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![Page 1: INFORMATION AND WAR - WordPress.com · the tricky part • this is a game of incomplete information. – one actor (me) knows something about the payoffs that the other actor (you)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042303/5ece1cc04e62f12d2a565552/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
INFORMATION AND WAR PSC/IR 265: CIVIL WAR AND INTERNATIONAL SYSTEMS
WILLIAM SPANIEL
WJSPANIEL.WORDPRESS.COM/PSCIR-265
![Page 2: INFORMATION AND WAR - WordPress.com · the tricky part • this is a game of incomplete information. – one actor (me) knows something about the payoffs that the other actor (you)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042303/5ece1cc04e62f12d2a565552/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
AGENDA
1. ULTIMATUM GAME
2. EXPERIMENT #2
3. RISK-RETURN TRADEOFF
4. MEDIATION, PREDICTION, AND BLACK MARKETS
5. INCENTIVES TO MISREPRESENT
6. EXPERIMENT #3
7. THE CONVERGENCE PRINCIPLE
8. FIGHTING WITH NO INTENTION TO WIN
![Page 3: INFORMATION AND WAR - WordPress.com · the tricky part • this is a game of incomplete information. – one actor (me) knows something about the payoffs that the other actor (you)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042303/5ece1cc04e62f12d2a565552/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
NO MORE TALKING
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INTUITION
• BEFORE, THE REBEL GROUP AND GOVERNMENT KNEW
ALL THE IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT WAR.
– PROBABILITY OF VICTORY
– R’S COST
– G’S COST
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INTUITION
• BUT SOMETIMES ONE SIDE MIGHT NOT KNOW
IMPORTANT FACTORS.
• WE ARE GOING TO SIMULATE UNCERTAINTY ABOUT THE
PROBABILITY OF VICTORY IN WAR.
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THE GAME
• YOU ARE THE GOVERNMENT. I AM A REBEL GROUP
SEEKING CONCESSIONS FROM YOU.
• YOU MUST OFFER ME A DIVISION OF $10. IF I LIKE IT, I
WILL ACCEPT. IF NOT, I WILL REJECT AND FIGHT A WAR.
![Page 7: INFORMATION AND WAR - WordPress.com · the tricky part • this is a game of incomplete information. – one actor (me) knows something about the payoffs that the other actor (you)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042303/5ece1cc04e62f12d2a565552/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
THE GAME
• LIKE LAST TIME, WAR DISTRIBUTES $8 INSTEAD OF $10.
• THE TWIST: YOU DON’T KNOW HOW POPULAR I AM BUT I
DO.
– 50% CHANCE I AM UNPOPULAR => 25% CHANCE OF WINNING.
– 50% CHANCE I AM POPULAR => 75% CHANCE OF WINNING.
![Page 8: INFORMATION AND WAR - WordPress.com · the tricky part • this is a game of incomplete information. – one actor (me) knows something about the payoffs that the other actor (you)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042303/5ece1cc04e62f12d2a565552/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
THE GAME
• ON A PIECE OF PAPER, WRITE YOUR NAME AND MAKE
ME AN OFFER.
• AS BEFORE, I AM ONLY GOING TO MAXIMIZE MY SHARE
OF THE MONEY.
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PLEASE PASS THEM UP
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QUESTION
• SPEND THE NEXT COUPLE OF MINUTES DISCUSSING
HOW YOU ARRIVED AT YOUR PROPOSAL.
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QUESTION
• SPEND THE NEXT COUPLE OF MINUTES DISCUSSING
HOW YOU ARRIVED AT YOUR PROPOSAL.
• WHAT DO YOU GUYS THINK?
![Page 12: INFORMATION AND WAR - WordPress.com · the tricky part • this is a game of incomplete information. – one actor (me) knows something about the payoffs that the other actor (you)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042303/5ece1cc04e62f12d2a565552/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
THE TRICKY PART
• THIS IS A GAME OF INCOMPLETE INFORMATION.
