.al (1980); Culture and Environment, Cambridge University

Press, California. Burgess, E., (1925); ‘The Growth of The City : An Introduction to A Research

Project, in Park’, Burgess, and Mc.Kenzie. Geertz, Clifford., (1965); The Social History of An Indonesian Town, MIT Press,

Cambridge. Gilbert, Alan, (1985); Housing, The State and The Poor, Cambridge University

Press, Cambridge. Hafid, Muh.Yunus, et.al (1996); Pola Permukiman dan Kehidupan Sosial

Ekonomi Masyarakat Bajau di Sulawesi Selatan, CV. Maju Jaya Ujung Pandang, Ujung Pandang.

Hamid, Pananrangi, (1995); ‘Kehidupan Sosial Ekonomi Nelayan Tradisional di Galesong’, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Direktorat Jenderal kebudayaan Balai Kajian Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional Ujung Pandang, Ujung Pandang.

Mattulada, H.A., (1977); Masyarakat Pesisir Di Lihat Dari Sudut Pandangan Antropologi dan Sosiologi Dalam Pengembangan Sumber Daya Lautan, Lephas, Makassar.

Paeni, Mukhlis, (1989); Persepsi Sejarah Kawasan Pantai, P3MP Unhas, Ujung Pandang.

Paeni, Mukhlis, dkk, (1984); Sejarah Sosial Daerah Sulawesi Selatan: Mobilitas Sosial Kota Makassar 1900-1950, Departemen P & K: Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional Proyek Inventarisasi dan Dokumentasi Sejarah Nasional, Ujung Pandang.

Waterson, Roxana, (1990); The Living House An Antropology, Antropology of Architecture in South East Asia, Oxford University Press, Singapore.

Zainal, Zulviah, (1998); ‘Sistem Ekonomi Tradisional Masyarakat Nelayan Musiman di Pajukukang Kabupaten Maros’, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan Balai Kajian Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional Ujung Pandang, Ujung Pandang.


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SEGMENTAL DEVELOPMENT DESIGN FOR WONOKROMO WATERFRONT SETTLEMENTS

AT SURABAYA

Andon Setyo Wibowo Laboratory for Housing and Human Settlements,

The Department of Architecture, FTSP, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya.

(Email: [email protected]; [email protected])

Abstract

Wonokromo River lies from south-west of Surabaya, connection to Brantas River as a main river. Wonokromo River has two main functions are as raw water of water supply consumption for Surabaya inhabitants and main city drainage to control flood during rainy season. At past Wonokromo River was functioned to provide water irrigation for agriculture and was changed to be main drainage for Surabaya City. Along both side of this river banks lies thousands informal settlements and some home industries. Research of river capacity in 2002 indicates that one third of Surabaya city will be threatened by flood because narrow of Wonokromo River cavity, thickness of sedimentation and density of settlements on the embankment.

The problems to resettle community are none of community wants to move from current settlements, and some households have legal status of identity. Many households occupied riverbanks more than 20 years and none of local government officer evict them. Problems of river physical condition are having various depth of river ground and various wide of river sections.

Method to solve the problem to arrange settlement by using concept “community guarding river” to meet technical solution by using planning principle of: (i) government and community agree to minimize eviction and building demolition, (ii) designing settlements arrangement based on different segment of river technical condition, (iii) community participate to share idea for technical solution to arrange their own settlements based on segment condition, (iv) household economic activities should be considered to rearrange and increase the economic potency and maintaining river function as water resources.

Keywords: community guarding river, segmental design development,

settlements arrangement I. BACKGROUND

Wonokromo river is a branch of Surabaya river lies along Wonokromo Sub-district to the coastal area in Wonorejo Sub-district of East Surabaya Area. Wonokromo river become important issue after Surabaya experience three difficulties problems; flood, river maintenance for water resource and informal settlements sprawl along river.

Study of flood prone area based on flood cycle 100 years will affect to more than 10 thousand houses are inundated; flood cycle 50 years will drown over 5000 houses; and flood cycle 25 years will remove about 3000 houses. Based on


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survey by ITS (2002) at least 2099 households are settled along riverbank of Wonokromo river since 1950s. About 594 of it have been evicted and resettled in walk-up flat nearby and the rest are still exist until now. The numbers of households are equal to houses at Wonokromo embankment.

The study based on technical and social approaches propose that eviction should be minimized by segmental settlements and resettlements design by community participatory planning. II. EXISTING OF WONOKROMO RIVERBANK SETTLEMENTS

SITUATION Informal settlements along Wonokromo riverbank was initiated since

1950s. There was no law enforcement to control abandoned settlements until Surabaya has got flood problems. Study conducted by ITS and The Province Government (2002) found that about 66,6% of dwellers are originated from Surabaya, 19,9% are from cities and towns within East Java, 8,1% are no identity, 3,9% are temporary identity, and 1,5% are from other provinces.

Most communities occupied land of embankment with no permit (92,7%), 2,6% with informal land status (Petok D) and the rest of them with permit from the Province Department of Irrigation, and Surabaya City Government. About 53,4% settlements are for living places, 29,3% are for informal home-based economics, 15,2% are for low to middle economic activities, and the rest of it are with no activities.

These settlements are sub-service standards of basic infrastructure and services provision from local government because the ‘illegal’ status. There are no education facilities, communal clean water taps, and communal sanitations. These informal settlements are grouped based on local neighbourhood social connection system. These settlements social connection system lies from Gunungsari Sub-district to Wonorejo Sub-district. III. PROBLEMS There are four main problems of physical, technique, law and social arise along Wonokromo river banks settlements. a) Physical problems:

Settlements will expand unrestrained and risk to secure and environmental life.

The next generation dwellers will experience decline of comfortable and environmental degradation as a consequence of extensive congestion of settlements.

b) Technique problems: Wonokromo river current capacity will decline to 200 m3/second of 350

m3/second optimum requirement to control flood. River mean of functional treatment and control will obstructed by

settlements expansion to river banks. c) Law problem:

The existence of settlements on the river banks against the local act concerning of land status.

d) Social problems: The risk of poverty and social distress will continuously increase to

deteriorate dwellers living.


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There are many different groups of community that have different social and culture structure that shape the living situation that should have different solution of resettlements in order to preserve the river functions.

IV. RIVER TECHNICAL ASPECTS IMPACT TOWARDS

SETTLEMENTS Wonokromo River is a branch of Brantas River that has main function to

control flood and source of water consumption for Surabaya inhabitant. Current situation of Wonokromo water level is higher than Surabaya ground level. Therefore the river embankment is being built 1.00 to 3.00 metre height above the street level.

Surabaya experienced increasing flood prone area since city built-up area improve very fast yearly since 1990s. Research of river capacity in 2002 indicates that one third of Surabaya city will be threatened by flood because narrow of Wonokromo River cavity, thickness of sedimentation and density of settlements on the embankment.

Surabaya has a lot of drainage that had changed the function from water irrigation for agriculture into city drainage. The function alteration has mutated physical drainage dimension that previously narrowed to the downstream become wider than the upstream. The eastern and centre city drainages flow and pumped into Wonokromo River during rainy season. The changing of the drainage and river function should change the Wonokromo design capacity to control the flood. Therefore, the Wonokromo River section should be widening by demolishing settlements above the riverbanks.

There are three alternatives to improve Wonokromo River cavity section by widening river according to flood cycle 100 years (Q100), Q50 or Q25. The ideal planning to improve Wonokromo River capacity is by using Q100, but should demolish and resettle more than 10.000 houses and households. The minimum impact to demolish less houses is by using Q25 with widening river ranged 2 to 11 meter to both side. Meaning that by using Q25 will demolish and resettle less than 3000 houses and households.

At least three aspects are determining wide differentiation of river based on river segment, are: number of primary, and secondary city drainage flow to the river, the depth of river ground level, and the most important is environmental aspect to protect quality of water resource. These aspects result to planning the riverbank in different wide of every segment. Based on existing condition of river the length of each segmental design is determined at least 200 metre. The situation of Wonokromo River and its settlements can be seen in Figure-1 and Figure-2 below.


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Figure-1. Wonokromo River at Gunungsari Sub-district

Figure-2. Wonokromo River at Baratajaya Sub-district V. COMMUNITY PLANNING PROPOSAL FOR SETTLEMENTS

ARRANGEMENT Some groups of community in Baratajaya embankment are live since more

than 30 years ago. Houses are being built permanent and have two stories. They propose not to move or renovate their houses. Some small industrial houses lies along Jagir Wonokromo embankment that has been existed since 1980s claimed the land to be their property. They built houses and workshops permanently. They don’t want to change houses face to river. Both community groups are in two continuous segments of river. These communities have initiation to maintaining river condition by implementing principle of “guarding the river” (jogo kali). The proposal planning shows that houses are still facing oppose the river. The only significant changing in houses design is opening window facing the river, but not guarantee to guarding river from household sewer disposal. They also do not agree to provide Inspection Street for river maintenance purposes.


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VI. CONTRADICTION AND NEGOTIATION BETWEEN TECHNICAL ASPECTS AND COMMUNITY NEEDS

Community at this riverbank has learned from Bangkok riverbank community that similar settlements can be arranged without eviction. Bargaining the technical aspect, community agree that river should not be widening, but should be deepening. Houses allow to cut less than 6 metre to create inspection street. Community refuse to move because will loose social cohesiveness and access to economic activities.

In technical consideration, river longitudinal plane cannot follow existing line of houses row that may risk to flood, damage the river retaining wall and demolishing houses. Maintaining and deepening ground of river need to develop inspection street with minimum wide 6 metre. Therefore the minimum design requirement of river with Q25 is widening riverbank backward up to 12 metre.

Community argue that technical and technological aspects can solve problems without eviction.

VII. REVISING LOCAL DECREE BASED ON NEGOTIATION

Negotiation between technical institution and community conclude that widening riverbank should be vary depend on settlements situation, ranged from 2 metre to 11 metre. This agreement will be taken to be draft of province decree about riverbank boundary to the built-up area in inner city of Surabaya and other congested settlement area within Surabaya City. Unfortunately until now the decree draft is not legalized yet. Therefore no action to be taken by community to arrange their settlements since 2003.

VIII. PLANNING OF RESETTLEMENTS BASED ON SEGMENTAL

DEVELOPMENT APPROACH The most crucial problem of the settlements are riverbank segment of

settlements at Baratajaya Sub-districts. The length segment of this settlement is about 2 x 250 metre. This settlement is dominated by permanent houses with one to two stories houses. Community lives more than 20 years and houses expanded incrementally and categorized in high density population. Community refuse to resettle in outer side of riverbanks, but agree to improve backside façade of their houses face to the river, or change the rear room with terrace face to the river. Community should provide communal sanitation system by using the ground of alley space, and reuse waste water as resource for flushing and watering plantations. Horizontal housing development activities extensively should be stopped, and population should be zero growth. It is not realistic effort if this area will be renew by build flat houses, because community refuse to live in these type of houses and there are no space of land available.

Settlements at northern side of Gunungsari segment are less densely houses population and has land space available for resettle community in walk-up flat houses. The length of this segment is about 200 metre. Planning of resettlement can be conduct by local government and community in this segment. Available land for walk-up flat should be acquired by local government, and community participate to plan type of walk-up flat houses including obtaining space for home-based economic activities and other basic services. Inspection street for maintaining river can be planned to make boundary of physical houses expansion. Indeed, these planning activities is initiated after technical river plane requirement is attained.


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Another different segmental planning can be developed at the southern Gunungsari segment settlement with about 350 metre length. This area can be developed by merge hundreds of informal houses into walk-up flat. Row houses along riverbank can be moved backward to be frontage of the river, after technical river plane requirement and inspection street are attained.

IX. CONCLUSIONS

Development design for congested settlements in the riverbanks boundaries should based on considerations of: (i) minimum requirement for river maintenance space, (ii) space for minimum basic infrastructure (utility and sanitations) needs for temporary settlements to prevent river from domestic waste pollutions, (iii) space for social interaction and community activity, (iv) mitigation and escape route from flood disaster, and design of settlements should based on local segmental condition with vary range from permanent housing and dense to semi permanent and slums, from no distance to minimum distance to riverbanks boundary.

Local regulation of riverbanks boundary should refer to local condition, and case by case and can not be generalized. Local regulation should accommodate and open the opportunity for local community with legal status to participate to improve better settlements condition. Local regulation should also arrange the Millennium Development Goals to prevent environment from degradation condition. Sanction, incentive and disincentive should be implemented to encourage community participation to maintain settlements along river banks.

REFERENCES Silas, J., Wibowo, A.S., Setyawan, W. (2002), Research for Resettlement of Slums

Settlements at Surabaya River Banks, The Department of Architecture FTSP ITS, Surabaya.

Cotton, A., Franceys, R. (1991), Services Forshelter, Liverpool University Press, Liverpool.

Government Regulation Number. 35, 1991 about River. Ministry of Public Work Regulation Number 63/PRT/1993 about River Banks

Boundaries, River Uses Area, River Range and Former River Area. Ministry of Public Work Regulation Number 70/PRT/1996 about Decission of

River Banks Boundaries in the Scope of Work of Jasa Tirta I Public Enterprise at Surabaya Rivers, Wonokromo River, Kedurus River and Porong River.

Ministry of Public Work Regulation Number 458/KPTS/1986 about Defining Rivers Security in the Relation of C Group Mining Materials.

East Java Province Regulation Number 11/1991 about Decission of Protection Area in East Java Province.

East Java Governor Regulation Number 93/1997 about Kali Mas River Management Pattern

East Java Governor Regulation Number 134/1997 about Land Use for Surabaya River Banks Boundaries, Wonokromo River, Kedurus River and Porong River in East Java Province.

http://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0206/03/ jatim/warg49.htm; 12-02-07; 21:31

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RESETTLE THE INFORMAL AND POOR INHABITANTS IN SEMARANG CITY

(EXEMPLIFY THE KARANG ROTO CASE PROCESS FOR THE CAKRAWALA CASE)

Sri Yuwanti

Central Java Research and Development Board. (Email : [email protected], [email protected] )

Abstract

Illegal dwelling site of Cakrawala Baru had been demolished. This was done as the site is legally own privately by the Semarang citizens, and the owners demanded to have the land back. The demolition processs was done voluntarily by part of the illegal dwellers, but some resisted and needed to be forced to demolish thier houses. The resistents were those who bought the land from the firts illegal dwellers, and had spent all of their money to buy the land and build the house. The demolition was done in year 2006 after a long debate and negotiation process in 2005. The long process was contributed by the third party intervension, that succeed in provoking the dwellers to reject the solution offered by land owners. Many city administration agendas provided to help the process still obstacled. One of thems is the location of the resttlement provided by the lend owners. From many alternative locations, none is match with the need of the illegal dwellers. Other, their aspiration is divided, and the location chosen was always changed causing a long delay.

The final decision is not yet formed, and the dwellers still on the long way to their new settlement. The process obviously punished both sides: the legal owners and the illegal dwellers. Semarang city administration has been moderated the process and acted as intermediator for both perties, however, the city administrator is not in charged to finance the resttlement, since the case is private to group case, and fall in the private law. If the case is dragged to the public, the solution will be different, since the illegal dwellers will be treated as scatters and included in slums clearance activity. Th exemplar case is Kali Banger, a riverside relocation program, which illegal and poor residents were moved to Karang Roto rent house financed by the Semarang city government.

Keywords: illegal dwelling, resettlement, private and public solution I. INTRODUCTION

It has been a year since March 2006 when the Cakrawala Baru illegal dwelling was demolished. Some of the dwellers still live in the area close to the demolition site, some of them live under the highway connection bridge, while others live spread all over city corners.They might be living with relatives, rental houses, or move to their old family house. They still wait for the provision of their new houses, hopefully by the city administration.


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The land offered by the legal owners of the demolished housing site, located in three different area. First is in Mijen, second is in Ngaliyan, while the third is in Tembalang.

Figure 1. Map of alternative relocation sites for ex Cakrawala Baru inhabitants

The land provided by two legal owners, Mr.N and the RO. M, is a ready

land, around 1,5 hectares in which every family will get 60 square meters for each of their house. ( In this case, the legal owners onced had their land occupied, but they must give their other land in exchange too. This is part of the agreement between the two conflicted parties. The new land site offered has different land value from the land of the demolition site, since it is located far away from the higway, while the demolition side is just located along the highway.) The land offered has been bushy becaused it is not be used, and need to be managed soon. To build the 150 houses need 3 months, and budget of 11 million rupiahs for every house. The construction will be done in two modas, first, the dwellers built their own house, and second, the houses are built by the developer. The developer assigned to do the job is PT. PSP, which is ready to do the construction when the agreement between the owner and illegal dwellers is signed. Around 100 families of the illegal dwellers party had chosen Palir (Ngaliyan) which 50 of them want to build the house themselves, meant that they need the cash. The rest want their house to be bulid by the developer and ready to pay the mortgage. The process is on the way, and the stakeholders consist of the city administration especially the dinas and village/keluarahan related, that play as intermediators ( kelurahan Jatisari, Mijen; Kel Gisikdrono, Semarang Barat; kelurahan Wates, Ngaliyan; and kelurahan Meteseh, Tembalang), the dwellers cordinator advocated by Lembaga Advokasi Bangsa,of one political party, and the developer.

Politically, the city government has a strong concept for housing for the poor’s problem solution.However, the problem usually related to the social group who reside in the environtment unsecure area, or clearanced for city redevelopment program. The solution usually in the form of land or site provision,

Tembalang

Ngaliyan

Mijen


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modest housing construction, housing subsidy, act, consistent to the city administration financial situation. In the consept, the program is conducted by the government for poverty alleviation. Besides, the city government also gives aids in the form of cash for initial small business, program for coping with unemployment, and free such levies for those poor groups. The concept , has been long practiced, but still in the form of City Regulation Draft, and has been the agenda of the City Representative Body, as one of the 30 regulation drafts prepared to be done in during 2007. One of the practice was exemplied in the solving of Kali Banger normalization problem. The case was related to hundreds falimies living along the Kali Banger riverbank that had to be moved to make the river in function. The inhabitants then were relocated to Karang Roto, in three different modas, since some of them were legally owned the land and houses, while others illegally resided on the bank, and others more only rent the house along the riverbank. Since 1999, the resettlement has been done well, eventhough recently, some problem arises between the new community and the city government. It seem that even in the good process there is still possibility such problem to come up, and both parties have to learn from each other, in order to understand the basic problem of the new community, the rule to obey, and the real internal situation of the city government. In some substances, the Karangroto resettlement process and problem can be exemplify to solve the Cakrawala Baru case problem, eventhough the trigger and the result mightbe different. II . AIM The aim of this research is to study the Semarang recent urban housing case, that will give overview on the process happening and its problem related to the government responsibility for enhance its people betterment. The information gained is intended to formulate the recommendation for further public policy action. III. METHODS The methode used for this study is comparison between two cases, in order to find the similar tendencies that can be used for policy formulation. The cases to be compared are Kalibanger case and Cakrawala Baru case. Object to compare is related to the trigger, clearance process, resettlement process, and the situation faced by the community involved. IV. STUDY RESULT From the two cases, there are differences in the problem nature, group involved, party responsible, and similarity in solution.


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Table 1: Comparison of the nature of the two cases Kalibanger Cakrawala Trigger Clearance

Program on Slum along the river bank

Conflict of Illegal occupation on private land

Group involved

Government and people

Land legal owners and the illegal dwellers

Solution Resettlement Resettlement Party Responsible

Government Private

Source: study field result, 2006. IV. CLEARANCE AND RESETTLEMENT PROCESS IV.1. The Cakrawala case

Since the negotiation between two parties did not meet the deadline, and the law has win the legal owners, the illegal dwellers had no choice other than to moved out of the site and their houses were demolished. They had tried to stay longer and promised to pay the land price, but the owners need the land for other purposes. Besides, based on the normal land market price, the dwellers will not able to pay the price of the land. In this case, the owner will to give their other land, in which the people/illegal dwellers can pay based on their affordability. If the land of the dwelling site is owned by the government, the process might be easier, because the case can be clasified as public case. But, since it is private owned land, the solution is not easy to find, without putting the burden to the both sides: the owners and the dwellers, and must be agreed by both sides. That is why the process has not yet over, because of no compromise, and the dispute forced the government to intervere. Most of the dweller think that the government must responsible for their new situation: poor and no place to live, since the clearance had been done by the goverbment (as the operator of the law enforcement action). The said that they will be happy if each family is given amount of 10 million rupiah, so they can build their new house in the land provided by the owner, and no tied for paying mortgage anymore. The amount proposed, actually is not large for the city budget, especially if it is compared to the 40 billions provided for maintenance the city football team, the budget that is paid by the city government. This dweller proposal will only reach 3 billion rupiah or form 0,94% of the football team budget. (There are 300 families of Cakrawala Baru, affected by the demolition).

However, the problem faced by the government is not the amount, but the position of the case, that is: private. More over, to get even 1 rupiah from the city budget legally, the case must be formally included in the city yearly agenda, and follow the budgeting rule. If the case treated as an activity of social welfare program for the poor, and included in the city program, then the dweller will not get the cash they wanted, since the program has to follow the budget standardization of subsidy for the community, and they may get their house in the form of modest community housing, such as Pondok Boro, Panti Sosial, or Rumah Susun Sederhana Sewa. (Rusunawa), meant that they still have to pay rent. The process for those housing type provision, may need at least two years in


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progress, except the city government allowed by the house of reperesentation and not break the budget regulation, to build housing soonly. Figure 2. The demolished site of Cakrawala Baru Figure 3. The new community under the Yos Sudarso highway connection bridge, close to the demolition site IV.2. Learn from the Karang Roto Resettlement and the Kali Banger riverbank clearance process

Karang Roto Settlement is the new housing location for the Kali Banger ex inhabitants. They were the people affected by the river normalization program, and clearance of the slum on the riverbank. The families affected were 790 families/HH, and 627 families need to be resettled. They consist of legal land owners, housing owner on the government land, tenants, and illegal dwellers along the riverbank. Every category has been treated differentley based on their owner status and affordability. Three types of housing provided: 1. Group A, rental houses duplex/not story housing for 26 House Holds 2. Group B, rental houses duplex , for 24 House Holds 3. Group C, rental modest story housing (rusunawa) for 108 House Holds, that form 1 community ascociation (RW), or 4 neighbourhoods ascociation (RT)

The others were moved out, or helped by the government through specific bank/financial body, to have their own house and land sertificate.


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Figure 4: Group B duplex rental house of Karang Roto

Figure 5: The rental modest story house of Karang Roto, group C

There was a coinsidental event related to the Kali Banger riverbank and

slum clearance. In the same time, there was Semarang Surakata Urban Development Project that helped the process by providing the access road to reach the location of the resettlement site. With that access road, the new community have opportunity to have public transportation lines, one every 15 minutes. The construction of the resettlement, be it houses or road, was done integratedly by many government institutions, thoses were: Public Work for riverbank normalization, land clearance, the housing construction, and roadway construction. The City Housing Service worked on the resettlement land provision and other infrastructure for the housing, the City Public Health Service built the Secondary Community Health Centre (Puskesmas Pembantu), the City Education Service built the Elementary School, the City Traffic Service provided transportation line, and the City Planning provided the site plan and relocation process. This coinsidental factors and the status of the case, as one of important city administration program, made the resettlement process easier to do.


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Figure 6: The rental modest story house of Karang Roto (The front side and the

alley). The building of Karang Roto Resettlement are the Semarang City government assets. The rental price is very low and not meant as mortgage. The rental price for the rusunawa, or rental modest story house, a 21 meter square per unit room, is 12,500 rupiah (approximate 1,5 US $) per month. The dweller is hoped to move out when they able to buy their own house, so the unit can be used by another needy family. The rental price for duplex house, on 64 square meter land, is 20,000 to 25,000 rupiahs or approximate 2,5 US$ per month. The rent usually is picked up by the city administration of the Housing Service every month on the specific date, and the money is counted as city government income. Some of the duplex unit are owned by the families that perviously have the land in the resettlement site, or those of the Kali Banger households that owned land and house in the old site, while tenants at the old site are still become tenant in the resettlement site. Each unit of both duplex houses and rusunawa is alocated to clean water and electricity of 450 watts, which is paid based on the usage.. Internally, the neighbourhood ascociation has its own rule on housing management and house holds contribution for such activities, based on the agreement. There is no opportunity for changing the tenant status to mortgage, since the city government plans the house for accommodate the needy citizen only. Consequently, the rich tenants must move out to find a normal settlement. Financially, the cost of the housing at the resettlement site is paid by the government budget, especially for maintenance, since the rent accumulated is not enough for covering all building need for refurbishment yearly.