– ONE ACTOR (ME) KNOWS SOMETHING ABOUT THE PAYOFFS
THAT THE OTHER ACTOR (YOU) DOES NOT KNOW.
– HERE, I KNOW WHAT MY PAYOFF FOR WAR IS BUT YOU DO
NOT.
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WHO WINS?
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MY DECISION
• IF I’M UNPOPULAR, MY PAYOFF FOR WAR IS
($8)(.25) = $2
• IF I’M UNPOPULAR, MY PAYOFF FOR WAR IS
($8)(.75) = $6
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MY DECISION
• SO IF THE OFFER IS AT LEAST $6, I ACCEPT REGARDLESS OF MY POPULARITY.
• IF THE OFFER IS BETWEEN $2 AND $6, I ACCEPT IF AND ONLY IF I AM UNPOPULAR.
• IF THE OFFER IS LESS THAN $2, I REJECT REGARDLESS OF MY POPULARITY.
![Page 16: INFORMATION AND WAR - WordPress.com · the tricky part • this is a game of incomplete information. – one actor (me) knows something about the payoffs that the other actor (you)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042303/5ece1cc04e62f12d2a565552/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
AGENDA
1. ULTIMATUM GAME
2. EXPERIMENT #2
3. RISK-RETURN TRADEOFF
4. MEDIATION, PREDICTION, AND BLACK MARKETS
5. INCENTIVES TO MISREPRESENT
6. EXPERIMENT #3
7. THE CONVERGENCE PRINCIPLE
8. FIGHTING WITH NO INTENTION TO WIN
![Page 17: INFORMATION AND WAR - WordPress.com · the tricky part • this is a game of incomplete information. – one actor (me) knows something about the payoffs that the other actor (you)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042303/5ece1cc04e62f12d2a565552/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
YOUR DILEMMA
• GREATER OFFERS ARE MORE LIKELY TO BE ACCEPTED.
– GOOD FOR YOU BECAUSE NO WAR.
– BAD FOR YOU BECAUSE THEY ARE LARGER OFFERS.
• SMALLER OFFERS ARE LESS LIKELY TO BE ACCEPTED.
– BAD FOR YOU BECAUSE WAR MIGHT OCCUR.
– GOOD FOR YOU WHENEVER THE SMALL OFFER IS ACCEPTED.
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RISK-RETURN TRADEOFF
• BEING AGGRESSIVE IS BENEFICIAL WHENEVER THE AGGRESSION WORKS, BUT IS COSTLY WHENEVER IT FAILS.
• BEING CONSERVATIVE IS ALWAYS COSTLY.
• SMART DECISIONS WEIGH THE RELATIVE RISKS TO THE RELATIVE REWARDS.
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EXAMPLE: LEAVING FOR WORK
• YOU LIVE THREE FREEWAY EXITS AWAY FROM YOUR JOB.
• IT TAKES 5 MINUTES TO GET TO WORK IF THERE ARE NO ACCIDENTS BUT 30 MINUTES WHEN THERE ARE.
• WHAT DETERMINES WHETHER YOU LEAVE 5 MINUTES BEFORE WORK OR 30?
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INCENTIVES
• SOMETIMES, YOU HAVE INCENTIVES TO PLAY IT SAFE.
• SOMETIMES, YOU HAVE INCENTIVES TO TAKE RISKS.
– RISKS IMPLY BAD OUTCOMES.
– BUT YOU ARRIVE AT THE BAD OUTCOME RATIONALLY SINCE
THEY ARE THE RESULT OF A RANDOM PROCESS.
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INCENTIVES
• SAME THING WITH WAR.
• WHEN YOU DON’T KNOW WHETHER THE OTHER SIDE IS
WEAK OR STRONG, YOU MIGHT SOMETIMES OFFER AN
AMOUNT THAT WILL ONLY APPEASE THE WEAK TYPE.
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MODEL
• GOVERNMENT MAKES AN OFFER TO THE REBEL GROUP, WHICH ACCEPTS OR REJECTS.
– REBEL GROUP IS WEAK (Q) OR STRONG (1 – Q).
• IF WEAK, REBELS WIN WITH PROBABILITY PR.
• IF STRONG, REBELS WIN WITH PROBABILITY PR’, WHERE PR’ > PR.
• COSTS REMAIN CR, CG > 0.
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WEAK REBELS’ DECISION
• PAYOFF FOR WAR: PR – CR.
– THEREFORE, ACCEPT X ≥ PR – CR.
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STRONG REBELS’ DECISION
• PAYOFF FOR WAR: PR’ – CR.
– THEREFORE, ACCEPT X ≥ PR’ – CR.
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CLAIM
• THE OPTIMAL OFFER FOR G IS EITHER X = PR’ – CR OR
X = PR – CR.
![Page 26: INFORMATION AND WAR - WordPress.com · the tricky part • this is a game of incomplete information. – one actor (me) knows something about the payoffs that the other actor (you)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042303/5ece1cc04e62f12d2a565552/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
0 1 PR PR + CG PR – CR
SETTLEMENTS WEAK REBELS ACCEPT
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0 1 PR PR + CG PR – CR
SETTLEMENTS WEAK REBELS ACCEPT
0 1 PR’ PR’ + CG PR’ – CR
SETTLEMENTS STRONG REBELS ACCEPT
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0 1 PR – CR
0 1 PR’ – CR
IS X < PR – CR OPTIMAL?
X
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0 1
0 1 PR’ – CR
IS X < PR – CR OPTIMAL?
X
PR – CR
NO. EVERYONE REJECTS. X’
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0 1 PR – CR
0 1 PR’ – CR
IS X > PR’ – CR OPTIMAL?
X
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0 1 PR – CR
0 1 PR’ – CR
IS X > PR’ – CR OPTIMAL?
X NO. SLIGHTLY LESS IS BETTER. X’
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0 1 PR – CR
0 1 PR’ – CR
IS X > PR’ – CR OPTIMAL?
X’’ NO. SLIGHTLY LESS IS BETTER. X’
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0 1 PR – CR
0 1 PR’ – CR
IS X > PR’ – CR OPTIMAL?
X’’ NO. SLIGHTLY LESS IS BETTER. X’’’
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0 1 PR – CR
0 1 PR’ – CR
IS X > PR’ – CR OPTIMAL?
X’’’’ NO. SLIGHTLY LESS IS BETTER. X’’’
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0 1 PR – CR
0 1 PR’ – CR
IS PR – CR < X < PR’ – CR OPTIMAL?
X
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0 1 PR – CR
0 1 PR’ – CR
IS PR – CR < X < PR’ – CR OPTIMAL?
X
NO. STRONG TYPE REJECTS AND WEAK TYPE ACCEPTS. MIGHT AS
WELL MAKE THE OFFER SMALLER. X’
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CLAIM
• THE OPTIMAL OFFER FOR G IS EITHER X = PR’ – CR OR
X = PR – CR.
– TRUE.
– SO WE CAN FIGURE OUT WHAT IS BEST BY SIMPLY
COMPARING G’S PAYOFF FOR THESE TWO OFFERS.
![Page 38: INFORMATION AND WAR - WordPress.com · the tricky part • this is a game of incomplete information. – one actor (me) knows something about the payoffs that the other actor (you)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042303/5ece1cc04e62f12d2a565552/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
OFFER #1: PR’ – CR
• BOTH STRONG AND WEAK TYPES ACCEPT.
• G RECEIVES THE REMAINDER: 1 – PR’ + CR
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OFFER #2: PR – CR
• WEAK TYPE ACCEPTS AND STRONG TYPE REJECTS.