IV.3. Problems in the Karang Roto New Community Based on the interview with the tenants of both housing types, the problems of the new community have been identified, and considered as potential problem in the future.

1) The changing households, mostly from the parent goes to their childrens, This shows that there is no change in the family economic situation. The city government has to evaluate their employment program implemented for the group.

2). Tenant right moved to other person that has no right as tenant. The first tenant rent the unit to other person, the outsider that is not the part of the


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Kali Banger clearance program. In this case, the city government has to evaluate and periodically look in the tenancy contract or agreement. If the new person is a needy family and the first tenant has been well off, the contract must be changed and the tenancy right is given to the new tenant, which from the time being must directly related and tied by the contract with the city government (not as before, with the first tenant).

3). Some of the tenant that has been well off, want to buy the unit, which meant change the city government concept of dwelling the needy family. In this case, the government must protect the poor right and defend the concept. Since the land is government land, if the unit owner move the right to the other people, a new land problem will arise and the government will has difficulty in protecting the land title.

Basically, eventhough the resettlement process was done well by crash

program between many services, but the guidance to the tenant dwellers is not maximally given, and causing them lack of understanding about the city concept. The problem still faced by the Karang Roto dweller is that 60% of them are half unemployed, and become temporary workers. This situation make them unable to pay the low rent. In relation to this problem, the city government has to refresh the mind of the tenant, and made them progressively increase their welfare to faster their ability and economic sustainability. Further, they are able to lease out their dependency to the government subsidy, and moved out to a more appropriate normal house by themselves. The rest 40% are well off but do not want to move out from the settlement. This is the case of ” free ride”. For them, the government has to enforce the rule, and not allow the tenancy right to change to owner of the unit. The precedent will be bad example to the rest, and the needy poor families will gradually loss their right to reside in the rusunawa, since all unit will be taken by the well off. From the affordability side, the well off 40% might not be able to pay the real market price for the units. This is drawn from their perception about the price, that is counted from the subsided price, not the real market price. V. THE PUBLIC POLICY ANALYSES OF THE SOLUTION FOR

CAKRAWALA CASE Differ from Kalibanger case, the Cakrawala case is not related to the poor

but the land stealing. It is not publik case but private, and the worst is, it can not solved using government budget, yet. The demolition of the illegal houses on the site had plunged most of the illegal dwellers to the poor catagory.

Based on the city government common responsibility, the poor need to be served and protecting with social security programs. This, of cource, follows and is guided by the government standard on social security, and not based on the people will. The Semarang city government has social security program for homeless, beggars, and other social urban pathologies, in minimum basis, and done by the Social Service unit. However, it is doubt to be able use the social fund for solving Cakrawala problem, especially on the people will. This is the problem’s strong point, and might be the inner difficulty of the process in the government part in helping the group.


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VI. CONCLUSION Comparing the two cases, the Karang Roto resetlement process definitely

is different from the Cakrawala resettlement would be process. As the government program, Karang Roto preparation was fully financed by many government institutions. The Cakrawala process is not part of any government program, and the case still left many problems especially among the dwellers themselves: they do not made up their mind yet about the location where they will be relocated, they still think that their case is a public case.

Learn from the Karang Roto relocation, the government might take the example of the housing provision process. This is done with the pre condition that the ex Cakrawala inhabitants must willingly become and treated as ”the poor”, in order to have right to use the city budget, and to be part of the public programs. The programs can be social rehabilitation or relocation. VII. RECOMENDATION The possible application of the Karang Roto process model to the ex Cakrawala inhabitants housing program

The different trigger and solution status between the Kalibanger and Cakrawala, had caused the comparison imbalanced. From the housing provision model, in the Cakrawala case, the factor to be concerned is the financial share between public, the city government, and private involeved in the case, the legal land owners.

The lack of political and regulation support for theprovision process, might create a new type of financial procedure, in which the cash is provided by the private institution for individual base, and the city government act as guarantor. The process for ex Cakarawala inhabitants will be different since ther is no coinsidental factor, that made a government crash program is posible. As public server, the city government might directing and providing the small credit for the people, to secure their employment and income, which made them able to pay their housing credit in turn. The government provision on rental housing for the poorest group, can be included in the construction of settlement for social disturbed people. This is in line with the stricker budget rule, and the little support from political parties. Since this housing project is not economically viable, counted as consumption, and will need maintenance for longer time. On the contrary, the rent will never meet the cost for maintenance and this meant more budget must be spent in the subsidy side. More over, the government has to prepare public infrastructure for the new settlement.

With all of the possibilities, the using of Karang Roto process for solving Cakrawala case problem will force the city government to be more meticulously chose which the right group to be given housing subsidy. The choise may be in three levels of financing program: full credit from financial institution for building private house, full credit for tenancy in the government rental housing, and subsidy from the government for living in the public housing for social disturbed people (social rehabilitation center).

Finally, the team work for Cakrawala case, needs to learn all financing models for every different group, and anticipate the possibility of the third party intervention and the moving political angles, that always accompany the land dispute, the clearance activity, and the relation to the public election time. At least, the team needs to put the case in its right position when it will become a private


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and a public case, and mature the people understanding on the government affair and its difficulties in regard to the case.

Figure 7. The written wall of Cakrawala after the demolition REFERENCES Poerwawinata, Wasis, 1999, Pelaksanaan Resettlement di Kelurahan Karang

Roto Kotamadya Dati II Semarang, Semarang City Administration publication.

.--, Profile Rumah Susun Sewa Sederhana, Rumah Sewa, Pondok Boro, Milik

Pemkot Semarang,-- Semarang City Administration publication. Suara Merdeka, Jawa Pos, and Kompas dailies, 2005-2007, especially on the news

on Cakrawala Case. Other sources, in the form of: field observation result, the result of interview

done with the stafs of City Planning, Housing and City Spatial Planning, and interview with the community of Karang Roto and ex inhabitants of Cakrawala on site.


Conference Topic

2

’ Housing Innovasion and Community Participation ’


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NATURALISM APPROACH FOR HOUSING AND FACILITIES PROVIDES FOR LOW INCOME TARGET GROUPS

Jamilla Kautsary, Mila Karmilah

(Email: [email protected])

Abstract

Housing and facilities provide programs for low-income family are not simple effort. All effort hasn’t brought the good solution, and the bigger problem surround housing and settlement today never meet the solution. This happen because all the approach never look the real problem or what the real happened in that group. This paper presents the alternative approach that can be use, so all the programs will help to solve the real problem and reach the target group. Keyword: low income family, housing facilites I. INTRODUCTION

The point of settlement and housing represent basic need of human being after clothing and food and have role as center education of family, seedbed of value and culture of live the rising the young generation. In ecological relation framework between human being and its environment settlement hence stand-out that quality of human resource in the future very influenced by quality of settlement and housing where society remain occupying it.

The problems of housing represent the problem of almost entire all developing countries. Explosion resident of urban that cause by highest migration of desa-kota that make the remarkable social cost to requirement of housing which is affordable and other social services (Todaro, 2000).

All effort hasn’t brought the good solution, and the bigger problem surround housing and settlement today never meet the solution. This problems does not only at effort housing delivery, but also to displaced the damage because of the physical condition is minimum requirement of the standard as house remain. Many housing for the poor programs or Kampong Improvement Programs does not meet the segment (low income community) that needs the house.

Besides that the programs not suitable with target group, programs that tend to the determinism and also often does not is responsive with real local problem. As the result various program get criticism from many side among others express that the programs inhuman, creating dirty and new poverty sack, inefficient and not effective because of many facilities which does not function and do not desired by target group (Sudaryono et all, 1996).

When we analyzed more deeper, this problems caused of the development of housing for low income that used of planning theory and determinism approach, urban design, architecture, and even the other studies which only relied on hightech-design traditions, with theories which is relied on the result of planner and designer, and disregard unique environmental character which is designed by ordinary people that built through the local and cultural wisdom that they believed on (Rapoport, 1984).


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II. CASE STUDY II. 1. Fisherman Village in Rembang Sub-Province

Fisherman village spread over in some location as in kec. Kaliori. Some external part of this direct the kampongs especially border on sea, wild reclamation continuing as effect of increasing requirement of housing/settlement although even also abration.

In general this is settlement it’s very crowed with environment condition that dirty and irregular because from early this settlement growing wildly. Besides economic and social condition, infrastructure condition also limited. Whereas live style of the fisherman does not awareness about the important of health and hygiene, this make the settlement become slum. The life style of the people that permissive makes assumed that keep the environmental is not important.

Some programs like kampong improvement programs have been conducted, but didn’t bring good result. From some evaluation to kampong improvement project in Rembang that many facilities and infrastructures that built by the government not suitable with the real conditions, such as cultural and social live of the fisherman. As the example below this: • Housing low income provided using batako, have not enough ventilation to

conduct the wind and size of the roof it’s very low roof size make the people does not want to live their home.

• Construction of facility of MCK (mandi-cuci-kakus) not suitable with their problem, because this facility unable to provide amount of water required to cook and drink and the direction of facilities face “kiblat” that taboo for the people to use its.

• Constructions of utility like road and drainage that only relied on minimum requirement standard without concern to the local characteristic in Rembang cannot accommodate the run off water from south.

• Environmental problems like garbage only seeing as just ash provide. As a result coastal area become full of garbage.

II. 2. Squatter in Banjir Kanal Barat Riverbank

For some people with certain faction, idealism house form and function can be reach. But by dozens faction of low income and "less absolute food" cannot fulfill the idealism, because they still struggle with accomplishment basic need (food). Field data indicate that many people have house in on dangerous and disaster area such as in valley with the slope more than 45º, or garbage place same at Banjir Kanal Barat Riverbanks. They occupied land that which do not be destined as settlement location. As show as this settlement expands with all their limitation, so that the form and dimension of its house also have limitation.

In general society characteristic and house in squatter and slum in Banjir Kanal Barat Riverbanks among are”: (1). Most of resident is included in absolute poverty group who have low and not stable income; (2). They live on habit by doing activity in informal sector and live not far away from their work location; (3). Almost entirety represent dwelling place at the same time workplace “home based enterprise” and stay in worst environment; (4) Used construction material highly varied from patch up materials without freshmen and securing.

With the condition of course is not easy for government to handle this problem. The effort to handle the squatter have come too far unintentionally


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which have extend this of course cost money which by dozens, but if do not handle also will generate more bigger social cost.

II. 3. Fisherman Village in Sendang Sikucing

Settlement of fisherman in Bandengan is construct by Government of Quait state in 2002 to recolacated some of fisherman in Kendal Riverbank. Administratively the location resides in RW III. This Project is executed by because problems of settlement environment which uppermost enough and can be seen visually for example:

(a). In general the condition of environment housing of fisherman in area of Bandengan consist of permanent house, semi permanent house and house non permanent. (b). There is no good drainage system and also the lack of awareness of citizen to look after river of Kendal, so that mount sedimentation at river and in turn less functioning it as drainage system.

(c). Provide of facility dismissal of garbage (TPS) also not made yet so that some of citizen perforce to throw away garbage around Kendal Riverbank.

(d). The Physical Condition of settlement of fisherman in general in a condition less competent dwell and do not fulfill healthy house criterion. Lack to maintain of residence and the environment, causing the condition of slum.

(A) Road condition that caused by drainage which cant function, (B) Channel drainage condition (prime survey, 2006)

From many of problems which there in Bandengan settlement regarding

appearance and quality of building which still not fulfilled healthy simple house standard yet, hence most of its the worst condition of facility on location. Unfortunately all effort to improve and to provide a good facility include utility cannot solve that entire problem because developer build facility incompletely, bad behavior and social economic condition of the local community. II. 4. Bumi Pucang Gading Resident

Bumi Pucang Gading Resident represents one of resident in Sub-Province of Demak that built physical concept of Low Income Housing (Rumah Sangat Sederhana). This conception is represent development of concept from core house that giving opportunity to all dweller to develop house as according to monetary ability.

From units of house that been developed look that goodness of design existing construction and material quality not fully accepted by dweller. The other side, flexibility developed by the developer (Perumnas) still cannot accommodate


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dynamics requirement and appetite of the dweller. This phenomenon that can be show from 77% houses have been altered (17 total/reconstruction and 60% just a part). This all happened because housing for the low-income family not only just for settlement but also place to work (small and medium enterprise).

Besides there are some other phenomenon which encountered that demand requirement of marketing from developer (perumnas) also more profiting for middle group. This matter can be seen that the number of house which have been dwelt by but do not occupy. As a result besides dwelt by informal sector (beggar and pemulung) also many damage house to be taken by other to built that house (steal material) building that assumed can good for development of other house that have been occupied.

(A) Many type of house that have been bought by dweller but never been occupied. (B) Building forms after change and economics activity (prime survey, 2007)

From various case study above seen that effort of repair facility in housing

for the lower income not such an easy matter. Planning approach, which tend to determinism and only regulated in minimum requirement standard, only generating many new problems. So that strive this need an integrated approach, which capable to place dynamically of house function design to this segment.

III. NATURALISM APPROACH TO PROVIDES HOUSING FOR LOW

INCOME FAMILY Behavioral studies expand from psychology science, and later supported also

by other discipline that tend to have the character of positivism or determinism. They named Structuralism and also Functionalism.

Both of them have related between environment and behavior by mechanism and positivism by making moderate related complexity between, stimulants, and respond. Disgruntled researchers with simple clarification that entire behavioral forms of human being represent or functions of respond linear of environment surround them later develop new approach that in the form of naturalism approach.

This new approach aim to remain to depict and explain the relation and complexity between environment and behavior. Phenomenology Approach emphasize to the importance of understanding of which is sympathetic to be based of clarification, which is holistic/integrated. Approach of phenomenology do not suggest to understanding thing without partial. (Hariyadi and B. Setiawan, 1995)

Basically, approach framework of behavioral study emphasize that human being background like life norm, embraced trust, norms and values will determine behavior of someone which for example express in way of living and selected role in their society. Furthermore, this social and context will determine system of activities or activity of human being ( Rapoport, 1977).


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Activity of society in housing environment in middle group downwards and also kampong cannot simply comprehended by mechanism as a responds to economic stimulus or just biologist, but contain symbol and meaning which have been agreed on between certain human being groups. This approach of course more compatible when used to provide house for low income and for repair of traditional kampong, considering house to this group does not only functioning as dwelling place

During the time the question many expert about possibility the economic factor enrolment become dominant. Factor of religion this will progressively attenuate its influence to form at cheap pattern. In society situation which tend to capitalism and secular, aspect of religion possible progressively does not play enrolment in house pattern because them more is claiming for flexible function factor to place their activity

Approach that expected will be more can accommodate requirement and desire of candidate dweller of housing or dweller of very dynamic town kampong. This matter remember that house in traditional countrified and also in simple housing/very simple (RS/RSS) very is differing of function with house in housing of middle group.

IV. LESSON LEARN FROM THE CASE STUDY

Minimum requirement standard approach (conventional planning): • Unable to solve the real local problem • Unable to accommodate the local wisdom • Unable to accommodate plural functions of housing for low-income family • Unable to move ability of local community • Unable to explain both the poverty and vulnerability • Create dependent culture of local community • Housing provides for low income and their problem (specially for kampong

improvement program), are very local-based that couldn't be generalized V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

The Conclusion that can be drought from this cases and the approach are: a. House for low income society do not only functioning as settle, but also as

place to work home based-enterprise; b. Housing provides for low income society not reached the target group yet so

that more beneficial to middle group; c. Planning approach, which is determinism in meaning without existence of the

understanding of circumstantial of requirement, will generate more expensive cost and also create slum and poverty in other form.

REFERENCES Agam Marsoyo., 1993, “Program Perbaikan Perumahan Kota Melalui Home-

Based Interprise”, Jurnal Forum Perencanaan dan Pembangunan, Vol. 1. No. 2 Des. PSPPR UGM.

Catanece, A dan Snyder, J.C., 1986, “Pengantar Perencanaan Kota (terj. Sasongko). Erlangga, Jakarta.

Colquhoun, Ian,.2004,”Design Out Crime: Creating Safe and Sustainable Communities”, Architecture Press, Jordan Hill. Oxford OX2 8DP, Brimington.


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Haryadi dan B. Setiawan.,1995,”Arsitektur Lingkungan dan Perilaku”, Pengembangan Pusat Studi Lingkungan, Dirjen Dikti.

Gold, Harry., 2002,”Urban Life and Society”, Printer Hall, New Jersey. Norbet, Schnoenaver., 1992, “History of Housing”, McGill, University School of

Architecture, Canada. Rapoport, A., 1980, “Human Aspects of Urban Form: Toward a Man

Environment Approach to Urban Form dan Design” 2nd Edition, Printed in Great Britain, Wheaton & Co. Ltd, Exeter. Oxfort: Pergamon Press.

Rapoport, A., 1986, “Asal-Usul Budaya Pemukiman, dalam Pengantar Perencanaan Kota. Penyunting Catanese J. A., dan Snyder, terjemahan Sasongko, Airlangga, Jakarta

Roaf, Sue., 2003,”Ecohouse 2 a Design Guide”, Architecture Press, Jordan Hill. Oxford OX2 8DP, Brimington.

Sudaryono, S., 1996, “ Prospek Rumah Sangat Sederhana (RSS) senagai Stratehi Pemecahan Masalah Perumahan Para Miskin Kota Pada PJTP II”,. Kantor Kementrian Negara Riset dan Teknologi, Puspitek.

Yovita A., 2004, “Revitalisasi Kawasan Pecinan Semarang”, Kompas: Jumat, 06 Februari 2004.


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FIND SOLUTION TO HANDLING SLUMS SETTLEMENT IN SEMARANG CITY

Mohammad Agung Ridlo

Chairman Central Studies Planology Faculty of Technology Sultan Agung of Islamic University (UNISSULA), Candidate Doctorate in Programme

Architecture and Urban Technology of Diponegoro University

Abstract

This paper discussed slums settlement in Semarang City. As Capital of Central Java province, Semarang City represented economic growth center and regional growth center, as push factor and pull factor of economic growth activity of hinterland area. The City no longer give freshment to all its dweller, because irregularity of urban services, jam have started felt in some protocol streets, quality of temperature air hot and dry, many impecunious clan in city, slum settlement, informal sector and others. The aim of this research was to study how to solve the problems. Results of the research indicate the existence needing of involvement development policy in handling slums and settlement squatter. Keywords: slums settlement, informal sector, low income people

I. INTRODUCTION City represent result of creature, feel, and human masterpiece which most

complicated and abstruse as long as civilization. So many problems, as effect of importance contention by various party with background, vision, mission and motivation differ one another.

As Capital of Central Java province, Semarang City represent one of attractive region which visited by society from various regional angle of Central Java, even from outside of Central Java Province. As metropolitan (Greater Semarang) representing economic growth center and regional growth center, as push factor and pull factor of economic growth activity of hinterland area.

Its mean that Semarang City functioning as service center even center all activity resulting the happening of circulation, movement or even transfer of resident (read: urbanward migration) .

Incoming resident have different “motive oriented”. There are opening activity opportunity, there are go abroad because searching work or continue education, or just recreation and others. The condition of course giving strong implication to formed morphology of Semarang regional like this time.

That thing have positive effect and also have negative affect, one of them at housing and settlement sector. One side settlement area progressively expand. And also primary service. But in other hand in various town angle tend to slum and inappropriate with environmental standard of healthy settlement.

Growth and change Semarang City, without made balance with requirement of urban services which adequate.


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In turn Semarang City no longer give freshment to all its dweller, because irregularity of urban services, jam have started felt in some protocol streets, quality of temperature air hot and dry, many impecunious clan in city, slum settlement (squatters and also slums), informal sector and others.

II. SLUMS SETTLEMENT PHENOMENON IN SEMARANG CITY

In 2004 amount of impecunious resident as much 59.500 KK or 238.200 soul or 17% from amount of Semarang townie as a whole (1.399.133 soul). The situation also indicate that the problem of social prosperity in Semarang City represent the problem which need to get attention from society and government. Strive abolition of impecunious resident represent challenge forwards to Semarang City government.

Tendency of interconnected to impecunious growth resident seems sliver with spreading of slum settlement location in Semarang City, which progressively year disseminate and big everywhere, as side effects from development, in turn not flattened of development accused as its cause.

In 1963 private party that is YSS (Social Institution of Sugiyopranoto) conducted survey research about slums settlement in Semarang city, get that slums settlement which spread over in Semarang city there are 21 location. Then writer survey in year 2002 in Semarang City there are 42 slums settlement. Condition of the slums settlement seen from standard for the settlement in town, in reality not fulfill standard as competent settlement to human being, slums condition, outworn, indisposed, is not orderly and not regular.

They have low income, residing in village near by their work location. They cannot work in formal sector, so that his economic requirement factor can answer the demand through informal sector which sometimes only can to answer the demand just everyday life. Employment in informal sector which wrestled by worker (stonemason, wood, las), transportation worker (driver, conductor, pedicab), steward, labor, or coolie (in shop, hotel, restaurant, factory), seller remain to or circle, or other effort (middleman, pemulung). Of course their income not too big, even estimated just for living on to fulfill everyday requirement. Amount of very low earnings and under the poorness line only last for requirement eat everyday for them and its family.

It easy for us to find slums settlement location In Semarang City, as in strategic place in Semarang City (around Johar Market, behind white colars complex, behind warehousing, periphery multiply Semarang); in the middle of town (occupying grave farm, in West and also East Floods river Canal, behind peterongan market or shop, in left and right side as long as railway track); or suburban (near by garbage place of exile, above dam, and in coastal periphery, around terminal). Slums settlement location in Semarang City in Table.

Slums Settlement Location in Semarang City in Year 1963 and 2002

Slum Area in Year 1963 Slum Area in Year 2002 North Semarang Utara North Semarang District 1.Krakasan 1. Krakasan 2.Kobong (around the tomb area) 2. Kobong (around the tomb area) 3.Tawang (in the railway station

area) 3. Tawang (int the railway station

area)


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4. Bandarhardjo 5. Kebonharjo 6. Kampung Melayu/Jawa/Arab 7. Tanjungmas 8. Dadapsari 9. Kuningan 10. Purwosari 11. Plombokan 12. Bulu Lor 13. Panggung Kidul 14. Panggung Lor West Semarang District West Semarang District 4.Karang Ayu (near the market) 15. Tawangmas

5.Banjir kanal (along the riverside

area) 16. Karang Ayu (near the market)

6.Bulu (near the market) 17. Banjir kanal (along the riverside area)

7.Bojong Salaman 8.Kalisari (along the riverside

area)

9.Lemah Gempal 10. Gedung Batu Middle Semarang District Middle Semarang District 11. Sleko 18. Sleko 12. Sayangan 19. Sayangan 13. Johar (along the riverside area) 20. Purwodinatan (Sumeneban, along

the riverside area and near the market)

14. Pekojan (around the previous bus shelter)

21. Pekojan

22. Bulu (around the market) 23. Bojong Salaman 24. Kalisari (around the riverside

area) 25. Lemah Gempal East Semarang District East Semarang District 15. Bubakan 26. Bubakan 16. Kenanga (around the street) 27. Dargo (near the market) 17. Dargo (di sekitar pasar) 18. SMA B (in the garden area) South Semarang District South Semarang District 19. Peterongan 28. Peterongan 20. Pandean Lamper 29. Pandean Lamper 21. Bak Anim Tugu District 30. Mangkang Kulon 31. Mangkang Wetan 32. Mangunhardjo


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33. Randugarut 34. Karanganyar 35. Tugurejo 36. Jrakah Genuk District 37. Terboyo Kulon 38. Terboyo Wetan 39. Trimulyo 40. Genuksari Genuksari Gayamsari District 41. Tambakrejo Gunungpati District 42. Sukorejo

Source: • Kantor Yayasan Sosial Sugiyopranoto (YSS) Semarang • Mohammad Agung Ridlo, Karakteristik kemiskinan perkotaan pada

permukiman kumuh dan liar di Kota Semarang, Thesis, MTPK-Undip, 2002

III. WHATS UP WITH SLUMS SETTLEMENT ? Why settlement slums ? Because the settlement usually reside in farm

which disagree with planology for example residing at river bantaran area, railway track, floods disaster gristle area, slide or earthquake

Density of building very high in very limited area, so that gristle to fire danger and environmental contamination appearance.