• (Q)(1 – PR + CR) + (1 – Q)(1 – PR’ – CG)
![Page 40: INFORMATION AND WAR - WordPress.com · the tricky part • this is a game of incomplete information. – one actor (me) knows something about the payoffs that the other actor (you)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042303/5ece1cc04e62f12d2a565552/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
GAMBLE IF…
• (Q)(1 – PR + CR) + (1 – Q)(1 – PR’ – CG) > 1 – PR’ + CR
Q > (CG + CR)/(PR’ – PR + CR)
![Page 41: INFORMATION AND WAR - WordPress.com · the tricky part • this is a game of incomplete information. – one actor (me) knows something about the payoffs that the other actor (you)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042303/5ece1cc04e62f12d2a565552/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
GAMBLE IF…
• (Q)(1 – PR + CR) + (1 – Q)(1 – PR’ – CG) > 1 – PR’ + CR
Q > (CG + CR)/(PR’ – PR + CR)
• SO IF THE LIKELIHOOD THAT R IS SUFFICIENTLY HIGH, G
MAKES THE SMALL OFFER.
• WAR OCCURS WITH POSITIVE PROBABILITY.
![Page 42: INFORMATION AND WAR - WordPress.com · the tricky part • this is a game of incomplete information. – one actor (me) knows something about the payoffs that the other actor (you)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042303/5ece1cc04e62f12d2a565552/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
WINNING CONCESSIONS
• IF Q < (CG + CR)/(PR’ – PR + CR), G MAKES THE LARGE
OFFER AND BOTH ACCEPT.
• WEAK TYPE DOES WELL—IT RECEIVES MORE THAN IT
WOULD EXPECT TO FROM WAR.
![Page 43: INFORMATION AND WAR - WordPress.com · the tricky part • this is a game of incomplete information. – one actor (me) knows something about the payoffs that the other actor (you)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042303/5ece1cc04e62f12d2a565552/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
AGENDA
1. ULTIMATUM GAME
2. EXPERIMENT #2
3. RISK-RETURN TRADEOFF
4. MEDIATION, PREDICTION, AND BLACK MARKETS
5. INCENTIVES TO MISREPRESENT
6. EXPERIMENT #3
7. THE CONVERGENCE PRINCIPLE
8. FIGHTING WITH NO INTENTION TO WIN
![Page 44: INFORMATION AND WAR - WordPress.com · the tricky part • this is a game of incomplete information. – one actor (me) knows something about the payoffs that the other actor (you)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042303/5ece1cc04e62f12d2a565552/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
MEDIATION
• WARRING PARTIES OFTEN GO TO THIRD PARTY
MEDIATORS TO RESOLVE THEIR CONFLICTS.
• IF WAR OCCURS BECAUSE OF UNCERTAINTY, WHEN
CAN WE EXPECT MEDIATION TO RESULT IN PEACE?
![Page 45: INFORMATION AND WAR - WordPress.com · the tricky part • this is a game of incomplete information. – one actor (me) knows something about the payoffs that the other actor (you)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042303/5ece1cc04e62f12d2a565552/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
PREDICTION
• WHAT DOES THIS SAY ABOUT OUR ABILITY TO
ACCURATELY PREDICT WHERE CONFLICT WILL START?
![Page 46: INFORMATION AND WAR - WordPress.com · the tricky part • this is a game of incomplete information. – one actor (me) knows something about the payoffs that the other actor (you)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042303/5ece1cc04e62f12d2a565552/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
PREDICTION
• THERE ARE SOME OBSERVABLE CHARACTERISTICS THAT
LEAD TO WAR.
– ECONOMIC GROWTH
– GDP
– TIME SINCE PREVIOUS WAR
![Page 47: INFORMATION AND WAR - WordPress.com · the tricky part • this is a game of incomplete information. – one actor (me) knows something about the payoffs that the other actor (you)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042303/5ece1cc04e62f12d2a565552/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
COUP PREDICTIONS
![Page 48: INFORMATION AND WAR - WordPress.com · the tricky part • this is a game of incomplete information. – one actor (me) knows something about the payoffs that the other actor (you)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042303/5ece1cc04e62f12d2a565552/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
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THE IDEAL WEAPON?