Social disease gristle and environmental disease for example with appearance various malarian ailment, diarrhoea, dengue, badness, gambling etc. Service public quality very low seen from building structure aspect, external room and building freshment.

Not serve environmental service which adequate or not fulfill minimize condition. Uliginously of cleanness, environmental sanitation, garbage, drainage, air-gap and road. Existing garbage not be burned, however let to scatter so that cause aroma which is not delicate and also become fly den and mosquito.

In turn endanger to life take place and subsistence of its dweller, poorness appearance, security crisis, low quality of education etc.

From legality aspect, slums settlement can be grouped to become two. First, Slums Settlement (referred as slums) representing solid housing area in town, mostly its resident is confronted with the problem of social, economic, environment and physical, but in the case of land right and ownership, altogether. Both, wild and Slums Settlement (referred as squatters) representing place live, which in all matter equal to slums, aside from the case of ownership of land is not legal.

Why all slums settlement dweller to constantly within location which improper dwell thely? high resistance from all the slums settlement dweller is distance which is near among settlement with wrestled employment centers.

Invasive location by all migrant to be made by settlement environment non specified location as settlement area. So that the settlement not simply is slums (slums) but wild also or not legal (squatters), because them occupying farm which non its property without permission or rights.


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IV. FIND SOLUTION TO HANDLING SLUMS SETTLEMENT To find solution to settlement which not simply slums (slums) but wild

also (squatters), by comprehending idea road all. They are who live in squatters area seems is true have feel guarantee inexistence and security in occupying the farm, so that which emerge is environmental degradation. Then they nor have strong motivation to invest its production in improve residence and his environment, because they know at any times can condemned. The more important for them is how to obtain production so that can live?

Seems the condition of environment which improper dwell and reside in below the mark without adequate facilities and basic facilities, not become big problem. contiguity of their Residence with employment, like informal sector (as market labor, industrial labor and building coolie, workshop, processing of ex-materials or garbage, and others), seems exactly represent much more important determinant.

Beside that fact indicate that impecunious clan or poppa clan take exception to once leave its dwelling, although improper dwell, because they not wish losing of social-economy network which have been formed. This matter require to be paid attention by urban manager and also all maker policy and determinant and program to concerning resettlement or condemned (relocation or resettlement) impecunious society.

Its mean that handling settlement “slums” and “squatters” require to be related to its society social-economy. They entitled to get competent life and not “criminal”

Need the existence of involvement development policy in handling slums and settlement squatter, on the chance can give concrete contribution of the area handling morely directional and comprehensive, and non simply handling which often not find target effect of to the number of uncertainties.

For the reason, some program to increase level and prosperity live slums society and settlement squatter are : 1. Up dating data (register and identification) location spreading of slums and

squatters settlement 2. Determining handling program as according to slums location and squatters

settlement 3. Principal of slums handling and squatters settlement is not legal (according to

planology method). 4. Program slums handling socialization and squatters settlement addressed to

start from governmental officer in sub-district level, elite figure up to society member, by formal (invited to sub-district), door to door and also informal ways

5. Handling base on Tri Bina Plus : construct human being, construct economics and construct environment and also legality

6. Continuity and improvement in its life have to according at convergent development or or CAP (Community Action Plan). That way also with execution process and management of its development have to really comprehended by them feeling.

7. forming and reinforcement of institute, in this case require to be unionized is self-supporting of society (Self-Supporting and Institute KSM) of Social (LSK) to become program target citizen organization, good to community level and also for the countryside level


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8. Compilation of Plan act for slums and squatters settlement and as according to handling program for 5 (five) years forwards, becoming the part of countryside plan/sub-district and legalized in countryside level / sub-district and in town level.

REFERENCES Chapin, F.S. Jr. dan E.J. Kaiser , 1978, Urban Land Use Planning, Urbana:

Illinois University Prees. Gallion, A.B. dan S. Eisner, 1992, Pengantar Perencanaan Kota, Jilid I,

(Terjemahan Susongko dan J. Hakim), Erlangga, Jakarta. Jayadinata, J.T. 1992, Tata Guna Tanah dalam Perencanaan Pedesaan, Perkotaan

& Wilayah, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung. Kistanto, Nurdien H, 2002, Identifikasi Masalah dalam Penelitian Sosial, Pusat

Penelitian Sosial-Budaya, Lembaga Penelitian Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang.

Ridlo, Mohammad Agung, 2001, Urban Poverties, Unissula Press, Semarang. Ridlo, Mohammad Agung, 1995, Masalah Gagasan dan Strategi Perencanaan

Pembangunan Kota-Desa (Idea and Planning Strategy Urban – Rural Development), Kumpulan Essay penulis di beberapa Media Surat Kabar di Indonesia (The writers essay in several daily news in Indonesia), Tidak diterbitkan (unpublished), Semarang.

Soetomo, Sugiono, 2002, Dari Urbanisasi Ke Morfologi Kota, Mencari Konsep Tata Pembangunan Kota Yang Beragam, Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang.

Sujarto, Djoko, 1977, Konsep-konsep Perencanaan Pengembangan Kota, Departemen Planologi, Institut Teknologi Bandung.

Sujarto, Djoko, 1984, Modul Kuliah: Perencanaan Kota, Program Perbaikan Kampung, Departemen Planologi, Institut Teknologi Bandung.

Sujarto, Djoko, 1989, Pemahaman Hakekat Kota Baru Indonesia, Program Pasca Sarjana - Strata 3, Departemen Planologi, Institut Teknologi Bandung.


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SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES IN SLUM AREA (A RESIDENTIAL CASE IN THE FLOOD

PLAIN OF BENGAWAN SOLO RIVER, SUBDISTRICT OF PUCANGSAWIT, SURAKARTA)

Muranti Jani Rahayu1 , Rutiana D2

Abstract

Slum area’s occupants is one of economic, social and politic marginal community. This community marginal complexity bears many problems by which if unresolved well it could be endemic problems in wider social scale. A community contribute their participation in all development level if they have sufficient capabilities. A community capabilities development needs a continual efforts according to the existing condition. From this condition, it elaborated with mapping of existed support and potential/barrier, for the development community support strategies. As the initial step is the existing condition mapping to identify the profile a slum area community, problems and identification for necessarily accomodated needs in planning program and city development activities. This research has several objectives, such are obtain the description of economic and social condition of suburban district’s occupants in flood plain of Bengawan Solo River, and obtain formulation of the agenda necessary in development planning program of Surakarta city. By qualitative approach, the exploration phase research uses meta-analysis technique, to identify the suburban district’s occupants, problems and identify the necessarily accomodated needs. Keywords: participative, strategy, slum area

I. INTRODUCTION Slum area is a residential environment in which crowd, inbalance width by

it occupants, rest and shelter place function houses from heat, cold and rain, irregular environment and housing, temporarily buildings, non-planned development, less infrastructure (cleaning facilities, clean waste, sanitation, electricity, alleys, vile environment and disease resource), less social facilities (school, praying house, medication hall), generally non-fixed and non-formal employment and business societies, non-owner occupants, low education, unregistered civilian (outsiders), flood and fire prone and also disease susceptible (Hetty Adriasih, 2004). All of those characteristics above related with physically slum area’s occupants. The physical condition existence of a community could be a result from interrelationship, or evenmore causalities, byt their economically and socially existence. The slum area’s occupant is one of an economic, social and politic marginal community. Whereas this community characteristics is sufficiently representating highly parts of Indonesian societies, that is poor 1 Lecturer in Urban Planning (PWK), Department of Architecture, Sebelas Maret University (UNS) 2 Lecturer in Department of Public Administration, Sebelas Maret University (UNS)


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society. Theoretically, this community is a necessarily served with pro poor policies agenda priority. Thus, it is important to explore the suburban district’s occupant profile, not only from spatial or physical building dimension, but also from social economic perspective. This could be important because the development’s final objective is supporting citizen to develop theirself.

This research particularly provides answers about the social strategy of slum area in flood plain of Bengawan Solo River by which necessarily accomodated in development planning of Surakarta city from physical environment, social and economic aspects. While this research aimed to obtain the description about social economic condition of slum area’s occupant in flood plain of Bengawan Solo River, and obtain the necessarily strategy agenda of development program planning of Surakarta city.

This research is in exploration stage, by meta-analysis technique, to identify the suburban district’s occupants profile, problems and identify their necessarily accomodated needs in planning program and city development activities. The data analysis based interpretive interactionism, that is oversight human behavior – what they say and do – as a product from people who interpretated their own world. This method attempts to understand the mean of any event and human interaction in their specific situation.

This research is also orientated on some cases with specific characteristics along with the research objectives, to obtained the deepened means. According to the characteristic and issues of this research, the chosen research approach is qualitative approach (Poerwandari, 2001: 24-25).

II. THE PROFILE OF SLUM AREA OCCUPANTS (Nurwidina, 2005)

This research located on flood plain area of Bengawan Solo river, administratively included in Subdistrict of Pucangsawit. Subdistrict of Pucangsawit consist of 15 administrative units and 3 amongst them is in the edge of Bengawan Solo river, that are RW VI, RW VIII, and RW XIII.

The occupants of flood plain of Bengawan Solo river are of 347 families. The description of their physical condition (housing and environment) and social economic is as follows.

II. 1. Physical Residential Condition

Map of Research Location


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II. 2. Physical Environment Condition

Picture of Flood Housing Condition

The residential environment of flood plain of Bengawan Solo river is an

unauthorized residential because located in Proyek Bengawan Solo (PBS) certificated area, and including in suburban environment category with the public facilities and environment infrastructures are less from the standardized. The housing condition, inter-closedly housing and located in the edge of a river made this village seen crowded and disorganized, and also flood susceptible. The visible physical characteristics are: (1) dense environment, the availability of land and housing needs is imbalance; (2) the average of the most residential is 20 m2, dominated with non-permanent housing; (3) cement made passageway, holowed and 2 m width; (4) a cleaning public facilities for each 40 families; (5) unavailability for drainage channel and garbage dumping; (6) limited public facilities: meeting hall, public telephone, a neighborhood security post and (7) open space for public area is not available. II. 3. Public Facilities

The analysis on public facilities conducted to know properness of a residential as an institution which is functioned as residential environment/ occupation/activities location supporting life and subsistence. The existed public facilities such are health, religious, education, sports and open space and also public service infrastructures. II. 4. Social and Culture Condition

Inter-closedly housing provides a positive impact towards social relationship. High interdependent and familiarity feeling always come up on neighborhood relation. Nonetheless, sometimes little conflict could be happen. Such are dispute between their little children. In neigborhood relationship needs inter-understandable behavior. Housing condition which are closedly each other is very conducive for disease spreading.

Social behavior related with garbage dumping is good enough. Although they’re staying in flood plain area, but they’re not dumps their garbage to the river. They’re collecting garbages and directly burn it in their houseyard. This because of in this area, there are no garbage dump yet, so there are no particular management for garbages. Societies have those behavior because their consciousness about the danger threaten their life if the garbages plugging water of the river.


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The societies behavior towards new comers is not familiar. They’re uneasily accept unknown people. This careless and uncomfort feeling often make people confused. They’re still unrelated with outsiders. This could be affect on their mindset development which result in their mindset less developed. The acceptance toward information flows and science improvement are also obstructed. This could be affect on their development level and regional improvement.

1. Education Level Their average education level is junior high school. Most of them more

likely oriented on fulfilling basic needs rather than education needs. They’re willing to be un-educated as long as they could be well and happily. 2. Security Level

Despite they have relatively low education level, but social familiarity and interrelated feeling are still close. This could be able improving comfort and secure atmosphere and feeling. The existence of security post usually utilized to playing cards, relaxing, and socializing. This condition sometimes reflect that this area mostly impressed as a crime center. 3. Economy

The amounts of flood plain of Bengawan Solo river occupants is of 347 families. Most of them (90%) employed as handymen and industrial labor, and most of the female unemployed. In this environment, there are few household industries (bread and plastic) which are not developed yet. Most of society’s employment is as labor, both in reconstruction and industry. Mostly in every family, it is only husband and or adult/school graduated family member who employed. As a labor their income is more or less Rp. 500.000,- per month. Some families, household mothers open small business such as small shop to sell primarily needs, villager meals and also bread and plastic industry. The existence of safe and loan cooperation of youth association in every neighborhood unit felt to be less assisted on societies. This because of limited available on treasury fund so the loan gave in insignificant amount, that is between 10-20 thousands.

The other effort to support family economy is maintaining livestock such like sheeps by some of the family. This livestock sold on every sacrifice holiday, by it prices of about 200 thousands. The low of family income causes inability to educate their children until senior high level. So elementary/junior high level graduated children, for the average have their same employment as their father did, as construction and industry labor. III. THE FLOOD PLAIN OF BENGAWAN SOLO RIVER OCCUPANTS

STRATEGY The identified profile of suburban societies in flood plain of Bengawan

Solo river in which consisted of internal factors (strength, weakness) and external factors (opportunities and threat), then the next important aspect is determining the strategy which is expected to be part of the city annual development planning agenda and medium term development planning or also long term development planning.

Strategy is such a way to achieve it purposes, besides as a step in conducting base alteration of particular condition understanding. The used


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strategic formulation is SWOT (strength, weakness, opportunities, threat). The strategy obtained by combining each elements with this question: 1) Using the existed strength, what opportunities is to be achieved? The answer

above result in SO strategy. 2) Overcoming x’s weakness, what opportunities is to be achieved? The answer

above result in WO strategy. 3) Using the existed strength, what threat is to be overcame? The answer above

result in ST strategy. 4) Overcoming x’s weakness, what threat is to be overcame? The answer above

result in WTstrategy. Then, this following matrix presents each indication above:

SWOT ANALYSIS MATRIX SLUM AREA DEVELOPMENT PLANNING STRATEGY

( A Residential Case in the Flood Plain of Bengawan Solo River, Sub District of Pucangsawit, Surakarta )

External Factors

Opportunities (O) Threat (T)

Internal Factors

O1. Governmental block grant in maintaining and increasing the availability of public facilities and social activities. O2. Opportunities to get funding assistance from cooperate banks and also other credit institution. 03. Opportunities to get transportation tools from region government. O4. Opportunities in home industries development. O5. Opportunities in mansion development.

T1. The existing landslide risk. T2. River area exploitation. T3. Condemnation. T4. Fire. T5. Flood T6. Insufficient Embankment condition. T7. Home industries waste.

Strength (S) SO Strategy ST Strategy S1. Fulfilled religious, education and health facilities. S2. Security post in every administrative unit is available. S3. Youth association and family welfare program. S4. Safe and loan cooperation. S5. Bread and plastic home industry

S1-S3-O1. Utilizing government subsidy to develop youth association and family welfare program as the positive activity means for societies with the construction of particular building. S1-S2-O3. The government subsidy use to maintain and renovate public facilities. S3-O4. Region development for home industries using local human resources, in order to increase social welfare and decrease unemployment.

S3-T1-T2-T3-T6. Using youth association and family welfare program to provide illumination about how to making a relation with environment. S1-T4-T5. Prevent action/spread information about natural disaster by reforestation activity. S5-T7. Processing home industries waste. S4-T3. Saving in cooperation to mansion payment.


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Weakness (W) WO Strategy WT Strategy

W1. Unavailable transportation. W2. Insufficient standardized road W3. Unavailable drainage channel W4. Unavailable public dumping W5. Unavailable meeting hall and activity infrastructures W6. High density occupation W7. Unavailable safe and loan cooperation office W8. Unavailable public telephone facilities W9. Less green area W10. Vile housing environment

W2-W3-W4-W5-W6-W8-W9-O1. Using government subsidy to road widening and renovation, public phone and public dumping and also providing meeting hall, building for such activities and opens space infrastructures. W1-W2-O1-O3. Utilizing government assistance to fulfil transportation needs. W7-W10-W11-O1-O5. Mansion construction with government subsidy in skim and price reached by the community and green area requirements.

W10-T5. Improving green area infrastructure to prevent flood occurence. W3-W4-W7-T1-T2-T5. Reforestation and tracering system in flood plain area. W1-W2-W4-W5-W6-W7-W8-W9-W11-T3-T4-T6. Using standardized alternative mansion, both main and supporting infrastructure.

From the matrix above, the necessarily agenda for suburban district

strategy in the city development planning are: 1. Physical needs

Several public facilities which are necessarily needs for this community are: a. The mansion developing with skim and price reached by the communities. b. Public meeting location as the communities meeting infrastructure, to be

information dissemination mean from government or other institution, community discussion to studying their internal problems, association means, social money inter-circulate activities, etc.

c. Information board facility in several places as the conveying tool of important information.

d. Subdistrict transportation means. 2. Economic Needs

The community collective needs such are work opportunities and income improvement chances. The necessity agenda to reach this objective is capital assistance, work opportunities information, training priority and functional technology.

3. Social Needs This communities facing sufficiently serious problems in education,

caused of unability to pay the education cost. Therefore, the government need to provide specific subsidy for children education funding with possible skim.

Other urgent necessity is basic health service, especially for mother and infants. The government need to allocate fund to basic health service through Posyandu. Social health insurrance necessarily socialized in order they easily accesses the subsidized health service.


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This communities have strong interrelationship. This strength could be the base for the community’s capacity development collectively, both economic or social capacity strengthen to make up their residential environment.

IV. CONCLUSION

The next stage problem is how these strategies enter the city and subdistrict development planning agenda. Several experiences on development budgeting realization, the portion is less than 10% from total budget, and also social assistance program for minorities in suburban subdistrict in city level.

This research hypothesis assumed that the marginal communities strategy agenda could be formulate in city and subdistrict development planning if the community have their sufficient bargaining power in development planning process. The strengthen of this community bargaining power could be performed if the assistance supports existed from outsider as the facilitator. The assistance role needed by this community is reinforcing on their rights and obligation as citizen, how to make up their rights and obey their obligation. REFERENCES Astuti, Winy. Laporan Penyusunan Panduan (reference manual) dan Sylabus di

bidang Perumahan Swadaya. Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2006 Adriasih, Hetty.Kebijakan Publik dalam Menanggulangi Peningkatan Penderita

Akbiat Pencemaran Air di Wilayah DKI Jakarta. Publikasi Internet FE UI. 2004

Darwin, Muhadjir. Memanusiakan Rakyat Penanggulangan Kemiskinan sebagai Arus Utama Pembangunan. Yogyakarta: Benang Merah, 2005

Nurwidina, Rizki, dkk. "Permasalahan Daerah Bantaran Sungai Bengawan Solo". Laporan Mata Kuliah Kota Permukiman 2. Universitas Sebelas Maret: Jurusan Ilmu Arsitektur, 2005

Poewandari, Kristi. Pendekatan Kualitatif untuk Penelitian Perilaku. Jakarta : LPSP3 Fak. Psikologi UI. 2001

Rapoport,A. Pengantar. Sejarah Perencanaan Perkotaan. Bandung : Intermatra.; 1990

Rapoport,A. History and Presedent in Environmental Design. Baverly Hills : Saga Publications, 1982

Soelaiman, Munandar. Dinamika Masyarakat Transisi Mencari Alternatif Teori Sosiologi dan Arah Perubahan.Jakarta: Rajawali, 1996

Badan Perencanaan dan Pembangunan Daerah. Rencana Umum Tata Ruang Kota Surakarta. 2002.

Badan Perencanaan dan Pembangunan Daerah. Rencana Teknis Tata Ruang Kota Surakarta. 2002.

Dinas Kesejahteraan Rakyat Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Keluarga Berencana. Rencana Kerja Tahunan, 2006.

Muskelbang Kelurahan Pucangsawit, 2005


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“RECONSTRUCTING SHELTER – REBUILDING LIVES” LESSON LEARNED FROM THE DISASTER

RESPONSE PROGRAM IN YOGYAKARTA AND CENTRAL JAVA

Henry Feriadi

- Department of Architecture Duta Wacana Christian University, Yogyakarta

- Habitat for Humanity, Yogyakarta (Email: [email protected])

Abstract

Reconstructing shelter and rebuilding lives are two aspects which need to be considered primarily in the disaster response program. Realizing that the initiatives and plans taken by the government were not sufficiently to solve the problems, the greater roles and more active participation from the other stack holders such non government organisations are expected. This paper highlights some lesson learned from the reconstruction and rehabilitatation efforts in Yogyakarta and Central Java which were organised by Habitat For Humanity Indonesia. It shares some thought and experiences about the community organising and how the people participation can be brought into concrete and synergetic action. Reconstruction effeort needs to be well planned and implemented innovatively as an important step of sustainable community development in the future. Keywords: reconstruction, community, participation, volunteerism, I. INTRODUCTION On 27 May 2006, the earthquake of 5,9 Richter scale has damaged more than 230 thousands houses in the disaster area of Yogyakarta and Central Java. It is estimated that more than 5000 people were died and another thousands of people were wounded. After the earthquake, majority of the people took refuge in tents or at public building that still available (mosques, schools, government offices, etc). They were sheltered into tents which are not sufficient for temporary shelters and lack of public toilets (MCK), clean water supply, and unhealthy location (watery and muddy during raining time). The government as well as many Non Government Organsiation (NGO’s) has been trying to help and providing support in the reconstrcution and rehabilitation process. The Indonesian Government had promised to provide financial (cash) support up to 30 million rupiahs (later has been revised to only 15 millions rupiahs) for each family whose house was collapsed (heavy damage). Many NGO’s have applied some alternative support in the form of providing plastic tarps, tents, temporary shelter, permanent shelter, water sanitation etc. This paper discuss some lesson learned (experience) in planning and coordinating the shelter reconstrcution effort which have been carried out by Habitat for Humanity Indonesia (HFHI) since May 2006 to present.


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II. DISASTER RESPONSE CONSIDERATIONS The concept of reconstruction and rehabilitation need to consider some important aspects as follows: 1. After the phase of emergency relief had been completed, the process of

reconstruction and rehabilitation should be strategically planned and must be part of a sustainable shelter program in the future.

2. The shelter program should acknowledge that the greatest potential to recover is within the community. The potential is not in term of money or materials but also the spirit (willingness) to recover and rebuild their lives.

3. The reconstruction and rehabilitation process must require active participation from community and the role of the broader external participations are expected to speed up the process.

4. The external supports are not perceived as gifts but initial stimulants which community are expected to contribute. The supports are not necessarily in the form of cash (money).

III. RECONSTRUCTION STRATEGY Understanding the above considerations, HFHI proposed three important strategies as follows:

1. Community Organising 2. Reconstruction Process Management 3. Volunteer Management

Each strategy is very closely related and can be further described as follows: III.1. Community Organising This approach is very significant and has at least four purposes such as: 1. Building up a common understanding on their current conditions, needs and

expectations. It is important to understand not only their physical conditions (the shelter damage) bu also their emotional conditions (spiritual damage) as well. In some cases, they need more urgently some help in family counselling, trauma healing etc. In the case that they are ready to rebuild their shelter, it is necessary to make formal group commitment to agree to work together (gotong royong).

2. Conducting needs identifications which includes: discussing the list of urgency and priority, understanding volume of work (work load), analysing the strength and weaknesses of the group.

3. Encouraging the community participation which include: inspiring the volunteerism bot internal and external, estimating the needs of labour (man hours), strengthening the spirit of working together.

4. Supporting the community leadership to lead and sustain the program in the future, to strengthen (enhance) the local leadership networking from RT, RW (neighbourhood), Dusun (kampong), Desa (village), Kecamatan (District) etc.


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In many villages, the spirit to rebuild and recover people life are very encouraging. Communities are very cooperative and supportive to HFHI reconstruction programs (Figure 1).

Figure 1: 90 years old lady collecting the brick to be re-used in her house

III.2. Reconstruction Process Management This aspects is very central and urgent to be properly addressed due to the large scale of simultaneous construction works. In general, the management in the reconstuction process need to answer various issues in the three categories namely Building Design, Construction Methods and Project management. 1. Building Design Considering the significant number of the families lost their houses and as immediate response for shelter needed, HFHI, complimentary to government shelter program, will provide earthquake resistance Initial Core House (ICH). The design of the ICH and the possible shelter extension are presented in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Initial Core House and its extended version HFHI provide permanent houses made of reinforced concrete structural frame and bricks. The purpose is to assist the victims by provision of fund, building materials that not available locally such cement, “know how” and equipment for construction. This will enable them to have simple and better permanent core


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house as immediate safe shelter for their family members and also for their belongings while they were waiting for government shelter support. It also contributes as start up before they were able to build house based on their needs and own financial capacity. It is also necessary to provide design services such as kampong plan, construction manual, pictorial drawing, etc. The ICH design is proposed to accommodate the use of recycle materials such as brick and available wooden frame and roof structure that were found from the debris cleaning. 2. Construction Methods Debris clearing was the first activities where local community and volunteers organized by HFHI work hands in hands. The process helped the families to prepare for their future houses land plot in immediate time and also create new hope in the hardest time of despair through interactions with the volunteers. Through debris clearing reusable materials will be separated for future uses. CoToMu (Construction Tools Mobile Units) was provided to the selected communities on needs basis for debris cleaning that fasten the cleaning process. The house was designed to fulfill the needs for safety (earthquake resistant structure), protection against rain and heat, staying overnight for a family, safe storage. The ICH has the size around 18m2. The house frames was made of reinforced concrete and also other construction material which is still can be used. The foundation of the house uses stone dan concrete tie beam foundation. Wall section will consist of 1 meter brick wall and fiber cement or woven bamboo wall claddings. Roofing will use corrugated fiber cement (non asbestos material) which are commonly accepted in the area. Usually ICH can be completed within approximately 3 weeks after the completion of the foundation work. The community involvement and concept of “sweat equity” – gotong royong –, which is part the culture of Jogjakarta local community, are used in the construction stage when appropriate. The estimated cost of the house is IDR.15, 000, 000, - (USD 1.666) including materials, transportation, Habitat Resource Center construction services, and administration cost. 3. Project Management HFHI adopted community based and participation approach, has partnered with local formal and informal organizations/leaders and the community members for needs identification, recipient selection, community preparation & organizing, construction implementation. In each community, HFHI has provided the basic materials for the construction such as cement, steel bar and fibre cement corrugated roofing. In most cases, bulk buying has been choosen to make sure that the the project got the best available price and supply. The community which were divided in group of 10-12 families, are actively involved in distributing, keeping the security of the materals and monitoring the construction process. IV. VOLUNTEER MANAGEMENT The objectives of the program are explained as follows: • Raising awareness of volunteerism spirit and extending volunteers network. • Sharing the “calling” within individual, corporation, organization through

action such as debris clearing, advocate, fundraiser, builder etc.


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• Mobilization of skill based volunteers such as “Barefoot architect” for design and construction stages. They engaged in the implementation program such as community education, field architectural studio etc (Figure 3a,b) .

International Volunteer programs were also organised for the international “first builders initiative”, volunteer organization, and donors when appropriate (security, and local authority permission are the main consideration). As part of the program HFHI invited the group of employee from the donors companies to directly involved lending helping hand to the community (Figure 4).

V. TOWARD SUSTAINABLE PROGRAM The implementation of the program will also consider the possibility of future involvement of HFHI in provision of shelter through regular, non grant program “Save and Build program”, where provision of simple and decent permanent houses with community involvement and revolving fund methodology will be the goals.

Figure 3a: Volunteer’s help in the design process

Figure 3b: Community education

Figure 4: NOKIA volunteer team at dusun Kralas


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The challenge is the transition of an aid program towards a sustainable program where repayment of loan required. As the first affiliate in Indonesia, HFH Jogjakarta affiliate prior disaster already built a total of more than 300 houses through “Save & Build program”. Few months after the disaster program has run, the reconstruction support was diversified by adding new alternative funding called Participative Funding. The homepartner will contribute 50% of resources needed (cash or in kind) and HFH will then lend the other 50% in the form of building materials that need to be repaid in three years. So far, the response to this program is very positive especially for the families who had not been qualified for the Government reconstruction fund. In the future, this type of funding will be broadened to include house renovation projects for light and medium damage houses. VI. CONCLUSION In conclusion there are four primary considerations for rehabilitation and reconstruction stage: 1. The rehabilitation and reconstruction implementation should be strategically

planned and sustainable to achieve maximum leverage 2. The greatest potential resources are within the local community and the

program should be driven by the community themselves. 3. The broader external participations are expected to speed up the process such

as Volunteers. 4. The external supports for leveraging the program REFERENCES Fuller, Millard. 1995. Simple and Decent Place to Live. Word Publishing. USA.

Fuller, Millard. 1986. No More Shacks. Word Publishing. USA.


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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT OF URBAN SLUMS THROUGH COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT

CASE STUDY OF BULAK BANTENG DISTRIC, SURABAYA

Dewi Septanti

Laboratory for Housing and Human Settlements Department of Architecture – ITS (Email: [email protected] )

Abstract

Surabaya, as a mega-urban growth center, also faces the difficult problem of poverty alleviation within its slum areas. The restricted purchasing power due to inflation, rising prices of daily necessities such as food and fuel, and continuously worsening environmental conditions in slum areas makes it very difficult for poor people in the slums to improve their homes and immediate environments on their own. To prevent or address this likelihood, planning response necessitates a program for such clusters of poverty, which can help to improve the quality of life at the community level by leveraging available human resources overcoming the presently debilitating physical, environmental, and economic conditions of such settlements. Several kinds of effort have been conducted by the government to address these issues. Nevertheless, there are still many slum areas in Surabaya, which are need to be improved. The program emphasize community needs by jointly engaging these slum communities in discussions and activities to identify and resolve the problems that they have to face and evolve responses, keeping in mind specific community abilities and needs. It is expected that such an integrated approach, yet with individually tailored interventions for each slum, will provide the most effective solutions, satisfying all concerned stakeholders.

A community based development approach must be sensitive and inclusive of the potential and needs of poor residents in these slum settlements. Such an approach must not just be an attempt from the government to get the poor out of poverty, but also encourage slum residents themselves to get out of poverty The problems that this program attempts to address are:

1. How to alleviate poverty and improve the living conditions of people living in slum areas in the urban centers?

2. How to enable and empower residents of urban slum areas to strengthen their economic status so that they can participate to the improvement of the quality of living in their settlement?

The aims of this program reflected the Tri Daya (three empowerment) concept. The programs have been guide the future community-based government efforts in Indonesia aimed at urban poverty alleviation and environmental improvement of slum areas. The specific program activities include:

1.Reinforcement of the communities local institutions for the management of the programs


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2.Human resource development. 3.Small and medium business development 4.Housing improvement 5.Improvement of environmental facilities

From these program we can make some suggestions for future activities, especially for Collective Business Group activity :

1. The activity of production should be organized with a short delay so as to decrease the production time and make the workers work faster.

2. The coordination of the production must be conducted by the local institution, which must take care of finding work for the sewers.

3. The trainees must help and support each other to support themselves. 4. They must take care to maintain a good relationship among the production

group so as to be able to receive commands from other companies which can be found in their sub-district through the help of the local institution.

Keywords: community based development, three empowerment concept I. INTRODUCTION I.1. Background

Rapid urbanization and uneven urban development are causes, among others, that continually contribute to the existence of slums in urban centers of Indonesia. Surabaya, as a mega-urban growth center, also faces the difficult problem of poverty alleviation within its slum areas. The restricted purchasing power due to inflation, rising prices of daily necessities such as food and fuel, and continuously worsening environmental conditions in slum areas makes it very difficult for poor people in the slums to improve their homes and immediate environments on their own. Such a situation is very likely to create new pockets of poverty in the city of Surabaya. To prevent or address this likelihood, planning response necessitates a program for such clusters of poverty, which can help to improve the quality of life at the community level by leveraging available human resources overcoming the presently debilitating physical, environmental, and economic conditions of such settlements.

Several kinds of efforts – such as the Program Penanggulangan Kemiskinan Perkotaan (P2KP) ; Comprehensive Kampung Improvement Program (CKIP); and the Social Rehabilitation Program for Slum Areas (RSDK) – have been conducted by the government to address these issues. Nevertheless, there are still many slum areas in Surabaya, which are categorized as city slums, beach slums, and fringe slums, and living conditions in all of these still need to be improved.

The program emphasize community needs by jointly engaging these slum communities in discussions and activities to identify and resolve the problems that they have to face and evolve responses, keeping in mind specific community abilities and needs. It is expected that such an integrated approach, yet with individually tailored interventions for each slum, will provide the most effective solutions, satisfying all concerned stakeholders.

I.2. Problems’ formulation

A community based development approach must be sensitive and inclusive of the potential and needs of poor residents in these slum settlements.


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Such an approach must not just be an attempt from the government to get the poor out of poverty, but also encourage slum residents themselves to get out of poverty .(Source: Septanti,D and Setyo Wibowo,A ; 2004 ; Study to Improving Quality of Environmental Settlements in Urban Slums Area).

The problems that this program attempts to address are: 3. How to alleviate poverty and improve the living conditions of people

living in slum areas in the urban centers? 4. How to enable and empower residents of urban slum areas to strengthen

their economic status so that they can participate to the improvement of the quality of living in their settlement?

I.3. The Aims The aims of this program also reflect the Tri Daya concept, and they can be summarized as the following:

a. To improve the environment quality of these settlements using community efforts to guide all interventions – from physical interventions to socio-economic ones.

b. To empower people to become initiative-oriented, creative, and independent in managing activities pertaining to their household and community environment.

c. To develop community capacity to run small businesses by providing sources of credit.

I.4. FUTURE IMPLICATIONS

This program will be able to guide future community-based government efforts in Indonesia aimed at urban poverty alleviation and environmental improvement of slum areas. II. THE PROGRAM II.1. Program

The program, Environmental Improvement of Urban Slums through Community Empowerment, aims at working for a comprehensive community empowerment (human resource empowerment, economic empowerment, and environmental empowerment) by engaging communities directly in program implementation. The program includes the following components:

1. Development of human resources; 2. Organization of poor families into collective business groups; 3. Improvement of improper and sub-standard dwellings; 4. Sanitation improvement

So far, ITS`s Laboratory for Housing and Human Settlements (the Laboratory) has already helped in implementing CKIP and RSDK in partnership with the Surabaya City Council, especially its Departments of Urban Planning and Social and Women’s Empowerment.

Building on its rich experience, therefore, the Laboratory is proposing this improved community-based development program in Surabaya. The implementation of this program will enable and utilize participation of the kampong (very low-income settlements) communities so that they will be able to continue to enhance their socio-economic and environmental conditions independently and continually.


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The program`s formulation and implementation utilize bottom up approaches. All implementation activities conducted according to community aspirations and community initiatives, starting with project planning, coordination of works, and recording and monitoring progress. The role of community participation is essential for the success of this program. The specific program activities include:

1.Reinforcement of the communities local institutions for the management of the programs

Poor Households Construction Unit (Unit Pembinaan Keluarga Miskin - UPKm) have been formed. These units will be the means by which this program will be run and managed by the community itself, and for undertaking similar programs in the future.

2.Human resource development, which include Collective and Individual Skills Training, and also Financial Support Program for students from poor families. The implementation of activities connected to human resource development and community empowerment, which includes, for example, training for institutional management, and self-employment skills (managing marine products, making seafood crackers, sewing, etc.).

3.Small and medium business development A part of the implementation activities focus on developing small and

medium businesses, which expand job opportunities and improve the quality of community life. Such activities include training for cottage industries, financial management (savings- loan), and extending credit for business capital.

4.Housing improvement Efforts to enable households to improve the quality of their housing right

through physical improvements to the kitchen, bathroom/toilet (KM/WC), or other parts of the house; as well as their legal status by obtaining licenses and other necessary documentation.

5.Improvement of environmental facilities Improving the environmental quality of these settlements by upgrading

facilities such as roads, drains, public toilets, and solid waste management.. In consonance with the scope of the program’s activities, the implementation of the program will be guided by the Tri Daya (Three Energies) conceptual module, which comprises:

• Human agency (human resource development) • Economic force (support for small and medium business) • Environmental potential (improving environmental conditions)

II.2. Implementation Methods For the implementation of this program, in each kampong the Laboratory will partner with the community and act as a motivator and facilitator to encourage citizen participation, so that program implementation in each kampongs happens according to the targets specified by that community. This partnership approach helps to emphasize the activities to the kampong community and motivate them, so that they become proactive and involved in planning and implementing the program.

The three major implementation steps to ensure the effcetivenes of this program are:


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1. Preparing the community residents; 2. Partnering with the community to implement the activities; 3. Monitoring and evaluating implementation.

The aim of this community partnership is: That program implementation can be achieved smoothly with participation

and bottom-up approaches, and to motivate the community to develop roles to implement this ‘social rehabilitation’ project according to its targets and goals.

1. To provide technical instruction about the procedure and mechanisms for implementing social rehabilitation activities to each kampong.

2. To optimize the role of community-based institutions acts, and to increase community participation in supporting and ensuring the success of implementation.

3. Buttressing these partnerships with local potential that exists within each community (professionals, university, NGOs, etc.), especially, in terms of experience in matters of science and technology in order to enhance and expand such social development programs.

4. To raise the motivation of communities to enable them to implement the program so that in the future they can initiate and manage development independently, accountably, responsibly, and sustainably.

II.3. Expenses and Budget

The funds for the program`s implementation come from the BRITS AWARD (British Ambassy and ITS) with a total budget of Rp. 52,200,000,- (fivty-two million two hundred thousand rupiahs) for the sub-district (kelurahan) where the pilot project will be implemented. Those funds have been used for :

- Expenses for the preparation of the program and the activities to involve the community

- Expenses to built the partnership with the community - Expenses for physical development activities which will provide

‘community capital’ - Expenses for monitoring and evaluation activities

Expenses for physical development activities meant to be the seed of ‘community capital’ canalized in two different ways: 1. Grant / Donation fund This is a one time grant to the community without any obligations to return the funds. Activities to be funded by this donation fund include those activities which provide wide ranging benefits to the community at large, and can be used physical and environmental improvement activity and for the reinforcement of the local community institutions that will serve as the managers of the program (UPKm). 2. Revolving fund for soft loans This fund is used exclusively for extending soft loans to the residents, which must be returned to the program’s fund manager (in each kampong) with some interest so that the fund can be sustained and repeatedly loaned to other residents.

The fund usage distribution for various activities (community enablement fund) is as follows:


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FUND GRANT REVOLVING Empowerment PROGRAM

COMPONENT % Rp. % Rp.

SELF FUND

PER ITEM (Average)

Human Resource Training

Colective 35.7 10.000.000 - -

250.000/ Deprived Family HUMAN

RESOURCE Management Empowerment 3.57 1.000.000 - - - -

BUSINESS Business Capital Stimulant - - 53.57 15.000.000 exist 3.000.000/

KUBE

House Improvement - - 3.57 1.000.000 - 1.000.000/ house

ENVIRONMENT Environment Improvement 3.57 1.000.000 - - exist environmen

t unit 42.86 57.14 TOTAL AND COMPOSITION

28.000.000 exist -

The other fund used for other activities : Expenses for community preparation activities. Those are :

- Socialization Program (for Sub District) - Creating local community institutions (at community unit) - Community discussions / meetings - Room and Equipment Rental, Communication costs, etc. - Transportation and Accommodation Costs during the program.

Expenses for monitoring and evaluation activities

II.4. Targeted Program’s Beneficiary

The target group which will benefit from this program are kampong residents who fall within the Poor Family (Gakin) category. These people will themselves prepare the activity plans, select the beneficiaries, and compile a prioritization scale, which will be decided according to the aspirations of the community elicited through community discussions.

The project’s target focus will be achieved by paying attention to various criteria right from the technical aspects, which will be taken care of /defrayed according to particular circumstances in each program component (for example, building measurement); to the non technical aspects, which are matters concerning the ability and credibility of borrowers (for example: the ability of the borrower to repay loan installment). Sub-District for implementing the program: The program have been execute in just 1 (one) sub-district of the city of Surabaya as a pilot project within a 7-month period from May –Nopember 2006. The sub-district chosen is Bulak Banteng Sub District. II.5. Local Institution

For target accomplishment in the chosen sub district a local forum will be formed and strengthened, which will be responsible for implementing program activities and managing the revolving fund continually. The process for forming these local institutions must be based on bottom-up community aspirations and initiatives.


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2.6. Goals and Target The available funds will be distributed among the target community of

Bulak Banteng, for empowering low income households, as follows: • 2 KUBEs ( Collective Business Group) comprising of 14 poor families

have received KUBE business capital • 20 persons for human resource development training • 1 sub-standard houses for improvement • 1 slum unit for environmental improvement • 1 local institution for managing the community development activities

Suggestions for improving future government efforts targeted at poverty alleviation. III. IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM III.1. Pre-Implentation Stage

In this stage, activities were conducted to prepare the program and motivate the community. These activities were :

1. Preliminary-Survey, 2. Socialization program

The activities are described in the following paragraph but more details about the activities will be found in annex to the report. Preliminary Survey

The Preliminary Survey targeted first the local authority institutions; its head and some members of the local Bulak Banteng Subdistrict institutions. So, the target location was the RW I Dukuh Bulak Banteng (Dukuh Bulak Banteng community unit).

Then, the preliminary survey was conducted in the choosen area (RW I Dukuh Bulak Banteng). It consisted on tasks of observation and recognition of the field, early identification of the main issues and collect of data about environmental, physical and socio-economical conditions in order to determine the poverty level among the community and the living conditions in the slums. a. Evaluation of the motivation of the community to do the training

To evaluate the community’s enthusiasm and motivation to get the training, the team worked in coordination with the Deputy of the women’s club (PKK) in RW I ( the community Unit). Thanks to interviews of the Deputy of the women’s club (PKK) in RW I and some members of the community, the team obtained the requested information and found that the community wish was to perform a sewing training. b. Identification and selection of the future students for the training

The first stage aimed at getting information about the candidates though the preliminary socialization, that is to say through meetings with the women`s club and the deputy of this club. The candidates had to come from deprived family. The second stage consisted in a direct survey which was conducted among the candidates by the team. This survey was built according to the data coming from each RT (neighbourhood unit). This Survey was realized in orderto choose the candidates who needed it the most and were serious, motivated and capable to get the training. 2. Socialization Program

It aimed to introduce the team to the community, explain the program to the community and involve this community into the program`s implementation.


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The team made the people aware of how the program will be run and how they can participate and make the program progress.

The persons who participated to this socialization activity were the head of the kelurahan, the head of the community unit (RW I Dukuh Bulak Banteng), the head of the women club in neighborhood units and the future trainees. III.2. Implementation Program The implementation of the program consists on: 1. Development of human resources trough the organization of a collective

training. 2. Small and medium businesses` development through the organization of

collective business groups (KUBE). 3. Reinforcement of local institutions within the community for the

management of the program. 4. Housing improvement 5. Improvement of environmental facilities IV. DETAILS OF EACH ACTIVITY IV.1. Development of human resources through the implementation of a collective training

The training was conducted during 4 months; between the 21th of May 2006 and the 28 the of August 2006. It consisted in 26 lessons. These lessons occurred 2 times per-week; on Saturday and Sunday between 09.30 and 12.30 am. The sewing training comprised 24 lessons, the sulam timbul training (training to learn how to make hand broidery) has been conducted in one meeting and the borji / payet sewing training has been conducted in one meeting too.

This Training intended to increase the ability of women coming from deprived family. Following the training, they were able to acquire skills which could be used to get additional income for their families.

After following this training, the trainees that had the requested standard skills were invited to participate to the production activity. Nevertheless, if they had found a job thanks to the skills learned from the training, it was even better. IV.2. Small and medium business development, organization of a collective

business group (KUBE) and production activity The creation and organization of a source of profit was conducted through

small and medium business development, using the business capital together in the form of a Collective Business Group ( Kelompok Usaha Bersama- KUBE). The capital was used to buy the equipment required for the production.

All the workers who participate to the production activity receive a salary based on their production. The capital, is also for the production equipment and the requirement

Because the limited abilities of the members, the production activity only consists in making Moslem wears for children , equipment for Muslim praying for children and also Moslem cowls.

These results are still far from the target because from 23 people who have been trained, the minimum skill standards to conduct the production activity have only been reached by 14 people. Furthermore, all of these fourteen persons cannot join the production activity because some of them have found jobs in other places, but this also represent a success as it was one of the targets of the


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conduction of this training. So, there are only 12 women who can really follow the program’s production activity. IV.3. Reinforcement of local institutions within the community for the

management program To formed UPKm (Local Institutional Unit for The Collective Business

Group) and KUBE (Collective Business Group) have been conducted after performed test to making the Moslem children wear and the wear for Women Moslem praying.

At the same time also conducted the signing of agreement to form The Collective Business Group (KUBE).As the explained previously, from 23 active members that been follow the training hence only 12 person who can follow the production activities. IV.4. Housing Improvement

For the fourth activity (improvement of the sub-standard houses), the house of Ms. Sulistyawati, which address is Dukuh Bulak Banteng Patriot VI / No. 27 Surabaya, has been selected. The improvement of this house consisted mainly in building toilets. In fact, the whole conditions of the house are very improper but because of the limited funds, the program to improve housing conditions will only consist in repairing the toilets.

One million five hundred rupiahs (Rp. 1.500.000,00) have been reserved from the found for this program. It serve to buy construction material. The house owner have been contribute to ad some money so as to pay the worker and their own work to help with the reparations. IV.5. Improvement of Environmental Facilities

For the improvement of environmental conditions, the program have been proposed by the community. The program that chosen by community is renovation the communal meeting room (Balai RW).

The fund which reserved for by this program is Rp.1.008.000, 00 (one million and eight thousand rupiahs). The community have been participate, either by giving a donation or by helping with the implementation stage. The donation that collect from the community for this program is Rp. 2.762.000,00. IV. 6. Benefits of the Program

• Some trainees have found jobs. • The trainees can cover their daily expenses and be more independent

thanks to the money they earn with the production activity of the program or the orders coming from outside. In addition to the skills, they gained self-confidence.

• The training gave to the woman the motivation to save money to buy their own sewing machines.

• The head of the Kelurahan wants to give money to contribute to the capital of the Kube.

• The local institution (UPKM) created by this program gained experience and responsibility to manage the group and the business.

• If some people from the Bulak Benteng or outside want to start or development a textile business then they will be able to hire the services of these women with skills in sewing.


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IV. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS From the beginning until the mid-term activities, we have been facing

some problems with the program. These problems are: 1. The persons from deprived families who want to follow the sewing

training and are able to do it are very difficult to find because they have to take care of the children. So, they have not enough time and no possibility to leave their houses to follow the training.

2. During the training, on Saturday and Sunday , always many of them were absent because they wanted to conduct other activities like going to their home countryside, having to sell something or attending a wedding.

3. At the beginning of the production, many of the women were not able to do the entire pants on their own. Some could only do Zig-Zag sewing, normal sewing or just make the tire and they had not enough time to gather and work together.

4. So, the goals of the production could not be reached. Some of the trainees still had to learn and train more.

5. Furthermore, the team had to spend much time to organize the production. 6. The community have to participate for housing and environmental

improvement program, either by giving a donation or by helping with the implementation stage.

7. The program that join with the community will accept the higher beneficiary budget that contribute by community than the stimulant budget that funding by the program. From these conclusions we can make some suggestions for future

activities, especially for Collective Business Group activity : 5. The activity of production should be organized with a short delay so as to

decrease the production time and make the workers work faster. 6. The coordination of the production must be conducted by the local

institution, which must take care of finding work for the sewers. 7. The trainees must help and support each other and buy their own sewing

machines so as to work to support themselves. 8. They must take care to maintain a good relationship among the production

group so as to be able to receive commands from other companies which can be found in their sub-district through the help of the local institution.

REFERENCES Laboratory for Housing and Human Settlements, Dept. Of Architecture, ITS with

Municipality of Surabaya.; 2001-2003 ; Final report of C-KIP Implementation 2001-2003.

Laboratory for Housing and Human Settlements, Dept. Of Architecture, ITS with Municipality of Surabaya; 2003 ; Final Report of Social Rehabilization Programme for Slums Area Implementation 2003.

Septanti,D and Setyo Wibowo,A ; 2004 ; Study to Improving Quality of Environmental Settlements in Urban Slums Area; Architecture Department-FTSP-ITS ; Surabaya.


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Septanti,D ; 2006 ; Final Report of Environmental Improvement of Urban Slums through Community Empowerment ; Case Study of Kelurahan Bulak Banteng, Surabaya; LPPM-ITS ; Surabaya.

Silas,Johan, Prof. ; 1987 ; Surabaya’s Kampung It’s People and Development; Laboratory for Housing and Human Settlements, Dept. Of Architecture, ITS with KIP Office Municipality of Surabaya.


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COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN SLUM UPGRADING PROGRAMME

A CASE STUDY IN SURABAYA, EAST JAVA

Andarita Rolalisasi Laboratory for Housing and Human Settlements Department of Architecture

Institute of Technology Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya - Indonesia (Email: [email protected], [email protected])

Abstract

According to Revised of Surabaya Master plan 2004, slum areas are found in 23 sub districts of 162 sub-districts in Surabaya. Surabaya government have been implemented many programs of slum upgrading such as C-KIP (Comprehensive-Kampung Improvement Program), Social Rehabilitation of Slum Area (Rehabilitasi Sosial Daerah Kumuh = RSDK), etc. In fact, the slum areas are not decrease significantly because lack of community involvement in the beginning of the program. This is a crucial time to them to propose the suitable programs. This paper would explain how the community participation in settlement upgrading programs for alleviating poverty in Surabaya, Indonesia. Keyword: community participation, slum, upgrading program I. SURABAYA IN GENERAL

Surabaya is the capital city of East Java Province, Indonesia that is the second biggest city in Indonesia after Jakarta which the area is 326.37 square kilometres or 1.7% of total area of Indonesia.

Table 1. Population of Surabaya

Year Population (people)

Density (people per square km)

Growth rate (%)

Sex ratio (%)

House hold

Population of

household member

1980

2,017,527

6,182 2.97 95.40 486,324 4.48

1990

2,473,272

7,578 2.06 95.59 548,981 4.51

2000

2,444,976

7,491 0.5 98.20 709,991 3.66

2006

2,681,971

8,217 - - - -

Source: Surabaya in Figures 1987, 1997, 2000, 2004 According to Revised of Surabaya Master plan 2004, slum areas are found

in 23 sub districts of 162 sub-districts in Surabaya. Surabaya government have been implemented many programs of slum upgrading such as C-KIP (Comprehensive-Kampung Improvement Program) at ….sub districts, Social Rehabilitation of Slum Area (Rehabilitasi Sosial Daerah Kumuh = RSDK) at …. Sub districts, etc.


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II. TANJUNGSARI SUB DISTRICT IN GENERAL

Population of Tanjungsari sub district, part of Sukomanunggal district, is about of 12,142 people or 3,235 households (source: Monografi of Tanjungsari district 2006). While resident occupying area alongside train rail is about of 200 households. They occupied the land illegally. The land was a rice field owned by some people that they had sold it without know the real border of the land. So there were rest of land which now occupied by dweller. After passed the long process since 2002 – 2004, they became legal owner of the land, after buy it from the real owner.

Figures 1 and 2: Living Conditions in Tanjungsari Sub District Source: Andarita Rolalisasi

The area alongside the train rail without clean water and telephone connection. Households using brick walls for their living quarter reach 70% with minimum ventilation. Others houses constructed of wood. Most of the inhabitants is an informal sector workers such as a food seller, stall trader, fabric labor, becak driver, construction labor, etc. III. UNACCEPTABLE LIVING CONDITION

They have no basic municipal services, such as; water, sanitation, waste collection, drainage, street lighting, roads for emergency access, also they have no places for the community to meet and socialize. The high density area worst in fire, the vehicle of fire difficult to reach the area since there is no emergency access. The house has minimum lighting and natural ventilation. This condition affect the health of the inhabitant so they often get the disease such as dysentery, diarrhea, etc.

The other problem is that they are living in the dangerous area. They are only 7 meters away from the rail ace, and dissociated by alley 1.5 meters. There are no environment programs established in this area to achieve better living condition since this area is recognized as slum area. Furthermore, the community are lack of educations to live in the better ways such as the knowledge of cleanliness, healthy life, etc.

IV. NEED FOR SLUM UPGRADING

Many people are involved in the community’s activities. Communities seeking to empower themselves can build active participation by welcoming it, creating valuable roles for each person, actively reaching out to build inclusive participation, and creating and supporting meaningful volunteer opportunities. (J. Norman Reid, 2000, Community Participation; How People Brings Sustainable Benefits to Communities)

The slum upgrading program can be divided into three aspects, there are improving of human resources, social welfare, and quality of environment. The program can meet the aim if supported by all stakeholders. The stakeholders


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involved are community, education institution, government, NGO, and private sector. It is very crucial to know the community needs. It is also necessary to the community to obtain technical assistance at the beginning of the program to formulate their specific needs.

The informal settlement is mostly inhabited by migrants, who live there to live closer to their workplace. Children often affected by diseases from environmental deterioration and they lived at high density area with bad living environment.

Slum upgrading consists of physical, social, economic, and environmental improvements that are done in partnership with citizens, community groups, businesses, and local authorities. These improvements often focus on introducing or improving basic service provision, mitigating environmental hazards, regularizing security of tenure, providing incentives for community management and maintenance, and improving access to health care and education.

Regarding the informal income generation sector, for a poor family in a slum, their home is a productive asset – it is a workplace and warehouses. So their home should productive for themselves.

According to field research data, the slum upgrading development program suitable to potencies and their own problem. The goals of program are:

• Community empowerment to strengthened initiative, creativity, and independency in the implementation of development programs.

• Comprehensive development that are physically aspect, facilities and basic facilities, and community social economic condition to raise quality of settlement environment.

• Improving ability of effort in order to development of income generation of which support local economy. There are about 200 households or about 15% of population of

Tanjungsari lives alongside the train rail. Although there are several slum upgrading programs implemented in this sub-district before 2004, i.e. Social Rehabilitation of Slum Area Program and improving quality of settlement environment program, unfortunately the programs cannot be implemented in the train rail area since the inhabitants are categorized as illegal community.

In 2005 the improving of settlement environment program implemented in Tanjungsari sub-district including the alongside train rail area. Based on the settlement physical condition, they still need to improve the housing quality to fulfil standard requirement, to improve the environment, and increase their income generation.

V. PROPOSAL FOR UPGRADING WITH COMMUNITY

PARTICIPATION After many programs have been implemented for low income urban

settlements it can be noted that the program will not be successful without support from the community and their participation to improve their living condition. It’s also important to make the program more comprehensive regarding both physical and non-physical aspects such as social economic conditions.

The recommendation as below cannot be implemented without agreement of the community. Therefore there is a need for the community participation. Base on the analyses made, there are several recommendations for better living conditions of Tanjungsari, as described below: A. The components of slum upgrading are:


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1. Improvement of human resources and community empowerment such as the foundation management training, the skill training, etc.

2. Establish and strengthen the kampong foundation that for manage of program in the community.

3. Improvement of small and medium scale business which opening opportunity in order to raise level society such as small and medium scale business training and provided grant for the business.

4. Housing improvement that to improve quality of the house and land tenure. 5. Physical environment improvement that improving the overall

environmental quality of the respective kampong. 6. Greenery and environmental cleanness that supplying and planting family

medicine plants and greenery trees to restrain pollution and waste family. B. The processes of slum upgrading divided in to fourth phases are:

1. The preparation phase 2. The planning phase 3. The implementation phase 4. The monitoring and evaluation phase

The components of preparation phase are:

1. Program socialization; the community should know well about the program and then they involve since beginning. This activity should attend by all element of inhabitant.

2. Self community mapping, to find physically and non physically condition that related the settlement standard and the community custom.

3. Verification of poor family data needed to validation the existing data of government with the community.

4. Establishing and strengthen Yayasan Kampung (Kampung Foundation) for manage the program

The second phase is planning of program. The aim of the phase is to know the direction of development, who will do it, and what will they do for the growth of them. The components of phase are:

1. Priority program proposal, which cover all program proposal of community, and compile by priority in short term (2 year) and middle term (5 year)

2. Planning program that the detail of program will do. This planning have mentioned to arrange location situation, activity types, amount of activity need, quality standard and requirement of activity ( from government/ local institution), execution duration and return (business activity).

3. Resource support, covering materials (made locally), energy (skillful local) and fund (also loan guarantee if needed).

4. Program implementation scheme which are preparation of location, who'll group implemented, managing, observing and responsibilities (including certainty of the payment of loan).

The third phase is implementation of program which are: 1. Implementation of program as has been planned.

• Improvement of human resources and community empowerment • Improvement of small and medium scale business


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• Housing improvement • Physical environment improvement • Greenery and environmental cleanness

2. Technical assistant of program The last is monitoring and evaluation of program which are: • Monitoring of program • Evaluation of program to be better program in the next.

References Laboratory for Housing and Human Settlements, 2003 Comprehensive-Kampung

Improvement Program Report, Surabaya Laboratory for Housing and Human Settlements, 2003 General booklet of

Comprehensive-Kampung Improvement Program, Surabaya Laboratory for Housing and Human Settlements; Department of Settlements East

Java Province , 2004, Research of Walk up Apartment Developing in Surabaya, Surabaya

Laboratory for Housing and Human Settlements, 2005 Social Rehabilitation of Slum Area Report, Surabaya

Reid, J. Norman; ,2000 Community Participation, How People Brings Sustainable Benefits to Communities

Statistics of Surabaya City; City Planning Board of Surabaya, 1987 Surabaya in Figure 1987. Surabaya, ISSN. 0215 – 6202 – 35780 – 8801



Statistics of Surabaya City; City Planning Board of Surabaya, 2004 Surabaya in Figure 2004. Surabaya, Katalog BPS: 1403.3578

Statistics of East Java Province, 2004 Analysis of East Java Macro Indicators 2000-2004, Surabaya

Silas, Johan; Surabaya Municipality, 1988 Kampungs in Surabaya, Surabaya Surabaya Municipality; City Planning Board of Surabaya, 2003 Master Plan of

Surabaya 2003 – 2013, Surabaya Surabaya Municipality; Institute of Technology Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya,

1990 The Improvement Kampung Program in Surabaya 1969 – 1982:inventarisation and evaluation


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PATH WAY CORRIDOR AS A PLACE FOR INFORMAL SETTLEMENT

A. Tutut Subadyo

Student of Architecture Doctoral Program of Institute of Technology Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya; Lecturer of Architecture Department, University of

Merdeka Malang. (Email: [email protected] )

Abstract

Informal settlement is a special phenomenon in Indonesia. It contains vary uniqueness. Many path ways corridor are used for public activity in informal settlement, so the function of a road is not only circulation, but also socialization. Observation found that path ways corridor are used as a place for social or personal activity. Then, physical condition of path way corridor is a factor of those activities in informal settlement. Path way corridor in informal settlement are place of significance in many aspect. Path way represent the user’s perception of place characteristic and identity.

Keyword: path ways corridor, informal setttlement I. INTRODUCTION

A narrow, dark and dirty path way corridor as labyrinth which sends us to a unique, attracting informal settlement life that we can find it no where in housing estate or elite residence. When we visit path way corridor of informal settlement, we can found many friendly activities such as women cheat each other while giving milk their children, men are playing chest, children playing beside the path and some little stores which sell daily need as well as a place to greet each other. Mostly, public activities of informal settlement are in the space of path way. We found that 1 to 1,5 meters of path ways is used for vary public activities. It seems that the function of path way improves not only for circulation, but also for public activity.

The interesting phenomenon is not only social public activity, but also personal and private activity. It makes path way corridor include to their life and make a great willingness of public to own the path way. That’s why we need to ask their permit or say ‘nderek langkung: [java language] = excuse me’ when we pass informal settlement if the owner house is just beside the path way corridor although it is public’s. We know that space as man made environment affects the activities. Also, physical condition of path way corridor in informal settlement will affect the activities.

II. PATH WAY LOCATION

Shirvani says: “Activity support includes all the uses and activities that help strengthen urban public space, for activities and physical space as have always been complementary of each other. The form, location, and characteristics of specific area will attract specific function, uses and activities.”


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Location factor of path way corridor in informal settlement is a reference in discussing path way. Character and shape of path way corridor is related with making activity within it. Path way corridor in informal settlement includes: main path as collector path which has it function to connect one village to another, and environment path as secondary path which has it fuction to connect one house to another. At the informal settlement with oblique site, main path usually is in form of contour path and secondary path is in form of stepped path. Contour path is collector path, and stepped path tends to be environment path. They are different in making different activities. In informal settlement of Malang riverside, main path of a village which follows Brantas River is included contour path. Its dimension is wider than secondary paths, and it is the same contour level as long as the path. Longitudinal or horizontal contour of secondary path is included stepped street; it wide is narrower than main path. III. ORGANIC PATTERN Informal settlement is an organic mass manager. It does not mean has no plan, but it tends to vernacular, grows automatically. Informal settlement is called growth settlement too. Most of informal settlement is built in a process without any detail plan. It also happens in secondary path of informal settlement. It grows automatically to fulfill residence need. It can be understood why path way in informal settlement is so complicated, crook arch to luff like labyrinth. The roads exist automatically from circulation need.

Path ways corridor are usually narrow because it connects house directly. The users are not more then the user of others kind of path. Further from main street the wide is narrower. Sometime, it ends on a back yard of a house.

Environment path does not have regular grid, winding like labyrinth. The path is built because the civilians want to go other place by foot, so they need direct way to their purpose.

Secondary path in informal settlement in Malang riverside is included in stepped street. But is not completely stepped street because it still winding and sometime flat. In going down path, it shape is like ramp or stair.

IV. INTERVENTED PUBLIC SPACE They are usually narrow and quite, easy to be intervened when the civilians stuck because their houses are only small house. This path, which is public path at the first time, becomes a private space. Oftentime path way corridor space is property from home resident of its side. So that public space at this area become to turn tail. When we are walking we will find that the path is a part of a house. It dims the identity of public path. V. PRIVATE AND PUBLIC ACTIVITY Intervened path enables civilians used it as private room. Based on those experience, path way may be dominated by civilians, for instance a path bellow a house. Beside that, people seldom pass a narrow path. It makes near civilian uses it as a place to keep their things such as stove, table, etc.

As main path with countour which level off, dimension walk in worse luck wide at Malang riverside enough, including at social distance conductive of path way corridor become ideal open space for space of socialization.


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‘Social distance (1.30 to 3.75 meters) is the distance for ordinary conversation among friends, acquaintances, neigbors, co-workers, and so on. The sofa group with armschair and a coffe table is physical expression oh this social distance’.

Thereby, main path way owning wide 2 - 2.5 meters will form a space which is have potency to place social activity. With degree of openness which enough, caused by river of brantas in front of path way, adding the quality of space become to open space.

Activities that happened at main path in kampong of this informal settlement, more in the form of public or social activity, for example fathers chat in security post, mothers in house terrace and children play at path.

Mostly, there are many lower class civilians in informal settlement, so they do not have public facility for dishwashing, bathing, and bladder.

It makes the path way become a place to have socialization among the civilians.

More civilians in informal settlement agree that the path way corridor were very important to them despite the general disagreement toward the path as being incomparable to other place. The path way corridor were multifunctional is use – both as pedestrian and bicycle or motorcycles access and for trading. Economic oppurtunities are sought for which has result in path way corridor space for informal trading activities.

VI. CONCLUSION Generally, path ways is full of activity in informal settlement. It has double function, not only for circulation, but also for socialization. Path as circulation sends civilians from one to another place, from informal settlement to downtown, from downtown to informal settlement, from house to house.

Space of path way also function as place of economic activity. Location of booths usually lay in node path where broader formed space, and conducive to people to gather. Beside that, path of informal settlement has another function; a place to have socialization, meet the neighbors, buy daily needs, kids play ground, etc. From three kind of path in informal settlement the most crowded is main path. As a main street of informal settlement, it has ideal shape, with flat contour, open room that makes activities. In other kind of path, public activity is restricted. It is caused by physical condition of the road which is in contour, narrow and closed path because of building beside it. For instance is entering path. In residence path of informal residence, public activity is more private.

Path as public open space in informal settlement is often intervened by private activities, for instance: drying clothes, washing clothes, etc. it dims the identity of public path. From the third kind of path in informal settlement, the most intervened path is inside residence. In other hand, the path is used for circulation whether by foot or motorcycle in outer residence. It makes the path not intervened. Path of informal settlement is quite enough. It increases the chance to be intervened. Beside that houses of civilians are small so they need more room to keep put their things.


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Path way of informal settlement is a unique place completed with its vary potentials. REFERENCES Gen, Jan. 1987. Life Between Building : Using Public Space. New York. Gehl, J. & Gemzoe. 1996. Public Space Public Life. Danish Architectural Press,

Copenhagen. Jacobs, A.B. 1993. Great Street. MIT Press, Cambridge.

Standford, Anderson, 1978. On Street. MIT Press. Cambridge. Trancik, R. 1986. Finding Lost Space: Theories of Urban Design. Van Norstand

Reinhold, New York. Whyte, William, H.1980. The Social Life of Small Urban Space. The

Conversation Foundation, Washington DC.


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HOUSING DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME FOR TSUNAMI AREAS IN ACEH

(CASE STUDY HOUSES FUNDED BY ASIA DEVELOPMENT BANK )

Johanes Krisdianto

Department of Architecture Institute of Technology Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya – Indonesia

Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract

After earthquake and tsunami hit Aceh, as well as several areas around the world. Aceh was seriously devastated, particularly those areas along the western coastline. The programme will be rehabilitated housing for the victims. The following housing principles must be taken into account: (i) People-centered, participative where the affected people are the main players

together with existing social institutions; (ii) The programme is the major intervention in the restoration of life that is

integrated with other strategic sectors; relating housing rehabilitation with the development of work areas and the human and economic resources;

(iii)Coordination with related government institutions. Priority is given to housing in towns and along towns.

Keyword: earthquake and tsunami, housing rehabilitation. I. INTRODUCTION

In the morning of December 26, 2004 earthquake and tsunami hit North Sumatra and Aceh, as well as several areas around the world. The world was shocked at the magnitude of the disaster, which in a span of ten minutes killed about 300,000 people of various races, including European nationals. Aceh, which has an area of 55,390 square kilometers, was seriously devastated, particularly those areas along the western coastline. Seeing the devastation, the world community did not stand still. It was able to raise a substantial amount of money, which never happened before. II. HOUSING IN NAD AND BANDA ACEH

Specific data on the housing and resettlement condition in each town and regency in the province of NAD are difficult to obtain. This is generally prevalent in Indonesia, except in some big municipalities, where funds are provided for various studies on the construction pattern and extent. Considering the relatively small population, there is no shortage of land available that will enable the towns and regencies to meet the housing demand, in the form of houses built by the residents themselves, a practice they have been doing for a long time now. Presented below is a general indicator of the housing situation before the disaster.

Based on the UN (WHO) standard, a decent house provides 10 sq. meters per person. Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD) has not yet attained this standard.


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However, from the figures below, before the tsunami, the situation appeared to be improving. NAD Percentage of population not yet occupying 10m²house per capita

Place 1997 1999 2003 Town 26.4 26.6 18.7 Village 37.6 32.1 19.8 Town & Village 35.2 30.9 19.6 INDONESIA Town & Village 28.3 24.5 21.7

Source: Biro Pusat Statistik (2003) If the town or regency is able to provide 10m² per person, for more than

80% of the population, the housing condition is classified as good. It can be assumed that the condition in Aceh is far worse because of the earthquake and tsunami. The west coast was totally destroyed, except for places located more than 5 kilometers away from the coast or high places. Damage in the east coast is classified as ‘light’ though the destruction reached as far as 2 kilometers from the shore. It must be admitted that NAD has proven even before that it has the potential to improve quickly the housing conditions, making it better than the national level, as was previously the case.

III. GENERAL PROVISION OF HOUSING

The picture presented here was taken from the 2000 population census, which gives more attention to housing problems than other previous census. The data presented is the condition before the disaster. This means that when the disaster hit, the condition was better than today, as shown in the previous section. The 2000 census presented in detail and separately the housing data and the population information. The presentation was compared to the level of the provinces during the period. Banda Aceh has 39,142 town and village houses. As many as 4,067 (29,273 total 6.86%) or 10.39% are not occupied. Of this total 93.37% (60.32%) are permanent houses. Completed houses in towns and villages make up 82.14% (29.32%) of all the housing. The others remained unfinished and are considered as part of the housing backlog. More than 95% are occupied while the others are still empty. The figures indicate that some houses are still intended as low or light investment.

IV. PROVISION OF PRIVATE HOUSING

Around Banda Aceh, there are several small housing complexes built by the private sector. There is one built by PERUMNAS (National Housing), found in the village of Ujong Batee: Many houses for the Aceh disaster victims have also been built here. Provision of houses by the private sector is still relatively small. As before, and as in the case in almost in all towns in Indonesia, the largest, or 90% of the existing houses (housing stock) were built by the residents/owners themselves. This is the housing pattern and this will continue in the future. Housing built by national (or international) agencies for poor people did not materialize, until the after the disaster. A major problem with the ‘self-help’ form of housing provision for the poor has been the building of houses along the shoreline. These were the most vulnerable at the time of the tsunami and were heavily damaged, such as in Ulee Lheu, a place almost totally destroyed as a result


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of the earthquake and washed away by the water. This is not only because of the inability to find alternative sources of livelihood, but also because the coastal lots are relatively cheap. Unfortunately, when the disaster hit the place, these houses were the ones that suffered the most damage, first from the earthquake and then the tsunami. This is a stark reminder of the law of nature which says that whatever you get from nature without the accompanying compensation, will be taken back by nature.

Housing for low-income groups is generally found along the coast. The housing is located in gampong or villages, which while remote, are far enough from the shore. The general tendency is for informal settlements to develop first and then for more formal and better quality construction to be undertaken either by the residents themselves or small developers. V. HOUSING STRATEGY

Because the reconstruction of houses, as a result of the Aceh disaster cannot be considered as a normal way of rebuilding, there is a need to use a special approach that is suited to the unique, emergency and pressing condition there. For many, normal life has not been possible because they have been living for over a year in tents, or barracks, with little privacy or as guests of relatives and friends away from the area where they lived before the tsunami. Thus, it is imperative to build as many houses as quickly as possible and yet with a level of finish that enables the household to live in adequate conditions and in houses that can stand natural disasters, primarily earthquakes.

The devastation in Banda Aceh must be viewed from two perspectives, in accordance with the Aceh Spatial Plan report (April 2005). The Banda Aceh internally displaced persons total 49,921, including those whose houses were destroyed and those whose houses were damaged by the earthquake/tsunami. The situation before and after the tsunami is as follows: Before the disaster:

permanent houses 36,145 units

non-permanent houses

2,083

After the disaster:

Totally damaged

- permanent houses 24,217 - non-perm. houses 1,396 Total 25,613 Partly damaged - permanent houses 4,699 - non-permanent 271 Total 4,970

From the above, it is clear that besides building new houses in large

numbers, the damaged houses must be repaired though the structures are still livable. However, there are houses that do not need simple repairs alone. Their foundations have to be re-dug and reinforced because they are no longer safe. This will be described in more detail, according to the data sheet prepared for each location.

These mutually interrelated and supportive objectives must be attained for an effective and efficient task implementation and faster results.


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There are 6 alternative for standart housing to develop on that areas. Each house can be developed by the victims which depend on the site.

Source: Manual House for SPAR, ETESP Housing Sector Package 7

The housing assistance component will provide housing grants that will be used to build replacement houses of 36 sq. meters, which will be built as separate units and makes use of a technology understood by the people. The houses to be built will consider the following: (i) houses can withstand earthquakes for zone 6 in Aceh province (ii) houses make use materials that are environment-friendly and easily available

and if necessary, a center will be established to supply materials, which will be bought in large quantities in order to cut cost.

VI. RECONSTRUCTION OBJECTIVES The following objectives are to be attained: • To promote unity through agreement on the land ownership and community

based development issues. • To encourage the public to adhere to the principles of justice, honesty and

integrity in the development process. • To encourage the public to rebuild the community and the existing social

capital (participation, democracy, transparency and accountability). • To encourage the public to exert efforts towards recovery and build

confidence that is essential to development. • To enhance public governance to create

partnership and synergy in the process of reconstruction.

• To realize a kind of planning and development based on the needs, initiatives and aspirations of the local people.


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• To help the public develop a sense of independence in resolving existing problems and those that they will soon face.

Source: SPAR Gampong Pande, ETESP Housing Sector Package 7


145

VII. CONCLUSION In carrying out the task of housing and settlement reconstruction, the

strategy to be generally used is integrated development that will involve the greater majority of the people, participatory mechanism in planning and implementation and cooperation, in order to enhance local governance, to promote a sound environmental and spatial planning, to facilitate private sector participation and help attain a kind of governance that the public trusts. In particular, the reconstruction strategies must be:

• Social and holistic approach. This strategy focuses on the major role to be

played by the public, from the top down. • Effective Coordination. It is already a reality that cannot be denied, that in an

emergency situation, many concerned sectors wish to help, though they are not prepared, making the condition confusing, slowing down interagency coordination and hindered by other aspects. Effective coordination does not have to mean that there is only initiative from the center. What needs to be emphasized are the common view and rehabilitation objectives that have to be discussed in the field, including a clarification of short, medium and long-term actions.

• Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Focus. Reconstruction and rehabilitation

grants/assistance must be viewed as a significant instrument. Rehabilitation and reconstruction must avoid high-risk areas. Resettlement must be done voluntarily and approved by the concerned people. Preventing disasters has to be an important part of planning. This can be done by providing roads leading to high places, and convert public buildings, like mosques as temporary shelters when inevitable disasters occur.

• To create a supportive condition. The resettlement and housing

reconstruction will focus on public involvement, as much as possible. If necessary, a complementing body must be formed. Land ownership must be definite and guaranteed. This must be coupled by the opportunity to choose the intervention to be made. The form technical assistance will take (to be determined eventually) is left to town and district governments. In the preparation of the Aceh post-disaster Spatial Plan by the central government, several strategic principles were adopted, among other things, not sequential: can stand disasters, preserve and revitalize the town as the center of socio-economic activities, make use of existing facilities and infrastructures, minimize structural changes, hierarchy, land density and plan, minimize land ownership change, land consolidation, move back resettlement community away from the coast. There should be minimal population relocation, and new area development. Village plan must be prepared together with the people hit by the disaster.


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REFERENCES Reid, J. Norman; ,2000 Community Participation, How People Brings Sustainable

Benefits to Communities www.acehbps.go.id downloads April 1st, 2006 www.aceh.go.id downloads April 1st, 2006

Department of Public Work, 2005, Building Code for Provinci Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam

Department of Settlement and Infrastructure, 2001, SNI No. 1726-2001 : Standart for Design on Resilience Eartquake to Building Structure.

Earthquake and Tsunami Emergency Support Project Housing Sector Package 7, ADB Grant 0002-INO, 2006, Sub Project Apraisal Report for Gampong Pande and Lamdingin


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CULTURE, A COMMUNITY HETEROGENITY BONDING

CASE STUDY : KAMPUNG TAMAN, YOGYAKARTA

Sidem Tetuko Student of Regional Planning Doctoral Program

Universityof Diponegoro (UNDIP) (Email: [email protected] )

Abstract

The unbalance of people amount with the amount of house making a hard competition with the property agent an supplies of home for the society. Government agent, private agent even the public it self. This competition cause in price fighting and marketing strategy. A variable price influence of home, including land, in global or local; as a cause of the price rise. What happen is a home price getting unreachable for the poor peoples. Only reach peoples who dominate in owning home and land. Poor peoples getting eliminate from the dream to owning of house. Actually a poor peoples has a right to own a home, but its hard for realization. A ware with this condition, a property agent try to provide a home which the price “reachable”. Although in a reality its still difficult in realization. What supposed to be done is a simplicity in quality of building materials and quality house it self. Until in smalling the dimention of house so with the economics countings, a house producted affordable with reachable to poor peoples and keep giving a economic profit for those agent. The demotion of the material building quality, a house quality and dimention cause to the space dimention needs. Which connected the sum family member. This contradiction is a dilemma for them. What needed is the space amount with a reachable price for poor peoples or fulfilling an ideal space dimention to life. What happen is first idea, so property agent can produce a house which suit with the consumer the sum of market. But the fact is problem is never stop when a house getting a lot of provided. The next question is how a peoples (as individual or community) in their settlement adapted with the basic need and their social life community ? Become a houses at moment is not just as a house but as a home. So in house supplies not just a product, but as development process. Keywords : house needed, affordability, living space, poor society. I. INTRODUCTION As much as a sum of the peoples, the fact is getting bigger the problem to fulfill the house amount for society. The property agent does not effort to shorten this problem. Only 20% from the sum of house needs which can provided by property agent, while 80% gaven to the peoples (Kusuma, 2003; Silas, 2005). In spike of with the way to build a various house which suit with the actor who play a role an house production (Short, 2001). Process of building a house was programmed 20% because its controlled by the property agent which housing a good work systematic. While 80% doesn’t have a good program because its


148

influenced by individual condition/each family and not connected each others. Because having a good work systematic having a role 20% to the property world and the variable-variable which exist in side of their environment. II. LIVING SPACE AND THE AFFORDABILITY One of the problem that never been solved is about the house price which contrary with the capability affordable for poor society. This contradiction is supported by bad sad of the economics of the country with cause rise the price of the the other materials. While the income of the peoples not having a significant rise. The rise of the material price is supported with the huge of land price. In kualitatif, poor peoples in Indonesia is more a lot than a reach people, but having of house and land more dominated by a peoples who has a good buying point. So poor peoples getting far away from their right for belonging a house. A property agents can’t release from the rise of material and land price. If they produce a house with a good quality and dimention, so price which decided cannot reach for poor peoples. But if the price is reachable for poor peoples and idealisme of house dimention, so the price is unreachable for poor peoples. What the property agent done is to substract the quality of the materials and quality of the house it self. The result is matematics idealisme which connected with the sum of family member and the plenty space will not fulfill. Dimention of ideal house living has although a change and its suited with price problem. So the requairement of ideal house living needs is 6-7 m2 per person can’t be conducted. In 1950 was held Kongres Perumahan Rakyat, one of important thing is production housing which has dimension minimum 36 m2 plus development area 17,5 m2 (Silas, 2005). It means that with those minimum wide, the sum of family member minimum 5 peoples with assumption old people (father and mother) and 3 kids. So a house with dimension 36 m2 it will lasting until those kid adult. The next development proved that to provide a house for poor peoples has been done at way to cut the dimension of building wide into size 21 m2, an several house living who run by Perum Perumnas provide size 18m2. This steps adapted with buying point of poor peoples. Although many way has been done, the problem between house price and buying point of poor peoples it cannot to be handle in good way for a moment. III. URBANIZATION AND COMMUNITY HETEROGENEITY A fast growing peoples amount, especially in big city, cause by three things, are the natural grown (born and death), migration and reclassification (Firman and Soegijoko, 2005). From these three variable, a natural people grown giving a contributor 1/3, while 2/3 came from migration and reclassification (Short, 2001). The big proportion is come from other city. A various background each individu who doing migration takes a different characters. This heterogeneity eventually influences to the property production. Migration peoples from village to town, long time ago, pointing as a cause and a process grouping of poor peoples in city. They, as individu or group, places in restrict area for living with all limitation living facilities. Finally it happen slum area. With economics power which low and unstabil, group of peoples try to survive. So it is in a Metro manila city 25% peoples live in slum area (Drummond and Bunnell, 2002). It’s difficult to overcame this problem, because the effort in repairment in slum area always faces with financial problem, may of live and


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heterogeneity society. Heterogeneity very sensitive to the social problem. The cause is poverty and a difference print of view to the several things. Some conflict which happen its about a problem between individual or group. The cause is the existence between personal is not harmonis. Usually a new comer peoples its hard and doesn’t want to interaction with social activities of origin peoples (Yunus, 2006). IV. PROBLEM Process of property production by a property agent bring a new understansing that the house as a fisic appearances with the function as a place. The building shapes of tipical house (architecture, elements of building, esthetics and building structure) provided for all peoples with various background. It has a point of view that haouse is connected with peoples culture (house owner) and even the location (Rapoport, 1969). Life in this case is propagation process of human life. So life indentic with fisic propagation, quantity, quality and phsicologist. Based on this meaning so the reality that house building tipically always changes and adaptation with desire and the owner needs. This phenomena can find a lot in housing environment with the community which low income. What happened is a various of building shapes match with the various character community. So the environment that shapes not own a clear character. Connected with the effort in provide a cheap house with reachable price, a problem became dilemma and it is not easy to get solve. Basic statement is now to create a house and the environment which having reachable price for poor peoples and solving a problem-social problem which cause heterogeneity society ? V. LEARNING FROM KAMPUNG TAMAN - YOGYAKARTA The main problem is, first, strategy an making a house with reachable price, remembering a economic limitation. Strategy which meaned connecting an providing a land, as element with price relative more high compare with the material. Second, giving a limitation about design of the building concord with the character of the owner. Third, heterogeneity cannot terminate into homogeneity, but its needed important variable which play role as united katalisator for society to minimalist heterogeneity. From the three steps we can learn from Kampung Taman which include sites about Tamansari culture in Yogyakarta palace area. VI. DEVELOPMENT OF YOGYAKARTA CITY To understanding of Tamansari and Kampung Taman cannot separated from a history of Yogyakarta development. Because at the beginning Tamansari was not a settlement but one of facility in palace area. Although some of palace servant (abdi dalem) has a house not far from Tamansari and it’s a beginning appearance of Kampung Taman. Living process happened and migration around Tamansari so create a village with the name Kampung Taman. The development of Yogyakarta city can’t release from a process of modernization, industrialization, komersialization and education which happened and center of big city and become main factor in change and urbanization and citizen migration (Suryo in Colombijn, 2005). An urbanization process influence to citizen increase of Yogyakarta city. Because of the changing subject in using a land are human, so its more higher a rise of the citizen it will more bigger also the


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changing and it shown to the more a lot of the demand about space to live (Yunus, 2001). The citizen development can seen from the table of physics development of Yogyakarta in below :

Table 1 Development of Yogyakarta 1756 – 1996 Pemekaran Fisik Kota Yogyakarta

Tahun Luas (Ha)

Periode Lama Waktu

(th)

Tambah Luas (ha)

Rata-rata Kecepatan

Pemekaran (ha/th) 1756 359,55 1756 - 1824 68 764,59 11,24 1824 1.124,14 1824 – 1959 135 760,69 5,63 1959 1.884,83 1959 – 1972 13 751,59 57,81 1972 0.636,42 1972 – 1987 15 2.025,79 135,05 1987 4.662,21 1987- 1996 9 2.025,78 225,09 1996 6.687,99 1996 -

Sumber : Suryantoro, 2002

The development of Yogyakarta area in the next step not just cause a problem which connect to a city land limitation which more a lot the amount of the peoples, but it also a problem to the building and city element which having historical and culture value. This case shown in the center of Yogyakarta city in north part. Which is limited by Tugu Pal Putih trough to the north square. This area experience degradation meaning because the appearance of domination “rational” through to the historical value (Purwanto, 2006).

VI. 1 YOGYAKARTA - 1756 At the beginning Yogyakarta growth in linier follow the imaginair line fuse which is north-south. Because the old shape of Yogyakarta at the first time is the fuse of this imaginair. And the next growth of Yogyakarta is east-west linier follow the potential line as connector between Yogyakarta with the other region. Meanwhile this line much oriented to east-west, such as a road joint to the Surakarta (Khairuddin, 1995). A map of Yogyakarta, 1756 shown a roadthat already shape at that moment, palace area surrounded by fortress with fire gates and there is no explanation which connecting with condition and the environment. The exact map and can figure the condition of the environment around palace is the map of Yogyakarta the sources from kasto, 1976. This map show the position of Yogyakarta and around at there are farm area. Although in this map doesn’t mention a settlement area besides palace area. A farm area surrounded palace, it show that when palace found, a land an around it not as a forest, although after the border line of farm area doesn’t show the function of the other land. It show clear that moment palace area become a center of Yogyakarta. None of explanation about living location in around palace, an spite of based to the history Kota Gede as one of the part from the historical journey of the Kongdom in Java, because Kota gede has ever become a center of Kingdom before mataram Kongdom moved to Kartasura. While Ambarketawang location which became a temporary living place Sri Sultan Hamnegku Buwono I before palace found also didn’t appear in the map (Purwadi, 2005).


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VI. 2 YOGYAKARTA, 1765 Yogyakarta in 1765 showing by a map of Yogyakarta 1765 not experience much changing in the road. At that moment, the position of the road not experience a change since 1756. For about 9 years Yogyakarta didn’t change in town structure. But it happened development in location of land around the palace and there are two main location of settlement which near with Tugu pal Putih area. In the map of Yogyakarta in 1765 show there are to function of the land an around of palace, which is village and surround with farming area. This village was spread sporadisly in some of the city so it couldn’t be track physicly. The other land function is farming area which existing in second circle after farming area places in several village. That’s why there is no description which explain the existing and the name of those village. In the north location of palace there are two location of settlement, near to the Tugu pal Putih area. In the map whisch sources from Bappeda Yogyakarta, those settlement placed in around Growongan and Jlagran. VI. 3 YOGYAKARTA, 1790 For about 25 years since 1765 into 1790, Yogyakarta getting growing up more wide, although the land function not experience a more function. Farming area and village getting wider until Code river in the east palace. Besides more wide the farming land. There are more location of settlement in the north of palace. With increasing area of settlement so more growing up too the road line as a main road for peoples to activity and relate with other area. Jero Beteng area more crowded with housing which mean the settelement of palace people and abdi dalem. Some of old house in jero beteng area are Kemitbumen, Suranatan, Panembahan, Pesidenan, Nagan, Taman, Gamelan and Siliran. Besides a housing which place in jero beteng a north area of palace growing also as a housing area, which are Pakuningratan, Gowongan, Jlagaran, Dagen, pajeksan and Wirabrajan area. VI. 4 YOGYAKARTA, 1824 Map 1824 show that development of farming area and village was in some part which are Panggung Krapayak area, patang puluhan area and Surakarsan area until Kota Baru. A farming area in the north side palace getting crowded by housing, especially in along Malioboro road. The development area of Yogyakarta show a increasing in renovation 11,24 ha/years. At the beginning 1756 the wide of Yogyakarta 359,55 ha. In periode of 1756-1824, for about 68 years the wide of Yogyakarta become 764,59 ha. The development of Yogyakarta area for about those times was bigger than the development of Yogyakarta in two times of those each 760,69 ha and 751,59 ha (Suryantoro, 2002). The settlement is more growing in area of Malioboro street to south way. Crowded housing especially in the north side palace in around Vredeberg fortress and Beringhardjo market through the train track (Tugu Station). If we see from the structure of Yogyakarta, development of Yogyakarta was influence by transportation way which connect center the only way that connection of center Yogyakarta with the other city is Kyai Mojo street until Urip Sumohardjo street trough to Surakarta. Because this road is the only one external access and a way to palace from north direction is Malioboro street, so it surely that the first grow of Yogyakarta is in Malioboro street trough to Palace.


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Based on histories and the other description, we understand, the old settlement growing from Tugu Pal Putih to Panggung Krapyak. Khairuddin, 1995, said, Yogyakarta grew as imaginary line (northsouth) and then east-west line. The economic area have been impact this growth, especially the road to Surakarta. There are five area of the old settlement : 1. At the north palace.

The settlement was growing are Pakuningratan, Gowongan, Jlagarn, Dagen, Pajeksan and Wirabrajan.

2. At jero beteng. The settlement was growing area Suranatan, Kemitbumen, Panembahan, Pesidenan, nagan, Kampung Taman, Gamelan and Siliran.

3. At the south palace. The settlement was growing at the south palace and outside palace area Suryadiningratan, Mantrijeron and Jogokaryan.

4. At the west palace. The settlement was growing at the west of palace and outside of palace is Patangpuluhan.

5. At the east palace. There is Sukarsan

Before 1978, there are a lot foreign who living inside of palace (jero beteng). They bought land. To happen the take over of ownership lang process. So, on Pebruary 1978, Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono IX to prohibit the foreign for live in palace (Marwito, 1995). VII. TAMANSARI AND KAMPUNG TAMAN

The part of Yogyakarta culture to form structure of Yogyakarta city. But now, the culture is change of function and the meaning. Tamansari is important elemen of palace. It have been a tour place for the king family (Hendro, 2001) and exclusive place, so, the community forbided to live in Tamansari (Khairuddin, 1995). But at 1881, the all of Tamansari buildings are damaged by earthquake and it’s not to use for the king’s family (http://www.tembi.org/keraton_yogja/tamansari.htm). Until 1881, Tamansari to open for community. But since 1799 there are community (abdi dalem) living in Tamansari.

At the present tamansari be function for tourism place. In Yogyakarta. It given impact for Kampung Taman people. They have job as guide and making batik and puppet (wayang). They sale it to tourist. Tourism activity in Kampung Taman give impact for settlement grow up. Based on this description we understand about Tamansari was built for king’s family and then it growing be settlement of abdi dalem and then for plural community. The change homogenity to heterogenity community being a part from the change of function of Tamansari. Urbanization is the one impact to change society of Tamansari and than can make reshaping of society (Susanto, 1979). The change of Tamansari is settlemen phenomena.


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Diagram 1

The Historical of Tamansari Sejarah

Kerajaan Mataram

Kraton sebagaipusat mikrokosmos/

Negara/inti kota

Proses pembangunandan perkembangan

Kota Yogyakarta

Konsepkosmologi

Fasilitas Kampung

Pemerintahandan politik

Toponim

TAMANSARI

Eksklusif

Penurunan fungsi

InklusifTidak berfungsi Kampung Abdidalem

Warisan

Permukiman terbukaUrbanisasi

MutasiPariwisata

KampungWisata/

KampungTaman

Tahun 1755

Tahun 1765

Tahun 1790

Tahun 1881

Tahun 1971

Sekarang


154

NOTE :

1 SUMUR BANDUNG2 GERBANG PAGELARAN3 GEDUNG JAGASATRU4 GEDUNG PECAOSAN5 PENGECORAN BESI6 BASTION/BALUWER. TEMPAT MERIAM7 GEDUNG SARAGENI8 GEDUNG GAPURA AGUNG9 KOLAM PENGOCORAN PEMANDIAN10 GEDUNG LOPAK-LOPAK

PASANGGRAHAN UMBUL BINANGUN12 GEDUNG SEKAWAN13 GEDUNG GAPURA AGUNG14 GEDUNG TEMANTEN15 GEDUNG PENGUNJUKAN16 GEDUNG TEMPAT LATIHAN MENARI17 KOLAM LATIHAN BERENANG18 GEDUNG GANDEK19 GEDUNG PENJAGAAN20 GERBANG/GAPURA KENARI21 GUMUK PEMANDENGAN22 REGOL SEKETENG UNTUK PIKET23 GEDUNG MALANG PECAOSAN ABDI DALEM PENANDON24 KOLAM PEMANDIAN25 GAPURA TAMAN UMBULSARI26 KOMPLEKS PASANGGRAHAN TAMAN LEDOKSARI27 GEDUNG MADARAN/DAPUR28 GERBANG/GAPURA CARIK29 GEDUNG GARJITO30 PEMANDIAN GARITO31 PASIRAMAN NDALEM UMBULSARI32 PEMANDIAN NOGOLUNTAK33 GEDUNG DANDOS

11

RUANGAN BAWAH TANAH

TEBING

POHON

SLOKAN

BAK KONTROL

TANGGA

POT

TEMBUSAN PAS. KRAPYAK LEWATURUNG2 JALAN BAWAH TANAH

34. KORI BUTULAN35. GERBANG PEKSI BERI36. GEDUNG DANDOS37. PONGANGAN PEKSI BERI38. PINTU AIR39. BANGSAL PANGGUNGSARI40. PINTU GERBANG SUMUR G E M U L I N G41. KOLAM TLOGO MEMBLENG42. GEDUNG PERAHU43. URUNG-URUNG44. PULAU SUMUR GEMULING45. PULAU PANEMBUNG46. SEGARAN47. PONGANGAN48. JEMBATAN49. GEDUNG KENANGA50. GEDUNG PERAHU51. GEDUNG PATEHAN52. GEDUNG DAPUR53. REGOL SEGARAN54. REGOL PELENGKUNG55. PENJAGAAN56. MERGI INGGIL57. GERBANG PULAU P A N E M B U N G58. JALAN

43

40

49

46

47

42

41

44

50 52 5354

51 50

555554

38

38

3756 57

39

45

12 1513 58 18

27

19

19

14

1415

12

12125 8 10

77

7

114

4

332

1

6

6

28

29

30

33

3434

35

3236

31

26

1617

22

25

24

23

50 M

Segaran

Urung-urung dibawah permukaan air

Kebun Kelapa

Skala 1 : 1000

Perkampungan abdi dalem

Suronoto

Perkampungan abdi dalem

Bugis

Kebun Manggadan Duku

Pandanwangi

Kebun Sere & Sayuran

Kebun Sirih

Kebun

Kebun Duren

Kolam Tandon Air

Kebun Nanas

Kebun Bunga

Kebun Sirih

Kebun Sirih

Kebun Sukun

Kebun

Mangga

&

Nam-naman

Kebun cengkeh, mricopolo,kemukus

Kebun Sayuranseberang

Pondokan abdi dalem taman




Pondokan abdi dalem tamanPondokan abdi dalem taman

58

48

20

TAMANSARI AS A FACILITIES OF PALACESumber : perpustakaan Kraton Yogyakarta, 2006


155

REFERENCES

Colombijn, Freek etc, 2005, Kota Lama Kota Baru, Sejarah Kota-Kota Di Indonesia, Ombak, Yogyakarta.

Drummond and Bunnell (eds), 2002, Critical Reflections On Cities In Southest Asia, Brill Times Academic Press, Singapore.

Hendro, Eko Punto, 2001, Kraton Yogyakarta Dalam Balutan Hindu, Bendera, Semarang.

http://www.tembi.org/keraton_yogja/tamansari.htm Khairuddin, 1995, Filsafat Kota Yogyakarta, Liberty, Yogyakarta.

TAMANSARI AS A TOURISM PLACESumber : Bappeda Yogyakarta, 2006

Pulau Cemeti

Sumur Gumuling

Umbul Binangun

Pasar Ngasem


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Kusuma, Sonny, 2003, Melembagakan Prakarsa Pembangunan dan Permukiman

Oleh Warga, Seminar Nasional Prospek Pembangunan Perumahan Dalam Kerangka Otonomi Daerah, FTSP-UII, DPD Real Estate DIY, Yogyakarta.

Marwito, Tirun, 1995, Upacara Tradisional Jumenengan Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono X, Media Widya Manggala, Yogyakarta.

Purwadi, 2005, Upacara Tradisional Jawa, Menggali Untaian Kearifan Lokal, Pustaka Pelajar, Yogyakarta.

Purwanto, Edi, 2006, Seminar Konsep-Konsep Makna Ruang Kota (Ruang Kota Poros Tugu Pal Putih Sampai Alun-Alun Utara – Yogyakarta), Sekolah Pasca Sarjana UGM Program Studi Arsitektur Kelompok Bidang Ilmu-Ilmu Teknik, Yogyakarta.

Prawoto, Eko, 2004, Kolaborasi Design Dalam Mendukung Proses Merumah, Simposium Nasional Arsitektur Perumahan di Indonesia, Universitas Katholik Parahyangan, Bandung.

Rapoport, Amos, 1969, House Form and Culture, Prentice-Hall, Inc, Englewood. Short, John Rennie, 2001, The Urban Order; An Introduction To Cities, Culture

and Power, Blackwell Publishers, Massachusetts. Soegijoko, Budhy Tjahyati, 2005, Buku 1 : Konsep dan Pendekatan

Pembangunan Perkotaan di Indonesia, URDI & Yayasan Sugijanti Soegijoko, Jakarta.

Suryantoro, Agus, 2002, Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan Kota Yogyakarta Tahun 1959-1996 Dengan Menggunakan Foto Udara, Kajian Utama Perubahan Luas, Jenis, Frekuensi, dan Kecepatan Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan Serta Faktor Pengaruhnya, Disertasi : UGM, Yogyakarta.

Susanto, Astrid, 1979, Pengantar Sosiologi dan Perubahan Sosial, Ekonomi, Bandung.

Yunus, Hadi Sabari, 2001, Perubahan Pemanfaatan Lahan di Daerah Pinggiran Kota : Kasus di Pinggiran Kota Yogyakarta, Disertasi : UGM, Yogyakarta.

Yunus, Hadi Sabari, 2006, Megapolitan; Konsep, Problematika dan Prospek, Pustaka Pelajar, Yogyakarta.


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AFFORDABLE HOUSING (STUDY ON HOUSING FOR MUD-VULCANO

DISASTER’S VICTIMS IN PORONG-SIDOARJO)

Purwanita Setijanti, Wahyu Setyawan, Mahesti Okitasari Laboratory for Housing and Human Settlements

Department of Architecture Institute of Technology Sepuluh Nopember (ITS)


Abstract

The burst of mud volcano from Lapindo Brantas’s Banjar Panji #1 exploration well in Porong-Sidoarjo have been drowning four villages, flooding more than three others settlements and still threatening broaden area and utilities surrounds it. Thousands housing have vanished along with their rhythm of life and established social setting. Up to 8 months after its eruption on June 2006, nobody could predict when will these mud volcanos be stopped, and those drowned area could be used again. These uncertainties are distressing communities in that area. As United Nation Centre Human Settlement’s ratification stated that safety and life are two of the fundamental rights, therefore rescuing people as a main issue on dealing with this disaster is a must. The most important thing dealing with housing and settlement problem is housing and settlement replacement. Various approaches on resettlement, profoundly revealing on social aspect, have been studied and compared in order to enlightening suitable alternative for the case study. At least there would be three types or steps on housing enhancement for this kind of disaster, depence on the pressure on each area. Keywords: mud volcano, affordable housing, settlement replacement

I. INTRODUCTION

As early as the disaster task force is set up by Bupati Sidoarjo, there was a team that responsible to take care of social issue along with two other teams which have the responsibility to seal the mud volcano and to control the flow of the mud volcano at the upper surface, however, up till now its attempt has not been as intense as the other teams. Actually, the statement that recognizing the existence of some hazardous chemical substances in the mud that endanger environmental health should pushed the taskforce to act right away in preparing Emergency Response Plans, in anticipating deteriorating condition that proceed evacuation, and Contingency Plan in anticipating the worst scenario, in which the area could not be reconstructed or the mud vulcano could not be controlled.

The mud volcano is not only drowning the area but also destroying social activity and the existing social network; therefore in overcoming the need of housing should comprise the entire problems on top of it. The significant problem dealing with overcoming the housing condition are the unconstructive data on refugees and the undecided scheme in dealing with the problem.

Supporting the sufferers in planning is not easy, not only because of their turmoil condition which has jumbled their social harmony, but also their different


158

perspective in anticipating the problems. At least there are three issues that should be taken into consideration:

First, the community uneasiness to leave their treasured home, with no assurance on their return, when there is a call on evacuation process

Second, the community emotional instability, when they have to face their likely broken socio-economic

Third, the community safety and contented assurance, when they have to have a transitional and adaptation processes as the ordinary condition could not be returned.

II. APPROACH

The scenario in thinking about overcoming of the housing problem in this conditions could take on a resettlement approach, given that the circumstances is quite the same, especially the one that defined for refugees of wars. The improbability condition will be the main concern, although the live destructive effect is much lower than the war’s consequence. Allude to UNHCR (2004) resettlement is a mechanism for refugees protection, a durable solution and an element of burden and responsibility-sharing.

Being different with other natural disaster, such as landslides, flood, or tsunami, that promptly harms the people, this mud volcano is sluggish, it takes long drawn out to the people, therefore it gives ‘enough’ time to the people to evacuate the area.

This research is based on literature reviews, using secondary data that were published by various publications during the disaster from June 2006 to Januari 2007, and analysing under the correspondence of resettlement practice.

III. A CONCEPT FOR HOUSING ALTERNATIVE (SCHEME FOR

SEARCHING OUT A REFUGEES ‘ HOUSING )

In planning this refugees’ housing or settlement, the authority should not only concern with the housing resources, but also other supporting issues such as community development, and the living sustenance. The housing resources (Turner, 1979) will include the affordable land, justified material, accurate finance, appropriate technology, approved human resources, and adequate infrastucture. These seven aspects should comprehencively support the alternative plans.

Other issue on community development acctually is giving an opportunity to the community and the committee/management in exploring a delightful design. In term of this specific subject, it is subsequently important to recognize community’s aspiration in order to have an immediate response and supportive design process

Simultaneously, the living sustenance attentiveness assists the committee/management in understanding the community’s living condition, custom and social network. This action expectantly could reduce community uneasiness, anxiety and build up their self-assured.


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The structure of consideration and plan could describe as print below:

The above consideration will always be used as an indicator to make up researcher’s mind in dealing with the local condition. In the process of evacuation, the main issue is providing shelter that refugees could leave the area straight away and get a shelter. This was the action that the local government has done in managing the first four villages that has been drown by the mud-vulcano. In the first two months when the flow of mud-vulcono is still controlled, refugees were taken care of in temporary shelter, not all of them left their villages. Eventhough there were lots of experts stated that there were some toxic chemical substance were on the mud. At the same time PT Lapindo has started to collect data about the people and its recidance following the anxiety that these villages are put in danger. At that time the recovery taskforce predicted that the mud will be stopped in August and no longer than Desember 2006, unfortunately, the flow of the mud is increasing and caused the upper surface team hectic. On the third months Lapindo has been ready with their population data, and made them ready to give the refugees money to help them to rent a house, hopefully to place them in a better condition, but the total of refugees are growing up along with the wider the mud drowning the area. In this eighth month when the other department have already tried lots of alternative solution, the social taskforce did not run faster than giving the refugees rental money. Unfortunately, in the second week of February, PT Lapindo gave a distressing news for the refugees since it is no longer giving rental money to the next and future refugees whose land are drowning by the mud except those who have been lived in the previouse four villages.

In rapid analysis this process could be driven three imposing types of response design, which are: the short-term emergency housing, the mid-term/transitional housing, and the long-term/permanent housing. However, the most important thing is that in undertaking this activity there should be an organisation or management that will manage the whole process of development, not only the design process, but also the other activities such as building community awareness and assistance, arranging property appraisal, and managing the construction and post construction/rehabilitation process.

REHOUSE/

RELOCATION/ RESETTLEMENT

• Design • Requirements • Price

Housing resources: • Land • Material • Finance • Tecnology • Human resources • Infrastructure • Permit

Other issues : • Community Development • Living sustenance


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In a diagram the activities could be drawn as seen below: III. 1. Short term: the Emergency Housing (Rumah Darurat)

The emergency housing is the initial aid that should be arranged for the first category of disaster. It is a direct place to live in away from the disaster area. In this place the upset refugee will be support by adequate space to sleep, food to eat and other basic services.

The basic principle of this emergency housing is that it can be built in a hurry and can be used as a multi purpose building. Therefore, the building could be build in a limited times (by means of its simple construction, such as using a modular arrangement with regular services, local material and standard equipment), and temporary used. The basic building could be used as houses, school, district office, health centre, market, mosque, without specific character, in preference, that everybody could build without specific ability.

Physically the building could be as simple as military barracks. This type of housing will help people to regain their self-control, but will not assured their contentment, therefore refugee could not stay in this condition more than their psychological level of serene. Moreover, this supportive condition will, unfortunately, trigger the tendency of laying down their arms and create an indolent community.

In this disaster, the local disaster taskforce guide refugees to stay in their own district community halls or in the unoccupied new market (Pasar Porong Baru).

‘Lucky us, we have Pasar Porong Baru’, that was a statement from a ‘panic management’ that arise at that moment, without knowing what should they do as

Management/ Organisation

Community

Legal information & appraisal

Short term: Emergency housing

Mid-term: Transitional Housing

Planning

Construction

Assistance

Long-term Permanent housing/

Relocation/resettlement

Disaster Area


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they did not know will we always have that fortune? Unused buildings, barracks, tents, district community halls (balai desa), are some of the best choices in this situation, but should be equipped with standards basic services, such as public toilets, and public kitchens (dapur umum).

As part of social task team from ITS, researcher rearrange some lots of Pasar Porong Baru as an emergency housing. The lots were planned into some plots constructed by plywood sheet which could accommodate at least one family with or without their relative. These plots were equiped by additional public toilet. Archetypal lots plan in Pasar Porong

DISAIN BANTUAN OLEH :INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER ( ITS )SURABAYADISAIN DIBUAT ATAS PENGAMATAN LAPANGAN PADA TGL. 17 JUNI 2006

DENAH ASAL LOS PASAR

Figure. 1. Typical lots in Pasar Porong Baru This plan was then designed to accommodate refugees plots and extended infrastructure. As shown on figure below.

musholla

sekolah bersama

dapur

umum

rumah sakit lapangan

Trailer

MCK

Pos jaga

RUKO

tertutup

RUKO

tertutup

RUKO

tertutup

KETERANGAN :

RUMAH SAKIT LAPANGAN (

SUDAH ADA )

USULAN PENATAAN TRAILER

M C K

DAPUR UMUM ( SUDAH ADA )

USULAN PENATAAN

MUSHOLLA

USULAN PENATAAN SEKOLAH

BERSAMA

RUKO BERLANTAI 2

TRAILER M C K ( SUDAH ADA )

Fig. 2. Part of lots plan in Pasar Porong Baru


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UNIT

HUNIAN

UKURAN

3 X 5

M2

UNIT

HUNIAN

UKURAN

3 X 5

M2

UNIT

HUNIAN

UKURAN

3 X 5

M2

UNIT

HUNIAN

UKURAN

3 X 5

M2

UNIT

HUNIAN

UKURAN

3 X 5

M2

DETAIL PEMBAGIAN LOS UNTUK HUNIAN

TEMPAT CUCI

BERSAMA

DAPUR

BERSAMA

DAPUR

BERSAMA

TEMBOK SETINGGI 90 cm

TEMBOK SETINGGI 15 cm UNTUK

PENAHAN AIR CUCIAN

PADA TEMBOK PENAHAN DIBUAT SALURAN

PEMBUANGAN MENUJU KE SALURAN YANG ADA

MEJA DAPUR SETINGGI 80 cm LEBAR 60 cm

BAHAN MULTIPLEX DAN KAKI KAYU 5/7

TEMPAT PARKIR SEPEDA

MOTOR & BARANG BERSAMA

UNIT

HUNIAN

UKURAN

3 X 5

M2

PIPA AIR DENGAN

KRAN UNTUK CUCI

DISAIN BANTUAN OLEH :INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER ( ITS )SURABAYADISAIN DIBUAT ATAS PENGAMATAN LAPANGAN PADA TGL. 17 JUNI 2006

KM / WC YANG

TERSEDIA

Fig. 3. Detail plan for refugees plots and additional infrastucture support Actually the existance of those plots/temporary dwellings could help refugee

to soothing themselves and trying to find their future life after going through the catastrophe. However, the concept of this temporary dwelling did not get to the aim, only few were constructed and what is more, some of those plots were only planned for couple who would like to have intercourse. However, those who occupied the plots were pleased, and as a result they could smile for awhile as seen on the picture below.

Figure 5. Temporary Housing/Dwelling in Pasar Porong Baru A note that could be drawn from this condition is that people should have to have assurance that their life is continuing, although it’s in limited condition.


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III. 2. Mid-term: Transitional Housing (Perumahan/Permukiman Transisi) The transitional housing is prepared for the community in order to

accommodate refugee in the stage of post emergency, but the disaster is still there or the reconstruction process could not be started before two years. On this condition the standart of impermanent housing should be improved and in the community should be in a save condition so that they could rearrange their socio-economic activities. For those who lost their occupation could stard their new life with another chance, so that they could support themselve. In fact this type of housing could be design such as a permanent housing, since the people could stay about two years, therefore in site selection process be sure that the community could have the opportunity to have a good acces to the existing public fascilities and infrastructure.

Thre are lots of typical housing that could be choosen as the principal design. Identic housing won’t be mind, since this is the place where the community could have base for their new living activities. Easy to build is still the standard of construction, since this performance is needed to be ready before the next influx of refugees come to the emergency house. This transision housing could use national standart for simple housing (RSS) plan with at least have 36m2 for its building and 70m2 for its land, therefore this type of housing could be constructed in other disaster area.

Figure 6. Some typical model of transitional housings 1. Qualification Fondation Screw Steel, main structure: light steel, timber wall 2nd grade, timber floor, without ceiling and metal sheet roof. 2. Infrastructure In order to support the environment, there should be a neighbourhood infrastucture and public fascilities such as: pathway/road, drainage, electricity, clean water supply, community hall, health centre, market, etc. 3. Time frame Construction process should not longger than three month, so that the one who have already inhabit the emergency housing could than move to this settlement. This alternative will work efficient if the local government supporting these activities by providing land and other services


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Lapindo’s choice to give some money as a rental fee to the victims is also an alternative choice to solve this transitional housing. Nevertheless, based on the widespread of the mud-vulcano, the possibility of those people in loosing their social network was expected. This social-network loss can inflict discomfortness among citizens which probably will be one of the main reasons of their refusal to be moved or relocated. III. 3. Long Term – Permanent Housing/ Resettlement Program

Permanent Housing is the main aim of the long term scheme in order to help the people to settle themselve. In this case, permanent housing can be obtained by relocation process. This relocation process of course must concern about the social safety and comfortness. This closer to resettlement process version needs a very accurate and detail planning. Some very important notes must be well thought-out in a resettlement process, especially in involuntary resettlement like this case. These important notes are: 1. Community who will inhabit the new settlement have to be served by

sufficient fascilities and infrastructure, at least they look likes those that they have ever had.

2. Every type of permanent housing alternative plans should be presented to the community (including a land-based housing option). This option especially for the specific communities who are exiled from their productive land, who do not have any alternative occupation after the tragedy. For those farmer communities, the resettlement process should include the posibillity to arrange their future productive land. Some experience showed that cash compesation will not be enough to pay damages immaterially.

3. If the existing land are not enough, the posibillity of resettlement will be a non land-based. Offerring opportunity to have a employment will be another offer, it could be a formal occupation or a private business. Hopefully the cash compensation will substitute their lost.

4. A holistic analysis for the probable project’s alternative should be done in order to identify the actual problematic, especially for these involuntary resettlement.

For the long-term solution, it assumes that the house could inhabited by the

refugees as a replacement house. Therefore data is the key point for the basic work out. The deepness of the data will bring about an exceptional design for the community. Moreover, for getting a good agreement among stakeholders in this process, there should be an independent appraisal team.

An assumsion that all victims will have a house and its support, will lead the designer to plan settlement as it was, essentially and trivially. This condition will need an agreement between the communities with the corporation. Five particulars things that could influence the design process are:

1. Land

The width of land that is needed by each of houses should equal to the width of their previous land. The land should equip with its infrastructure and public fascilities and other fascilities that rise during the discussion session between communities and the teams.


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2. Housing Typology The main requirement that needed to be in agreement is that the quality of housing should be a new home where the family could make an adjustment in the new environment. This could be started by involving those familiy in the planning and construction process. Furthermore, this house will be a home when the familly is also involve in the process of its development to be a new home as they wish for, consequently this house could be a core house that could be expanded as they wish without any problems. Therefore any type of houses could be taken into consideration not only those that offered by any industrial unit, but also if the communities would like to construct it by themselve. The most important of the development is the process.

3. Infrastructure The infrastructure and public fascilities that should be part of the design are the one that they have alredy had in their previous settlement, along with those that should be provided by the public work department’s standart.

4. Time It can not be predicted the length of the agreement process, since it depends on the discussion and the negosiation process, however it should be persuaded that the building construction should be around 3 to 6 months without land acquisition and preparation

IV. IMPORTANT ISSUES IN DESIGN PROCESS In conclussion, the most important matter that should be appreciated in this process of design assistance are:

IV. 1. Community Development Considering the community effect of this disaster, we must use a

community approach to solve the housing problems that occur because of this disaster. For that purpose highly experienced experts are needed to guide the citizens through their involvement in this process.

IV. 2. Data Accurate datas on victims, their abandoned houses and drowned

public facility are highly needed. This datas are the basic to every action made to solve these housing problems entirely. This datas include the residence of the house, the physical form of the house, the size of the area and their legallity status.

IV. 3. Land If it has been decided to relocate the disaster’s victims, a wise

decision must be made regarding the relocation placement which by any means must not be against the city’s development planning. We also need to beware of land price markup. The land development and infrastructure construction can be separately arranged through the contractor. Hopefully the contractor can make the land ready-to-build, so the victims can build their house as soon and as easy as possible.

IV. 4. Village Plan Relocation has a distinct advantage in the planning aspect. Through

relocation it is possible to plan a better place than the victim’s original


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residental area. For that village plan are very important in this relocation business which involved the citizens.

IV. 5. Buliding Management In actuating and supervising the building process, a community

based or contractor based approach can be used. Both approaches have distinctive ways which have their own advantages and disadvantages.

IV. 6. Utilizing an existing Real Estate Low-class real estates near the disaster spot can be use as the

relocation area. Of course a thorough negotitaion and agreement must be made. The approach to this type of relocation is very different to the community based approch. Relocation to real estates needs special attention in the citizen’s social-economic behavior which will probably need a little adjustment.

IV. 7. Financial The finance source can be very influenting in the process. The fact

that every finance source usually has special conditions that must be fullfiled in using their money it could be quite a problem.

V. A CONCEPT OF MANAGEMENT (SCHEME FOR SEARCHING OUT

REFUGEES’ HOUSING)

In the process of rebuilding the communities’ housing and settlement, researchers and the Sidoarjo’s Development of Planning Board were discussing and focussing a scheme of housing development process. The development scheme will show the flow of the housing development process in which it could give alternative and best choice for each of preference.


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VI. CONCLUSION The last notes that could be share in this study are the need of coordination among departments, not just a meeting, the absolutely involvement of the community, and the danger of the lure of a compensation payment. VI. 1. Institution Coordination

In term of this specific disaster, lots of institutions are involved, therefore a specific management should be arranged in order to organise all activties that should be carried out. This management institution will coordinate all the activities thoroughly, since every step of each department should anticipated and responsed by other department. This independent team should consist of:

The owner/explorer : PT Lapindo Brantas Local government : Pemerintah Kabupaten Sidoarjo Provincial government : Pemerintah Propinsi Jawa Timur Centre government : Pemerintah Pusat Researcher : University/research centre NGO : Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat Any other important institution

What should be organised in overcoming the disaster is not only how

to stop the explotion and handle the mud-volcano’s flow and its impact, but also be concerned of the victims sorrow. The choice of each department’s activities should also be the essential contribution for the other.

RESETTLEMENT NEW VILLAGE

PLANNING

HOUSES IN REAL ESTATE

PERMITS

SETTLEMENT DEVELOPMENT SETTLING

NEW ADDRESS

POTENSIAL DEVELOPERS

AGRREMENT

CITY’S PLANNING

YA

AVAILABEL HOUSES

Y

NO

Management

OPTION

COMPENSATION PAYMENT 3 1

2

COMMUNITIES

COMPENSATION ANNOUNCEMENT

COMPENSATION AGRREMENT

YA

REDESIGN

CHOSEN HOUSE (1) PLANNING WITH COMMUNITY/

CHOSEN HOUSE (3)

INDEPENDENT SURVEYORS APRAISAL team

ASSISTANCE

CHOSEN HOUSE (2)


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VI. 2. Community Approach

According to the experience in solving post-disaster problems in other area, a community based approach in handling the housing problems is highly recommended. The community need guidance and assistance during the the rehabilitation and reconstruction process. Community involvement in the development process is important in order to facilitate a legitimate approval in each step of action plan. This activity will not only to avoid conflict amongs themselves, but also between community and the management. The key factor of success in this community approach is the active involvement of all element of the community. The important role of the religious leaders in this society could be the entry point to explore the community’s aspiration.

VI. 3. Compensation Payment and Its Problems and The Market valuation One of the alternative approach to solve the housing problem is

giving the people a compensation payment, however long time experience showed that cash conpensation will always unsatisfying the victims. This condition can be comprehend, when we think, how could somebody define the amount of money for the lost of the establishment, the lost of home which is not only a house, an occupation which is not only a job, and what is more the lost of the social network. Furthermore, how could someone estimate the lost of their business opportunity that was offered by their previous environment? The method of ‘cost-benefit’ standard will not be able to estimate the lost people’s economic and moral values.

In one of the World Bank’s publication Voices of the Poor, the community relationship from a social network is the only assurance for the sustainability of the communities’ live. When this network is thrown nobody could ensure the pleasure of the people in their new environment. Some remarks acquainted with the housing development subjects is;

1 The expelled people are those who actually do not want to go from their environment, they are forced to leave their beloved village that has lots of memories and: life story.

2 The lost of these communities is as immense as the lost of who has to leave their country to get an asylum, or to save their life from a natural disaster.


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AFFORDABLE AND SUSTAINABLE HOUSING FOR DISASTER MITIGATION

CASE STUDY RIA FOR CALANG

Wahyu Setyawan Laboratory For Housing and Human Settlements

Department of Architecture Institute of Technology Sepuluh Nopember (ITS)


Abstract

The most terrible natural disaster in Aceh and North Sumatera, December 26th 2004 has destroyed northern and western coastal area of Sumatera Island, as well as in Calang became the lost city because almost 100% damaged.

Aids and Relieves from around the world concentrated on food, clothes, medicines and tents. The Government of East Java Province developed RIA house (idea by ITS) in Calang as a solution for shelter problem in emergency period, as replacement of tents that has limited life time.

With RIA, the victims can life normally in adequate shelter, hopefully they can start new life. In 3 months, more than 600 houses and other facilities was built in Calang. It’s become first housing project that built in Aceh after disaster.

Keywords: adequate shelter, disaster mitigation I. INTRODUCTION

Terrible catastrophe in Aceh and North Sumatera in the end of December 2004, has destroyed along North and West coastal area of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province. Natural disaster caused by earthquake with 9.0 magnitudes followed by the biggest tsunami disaster in Indonesia ever occurred. Until one month after disaster, all aids and relieves just concentrated on basic need such as food, clothes, medicine and tents that have limited life time shortly. I. 1. Calang-The Lost City

The most destroyed area because of earthquake and tsunami is Calang, the capital city of Aceh Besar Regency. Only for less than 20 minutes, almost 100% the city was totally damaged, nothing building left. Calang laid on Western coastal of Sumatera Island, is the second most damaged area after Banda Aceh city. As a port city, Calang developed in a beautiful bay, surrounded by tropical forest and beautiful shore.

When the earthquake and tsunami coming in the morning, the people suddenly shock and they have no time to escape. So that was why more than 75% inhabitants of Calang city were dead. Suddenly, in a short time, Calang became a terrible huge cemetery as well as a lost city.


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Fig. 1. Calang After Disaster II. RIA – SPIRIT OF SOLIDARITY II. 1. The Idea

Based on solidarity spirit of nationalism, humanitarian aid flew from around the world into Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province. The world eyes stared on Aceh, and sent many kind of aid and relief, especially in medicines and foods.

As an organization which is concern in housing aspect, Laboratory for Housing and Human Settlements of ITS want to give humanitarian aid as well as another organization.

In line with our experience on low cost housing project, we try to find appropriate relief for the victims, different with other organization aids. For shelter, the victims lives in tents that has limited life time, not more than 3 months. After that, shelter will become serious problem if there is no action to overcoming it.

For instance, Laboratory for Housing and Human Settlements of ITS design a new approach of housing for disaster (limited) condition to solve the shelter problem in Aceh, while emergency period. The house called RIA- stand for Rumah ITS untuk Aceh (Housing form ITS for Aceh)- is a brilliant idea at that time.

II. 2. Concept The main concepts of RIA are:

1. Made from simple material and with simple tools. 2. Easy and quick to built by everyone, not only for the skilled carpenters.

With 4 mature people, this house can be built in 10 hours. 3. Easy to be built in every kind of place, not depend on the site situation. 4. Earthquake resistance. 5. Flexible for any kind of function such as house, small office, market, etc. 6. Easy to be developed post occupation.


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Figure 2. Model of RIA made from cartoon paper II. 3. Design

According to President Instruction for housing standard for disaster mitigation, RIA was designed with 36 m2 plus simple toilet and kitchen. According with the main concept, RIA was made from simple material (wood plank) and simple tools (saw, hammer and nails), with high flexibility of function. Fig. 3 Plan Fig. 4. Section


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Fig. 5 Detail of Stilt I. 4. Cost Estimate For each house of RIA, the cost not exceed than 15 million Rupiah (Rp 15.000.000,-), that’s only for material and man power. Table 1. Estimation of RIA- Construction Cost (36m2 plus)

No Material Sum Unit Unit Price (Rp)

Amount (Rp)

1 Meranti Wood Plank 2x20x400 291 sheet 33,600 9,777,600

2 Hinge T.10 9 piece 7,500 67,500 3 Corrugated Zinc Plate 210 36 sheet 54,150 1,949,400

4 Zinc Plate

10 m 28,000 280,000

5 Wood Nail (2" & 3")

14 kg 8,000 112,000

6 Zinc Nail

2 kg 12,000 24,000 7 Red Brick 1,842 piece 200 368,400 8 Portland Cement 14 bag 30,000 420,000 9 Closet (KIA) 1 piece 45,000 45,000

10 Bak mandi fiber Uk. Kecil 1 piece 95,000 95,000 11 Faucet 1/2" 1 piece 9,000 9,000 12 Shovel 1 piece 12,500 12,500 13 Mason’s Trowel 2 piece 5,500 11,000 14 Bucket 2 piece 2,500 5,000 15 Zinc plate scissors 1 piece 10,000 10,000 16 Saw 2 piece 40,000 80,000 17 Hammer 2 piece 27,500 55,000 18 Measuring 5m 1 piece 6,000 6,000 19 Saw file 1 piece 8,000 8,000 20 Squares 2 piece 5,000 10,000 TOTAL 13,345,400


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Because of difference location, the cost estimate must be added by deployment of materials. II. 5. Preparation for Development

1. Coordination To built RIA in a isolated area is not easy, and needs a lot of efforts.

To make it real, Government of East Java Province lead to coordinating all of resources from East Java such as Military, University, Private Sector, community Organizations, etc.

Diagram 1. Scheme of Coordination

2. Participation and Funding As a spirit of solidarity from East Java community for Aceh, so

many resources committed to help Aceh people. Government of East Java Province is a Leading sector that coordinating all the resources. ITS as the planner of RIA and supplying man power of construction (students). Kodam V Brawijaya Troops as man power for construction. Navy help for mobilization of man power and materials from East Java to Calang. Department of Public Works of East Java Province send some of heavy duty vehicle and operator for land clearing on selected location of RIA development. Some private sector give materials for construction such as steel bar and nails.

For the funding, was collected from the community of East Java Province including private sector and the Government of East Java Province budget.

Central Gov.

Military ITS

Province Gov.

Community Organization; Private Sector


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Fig. 6. Mock Up of RIA- made in Campus of ITS, Surabaya Fig. 7. Training for Army Troops Fig. 8. Training for ITS Students as humanitarian services

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(a) (b)

(a) (b)


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II. DEVELOPMENT OF RIA III.1. Land Preparation Fig. 9. Land Preparation with heavy duty vehicle III. 2. Construction Result and Impact Fig. 10. Construction Stages (a). Setting the stilt (b). Erection main frame (c). Connecting main frames (d). Install the wall and window holes (e). Plastered the floor (f). Toilet

(a) (b)

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)


176

III. 3. Results Construction period started from March until May 2005 (3 months). In that period, more than 600 houses was built in various function, such as : • Houses • School • Office • Health Clinic • Mosque, etc In construction period, several earthquake and typhoon has occurred in Calang. RIA has proven that it was earthquake and typhoon resistance, tested by the nature. RIA has became pioneer of providing shelter for disaster victims in Aceh, and still occupied until now, 2 years after disaster. Figure 11. New Housing and Settlements of RIA in Calang Figure 12. Elementary School made with modification of RIA module.


177

Figure 13. One of Office made with modification of RIA module Fig . 14. Department of Education made with modification of RIA module


178

VERTICAL HOUSING: BUILDING ENVELOPE AS SOLAR ENERGY RECEIVING-SET

Nurhamdoko Boni

Department of Architecture Merdeka University Malang

Doctorate Program in Architecture Department, ITS, Surabaya (Email : [email protected] ; [email protected] )

Abstract

A solar cell can directly convert the sun’s irradiation to electricity. Solar cell applications are technically feasible and economically viable. In truth solar radiation is heavenly grace, so the old principle of avoiding building from radiation must be changed become how the buildings catch radiation (energy). This is an effort for maximizing radiation (energy) acceptance. Surface size of vertical housing building envelope will be increased if the building is heightened. Taller building has wider building envelope surface, this means more energy could be received. Keywords: vertical housing, solar energy I. INTRODUCTION I. 1. Solar Energy

Energy from the sun is accepted and stored by plants. From plants, we obtain wood and food. Oil also originates from animal fossils that took energy from plants million years ago. Wind power originates from the difference of air temperature and air pressure, which caused by sun radiation. Therefore, solar energy is source of all kinds of energy.

One step of progressiveness reached when human knows how to take the advantages directly from the sun, for example for water heater. There are many ways done, but the ways are using sunlight (especially its heat) directly too. The next step is when human found photovoltaic. This is the method to get electrical power directly from the sun.

Solar panels are one of the very few CO2 free energy converters. Today, for a range of applications, they are a technically feasible and economically viable alternative to fossil fuels. A solar cell can directly convert the sun’s irradiation to electricity based on physical process that requires no moving parts (Biermann, 1991).

I. 2. Design concept changing in architecture

Climate, include penetrating radiation and heat reflection, is important factor in designing any building. Radiation and heat reflection ought to be considered, not only as negative influence but also as positive influence. A principle that often applied is taking advantages of sunlight for day lighting.

There is a judgment that heat radiation of sunlight is something injurious in the tropical area, so avoiding building from sunlight (heat radiation) is often


179

done. Solar radiation is naturally richly energy and it is free. By that reason, solar radiation must be understood as something positive. So the principle of avoiding building from radiation must be changed become how the buildings catch radiation as much as possible. A good method for catching radiation is installing photovoltaic system onto building.

II. ARCHITECTURE RESPONSE

In the journey of Earth turning around the sun, the direction of earth rotation axle always changed toward the sun position. Different latitude areas accept not similar sunlight intensity. Earth surface is heated and cooled by energy inside sunlight. The amount of energy is constant. Maximum energy accepted by earth surface that its position vertically toward sunlight direction. For other position, accepted energy is smaller.

II. 1. Building Orientation

Building roofs and walls accept more solar radiation than other building parts. Solar radiation, by reflection and transmission, goes into the building rooms. Air temperature becomes increased and then it decreases thermal comfort. Rooms must be completed with air conditioned system. However, air-conditioned system needs more cost for operating and maintaining because the system needs more electricity power and decreases the lifetime of AC system. Even, data in Jakarta show that buildings cooling load are very large. Composition of electricity power consumption is dominated by cooling load. See table below.

Table 1. Electricity Power Consumption I

Source: Dyah. K.Ratih, 1994, Teknik Fisika ITB

Computer simulation research leads by Prof.DR.Ir. RM. Soegijanto show result that is more reliable shown below.

Table 2. Electricity Power Comsumption II

Item % Air condition system 61.1% Lighting 20.9% Elevator 5.59% Other 12.1%

Source: Soegijanto, RM., 1998, Teknik Fisika ITB Many ways done by architects to minimize the heat caused by solar

radiation which is goes into buildings. Generally, architects rotated building orientation as cheapest solution. Shortest wall of the building is faced to sun track. Building position like this will minimize heat radiation penetrated into the building.

Item % Air condition system 34.8% Lighting 24.7% Elevator 19.0% Other 21.5%


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II. 2. Shading Shading is one of many ways to minimize heat radiation penetrated into

building. Architect Paul Rudolph used this way not only for decreasing heat radiation but also to generate building envelope shading effects like shown at Wisma Dharmala Sakti building in Jakarta. Essentially every effort of shading needs modifications of building envelope. Modification principles are horizontally and vertically shown below. Figure 1: Modification principles of shading II. 3. Building Envelope Modification In tropical area, sunlight is one factor which causes uncomforted inside buildings. The sunlight intensity is glare and it makes anything hot. Building envelope material must be chosen from suitable materials, for example using special glasses.

Special glasses are glasses which have reflectance; transmitance and absortance value could be controlled. The composition of these three values decides whether a glass is heat absorbing or heat reflecting glass. Heat absorbing glass afford absorbs heat more (39%) and reflects heat not more than 6%, while heat reflecting glass absorbs heat up to 12% and reflects heat more up to 24%.

The characteristics of each building envelope materials are different especially on absorbtance values and reflectance values. The color is also influences these values. For similar materials, the white one is more reflective and the black (dark) one absorbs heat more. Because the wall has a certain thick, so the change of air temperature in both outside and inside the building is not at the same time. This called ‘split of phase’, caused by material porosity, thickness and temperature coefficient.

III. PHOTOVOLTAIC III. 1. Solar Track

In the sky, the sun's position changes from morning to night and also from season to season. The position changing must be charted in order we can try to utilize maximum available solar energy. To do this, two terms are needed to know. The first is 'Solar Altitude'. It is, as the name suggests the height of the sun in the sky and is measured by its angle above the horizon. The second is 'Solar Azimuth', which is a measure of the sun's position in relation to true South.

The both altitude and the azimuth of the sun changed together with the progression of the seasons. The only time the sunrises exactly from the East and sets in the West are on September 21st and March 21st. On other dates, the sunrises from Northeast or Southeast.

III. 2. The Principles of Solar Radiation

The sun lights to all direction. Sunshine arrives on the earth as a type of energy called Radiation. Radiation is composed of millions of high-energy


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particles called photons. Each unit of solar radiation or photon carries a certain amount of energy. Depending on the amount of energy that it carries, Solar Radiation falls into different categories: infrared (heat), visible and ultra violet radiation (very high-energy radiation). The Solar Spectrum describes all of these groups of radiation energy which are constantly arriving from the sun. It categorizes them according to their wavelengths. However, solar cells can only convert part of the solar spectrum to electricity. If a photon from the infrared category strikes a solar cell, its energy will be converted into heat and not electricity.

The total amount of solar radiation reaching the outside of the earth's atmosphere is about 1350 Watts/square meter. This value is nearly a constant. It is known as the 'Solar Constant'. However, once this radiation strikes and enters the earth's atmosphere, it incurs losses due to absorption and scattering due to cloud and dust particles. It finally reaches a value of 1000 Watts/square meter on a clear day in the tropical area. Area in high northern and southern latitudes receive less radiation than those located near the equator. Solar radiation can be divided into two types: Direct (radiation that comes directly from the sun) and Diffused (diffused due to cloud or dust). On a sunny day, most of the radiation is direct, but on a cloudy day, up to 100% can be diffused radiation. We have Global radiation when these two are put together.

III. 3. Photovoltaic modules

Light, not only light from the sun, is a form of energy, which in small unit called photons. When light falls on the photovoltaic cell in the surface, these photons energizes the electrons. This is process of energy acceptation, which is proportional to the light intensity. When the energy of these electrons exceeds a certain point, a potential difference is generated and capable of driving a current through an external load. This electric current is DC (direct current).

There are three types of photovoltaic cells depending on the type of silicon used in the cell manufacturing. These three types are Mono-crystalline cell module, Polycrystalline cell module and Amorphous Silicon modules.

III. 4. Advantages and disadvantages

There are advantages and disadvantages of photovoltaic application in building or in vertical housing building. The advantages are no fuel needed, low operation cost, low cost for maintenance, long lifetime before failure, no moving parts, with a sufficient protection the lifetime is very long, environmental friendly, no pollution and suitable for small scale electricity generator.

The disadvantages are: the continuity of solar radiation every day is strongly needed, the system may be halted at rainy day or cloudy day, system must be placed on free shadowing area, the price of the system is too expensive, and need more carefully treatment because photovoltaic modules is easy broken. IV. THE BUILDING ENVELOPE IV. 1. Building envelope concept changing Building envelope decide the amount of energy needed for room air conditioning. A computer simulation research (using DOE-2.1E software) proved that is true. Economizing energy for air room cooling (cooling load) becomes a prime consideration in building design. Rectangular plan shape is recommended (Purwoko, 1998). But the spirit of this research is avoiding building from


182

radiation. As we knew that radiation increases building temperature. High temperature buildings or rooms need more electrical power and finally it needs more cost for cooling load.

In truth solar radiation is heavenly grace, so the old principle must be changed. The principle of avoiding building from radiation must be changed become how the buildings catch radiation (energy). This is an effort for maximizing radiation (energy) acceptance. As much as possible surfaces on the building used for accepting energy.

IV. 2. Building Envelope of Vertical Housing

Generally, solar cell panels are placed on building roofs or it could be as the roofs itself. Wider roof surface converts and gives more electricity power. Photovoltaic on roof application only in vertical housing is not too suitable. In this case, its roof surface size is too small compared with the total floor area, whereas the total floor area indicates how much the total energy consumption.

Surface size of building envelope will be increased if the building is heightened. Taller building has wider building envelope surface. More photovoltaic panels could be placed at this building envelope and finally these PV panels will give more electricity power. This way helps to solute power need problem in tall buildings, like shown below.

Figure 2. Taller Building has wider building envelope surface V. CONCLUSION • Building surfaces especially building envelope might be used for accepting

solar energy. • Longest building wall better faced to sun track. • Taller building has wider building envelope surface, so more energy could be

received • Cost for energy consumed is low. • Initial cost may be too high because many solar modules would be installed.

Long term banking loan can help people in PV installation funding. • Solar modules efficiency may be lower because each building side accepts

solar energy only for several hours, not along the day. The solar modules position is not always perpendicularly toward sunlight direction.

• The distance among buildings in East-West direction must longer to avoid building shadows.

• Recommended for low cost housing.


183

REFERENCES Biermann, E, 1991, Fact Sheet of Selected Photovoltaics Applications, Deutsche

Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit5 (GTZ) GmbH

Dyah, RR. Ratih, 1994, Analisis Penggunaan Energy pada Gedung PLN Pusat Jakarta, Jurusan Teknik Fisika ITB, Bandung

Herry P.G., 1998, “The Design on Photovoltaic Super Market in Samarinda, East Borneo", Master Program in Architecture Department/ITB, directed by A.Asmaningprodjo & A.Mostavan

Soegijanto, 1998," Rancangan Konstruksi Selubung Bangunan Ditinjau dari Aspek Konservasi Energi Serta Lingkungan Thermal dan Visual pada Kondisi Iklim Tropis Lembab", Laporan RUT 1996-1998, Kantor Menteri Negara Ristek, Dewan Riset Nasional

Wenham, R. Stuart., et al., 1995, Applied Photovoltaics, Centre for Photovoltaic Devices and Systems, University of NSW., Australia

International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction

CIB’s mission is to serve its members through encourag-ing and facilitating international cooperation and information exchange in building and construction research and innova-tion. CIB is engaged in the scientific, technical, economic and social domains related to building and construction, supporting improvements in the building process and the performance of the built environment.

CIB Membership offers:• international networking between academia, R&D organisations and industry• participation in local and international CIB conferences, symposia and seminars• CIB special publications and conference proceedings• R&D collaboration

Membership: CIB currently numbers over 400 members originating in some 70 countries, with very different back-grounds: major public or semi-public organisations, research institutes, universities and technical schools, documentation centres, firms, contractors, etc. CIB members include most of the major national laboratories and leading universities around the world in building and construction.

Working Commissions and Task Groups: CIB Members participate in over 50 Working Commissions and Task Groups, undertaking collaborative R&D activities organised around:• construction materials and technologies• indoor environment• design of buildings and of the built environment• organisation, management and economics• legal and procurement practices

Networking: The CIB provides a platform for academia, R&D organisations and industry to network together, as well as a network to decision makers, government institution and other building and construction institutions and organisations. The CIB network is respected for its thought-leadership, informa-tion and knowledge.

The CIB has formal and informal relationships with, amongst others: the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP); the European Commission; the European Network of Build-ing Research Institutes (ENBRI); the International Initiative for Sustainable Built Environment (iiSBE), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO); the International Labour Organization (ILO), International Energy Agency (IEA); International Associations of Civil Engineering, including ECCS, fib, IABSE, IASS and RILEM.

Conferences, Symposia and Seminars: CIB conferences and co-sponsored conferences cover a wide range of areas of interest to its Members, and attract more than 5000 partici-pants worldwide per year.

Leading conference series include:• International Symposium on Water Supply and Drainage for Buildings (W062)• Organisation and Management of Construction (W065)• Durability of Building Materials and Components (W080, RILEM & ISO)• Quality and Safety on Construction Sites (W099)• Construction in Developing Countries (W107)• Sustainable Buildings regional and global triennial conference series (CIB, iiSBE & UNEP)• Revaluing Construction• International Construction Client’s Forum

CIB Commissions (July 2007)TG43 Megacities TG49 Architectural Engineering TG53 Postgraduate Research Training in Building and ConstructionTG56 Macroeconomics for Construction TG57 Industrialisation in Construction TG58 Clients and Construction Innovation TG59 People in Construction TG61 Benchmarking Construction Performance DataTG62 Built Environment Complexity TG63 Disasters and the Built EnvironmentTG64 Leadership in ConstructionTG65 Small Firms in ConstructionTG66 Energy and the Built EnvironmentTG67 Statutory Adjudication in ConstructionTG68 Construction MediationTG69 Green Buildings and the LawTG70 Sustainable Design of Tall BuildingsW014 Fire W018 Timber Structures W023 Wall Structures W040 Heat and Moisture Transfer in Buildings W051 Acoustics W055 Building Economics W056 Sandwich Panels W060 Performance Concept in Building W062 Water Supply and Drainage W065 Organisation and Management of Construction W069 Housing Sociology W070 Facilities Management and Maintenance W077 Indoor Climate W078 Information Technology for Construction W080 Prediction of Service Life of Building Materials and ComponentsW083 Roofing Materials and SystemsW084 Building Comfortable Environments for All W086 Building Pathology W089 Building Research and Education W092 Procurement Systems W096 Architectural Management W098 Intelligent & Responsive Buildings W099 Safety and Health on Construction Sites W101 Spatial Planning and infrastructure Development W102 Information and Knowledge Management in BuildingW104 Open Building Implementation W107 Construction in Developing Countries W108 Climate Change and the Built Environment W110 Informal Settlements and Affordable Housing W111 Usability of WorkplacesW112 Culture in ConstructionW113 Law and Dispute ResolutionW114 Earthquake Engineering and BuildingsW115 Construction Materials StewardshipW116 Smart and Sustainable Built Environments

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International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction

Publications: The CIB produces a wide range of special publications, conference proceedings, etc., most of which are available to CIB Members via the CIB home pages. The CIB network also provides access to the publications of its more than 400 Members.

Recent CIB publications include:• Guide and Bibliography to Service Life and Durability Research for Buildings and Components (CIB 295)• Performance Based Methods for Service Life Prediction (CIB 294)• Performance Criteria of Buildings for Health and Comfort (CIB 292)• Performance Based Building 1st International State-of-the- Art Report (CIB 291)• Proceedings of the CIB-CTBUH Conference on Tall Buildings: Strategies for Performance in the Aftermath of the World Trade Centre (CIB 290)• Condition Assessment of Roofs (CIB 289)• Proceedings from the 3rd International Postgraduate Research Conference in the Built and Human Environment• Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Performance-Based Codes and Fire Safety Design Methods• Proceedings of the 29th International Symposium on Water Supply and Drainage for Buildings• Agenda 21 for Sustainable Development in Developing Countries

R&D Collaboration: The CIB provides an active platform for international collaborative R&D between academia, R&D organisations and industry.

Publications arising from recent collaborative R&D ac-tivities include:• Agenda 21 for Sustainable Construction• Agenda 21 for Sustainable Construction in Developing Countries• The Construction Sector System Approach: An International Framework (CIB 293)• Red Man, Green Man: A Review of the Use of Performance Indicators for Urban Sustainability (CIB 286a)• Benchmarking of Labour-Intensive Construction Activities: Lean Construction and Fundamental Principles of Working Management (CIB 276)• Guide and Bibliography to Service Life and Durability Research for Buildings and Components (CIB 295)• Performance-Based Building Regulatory Systems (CIB 299)• Design for Deconstruction and Materials Reuse (CIB 272)• Value Through Design (CIB 280)

A recent major CIB collaborative activ-ity was the Thematic Network PeBBu Performance Based Building: a four-year programme that included 50 member organisations, that was coordinated by CIB and that was funded through the European Commission Fifth Framework Programme.

Themes: The main thrust of CIB activities takes place through a network of around 50 Working Commissions and Task Groups, organised around three CIB Priority Themes:• Sustainable Construction• Clients and Users• Revaluing Construction• Integrated Design Solutions

CIB Annual Membership Fee 2007 – 2010

Fee Category 2007 2008 2009 2010

FM1 Fee level 10526 11052 11605 11837FM2 Fee level 7018 7369 7738 7892FM3 Fee level 2413 2534 2661 2715AM1 Fee level 1213 1274 1338 1364AM2 Fee level 851 936 1030 1133IM Fee level 241 253 266 271All amounts in EURO

The lowest Fee Category an organisation can be in depends on the organisation’s profile:

FM1 Full Member Fee Category 1 | Multi disciplinary building research institutes of national standing having a broad field of research FM2 Full Member Fee Category 2 | Medium size research Institutes; Public agencies with major research interest; Companies with major research interestFM3 Full Member Fee Category 3 | Information centres of national standing; Organisations normally in Category 4 or 5 which prefer to be a Full MemberAM1 Associate Member Fee Category 4 | Sectoral research & documentation institutes; Institutes for standardisation; Companies, consultants, contractors etc.; Professional associations AM2 Associate Member Fee Category 5 | Departments, faculties, schools or colleges of universities or technical Institutes of higher education (Universities only)IM Individual Member Fee Category 6 | Individuals having an interest in the activities of CIB (not representing an organisation)

Fee Reduction: A reduction is offered to all fee levels in the magnitude of 50% for Members in countries with a GNIpc less than USD 1000 and a reduction to all fee levels in the magnitude of 25% for Mem-bers in countries with a GNIpc between USD 1000 – 7000, as defined by the Worldbank. (see http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GNIPC.pdf)

Reward for Prompt Payment:All above indicated fee amounts will be increased by 10%. Members will subsequently be rewarded a 10% reduction in case of actual payment received within 3 months after the invoice date.

For more information contact CIB General Secretariat:e-mail: [email protected]

PO Box 1837, 3000 BV Rotterdam, The NetherlandsPhone +31-10-4110240;Fax +31-10-4334372Http://www.cibworld.nl

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informal settlements & affordable housing

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