• MANY CIVIL WARS ARE FOUGHT IN PLACES WITH
ABSOLUTELY TERRIBLE CONDITIONS (I.E., JUNGLES,
DESERTS).
• THE IDEAL GUN FOR THESE CONDITIONS WOULD NOT
JAM EASILY.
![Page 51: INFORMATION AND WAR - WordPress.com · the tricky part • this is a game of incomplete information. – one actor (me) knows something about the payoffs that the other actor (you)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042303/5ece1cc04e62f12d2a565552/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
THE IDEAL WEAPON?
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VRrc2n0NXg (START
1:49)
![Page 52: INFORMATION AND WAR - WordPress.com · the tricky part • this is a game of incomplete information. – one actor (me) knows something about the payoffs that the other actor (you)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042303/5ece1cc04e62f12d2a565552/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
THE IDEAL WEAPON?
• SOVIET UNION FALLS IN 1991.
– HOW DOES THIS AFFECT AK-47 BLACK MARKET PRICES?
![Page 53: INFORMATION AND WAR - WordPress.com · the tricky part • this is a game of incomplete information. – one actor (me) knows something about the payoffs that the other actor (you)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042303/5ece1cc04e62f12d2a565552/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
THE IDEAL WEAPON?
• SOVIET UNION FALLS IN 1991.
• AK-47s FLOOD THE MARKET.
• BLACK MARKET PRICE PLUMMETS ~40%.
![Page 54: INFORMATION AND WAR - WordPress.com · the tricky part • this is a game of incomplete information. – one actor (me) knows something about the payoffs that the other actor (you)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042303/5ece1cc04e62f12d2a565552/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
QUESTION
• HOW SHOULD THIS AFFECT THE BREAKOUT OF WAR?
– RECALL THAT WITH INCOMPLETE INFORMATION, WAR
OCCURS WITH POSITIVE PROBABILITY IF
Q > (CG + CR)/(PR’ – PR + CR)
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AGENDA
1. ULTIMATUM GAME
2. EXPERIMENT #2
3. RISK-RETURN TRADEOFF
4. MEDIATION, PREDICTION, AND BLACK MARKETS
5. INCENTIVES TO MISREPRESENT
6. EXPERIMENT #3
7. THE CONVERGENCE PRINCIPLE
8. FIGHTING WITH NO INTENTION TO WIN
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INCENTIVES TO MISREPRESENT
• INCOMPLETE INFORMATION ALONE IS NOT SUFFICIENT
TO EXPLAIN WHY WAR OCCURS.
– IF INFORMATION IS THE PROBLEM, WHY NOT REVEAL
INFORMATION?
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INCENTIVES TO MISREPRESENT
• PROBLEM: IT IS NOT EASY TO CREDIBLY REVEAL YOUR
STRENGTH.
– IMAGINE BOTH THE WEAK TYPE AND STRONG TYPE HONESTLY
DECLARED THEIR STRENGTH,
– G OFFERS MORE TO THE STRONG TYPE AND LESS TO THE WEAK
TYPE. BOTH ACCEPT. (THERE IS COMPLETE INFORMATION.)
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INCENTIVES TO MISREPRESENT
• DOES ANYONE HAVE INCENTIVE TO LIE HERE?
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INCENTIVES TO MISREPRESENT
• DOES ANYONE HAVE INCENTIVE TO LIE HERE?
– YES. THE WEAK TYPE COULD SAY IT IS THE STRONG TYPE.
– G WOULD THEN OFFER MORE.
– WEAK TYPE WOULD BE HAPPIER.
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INCENTIVES TO MISREPRESENT
• BECAUSE STRONGER TYPES RECEIVE BETTER DEALS, WEAK TYPES HAVE INCENTIVES TO MISREPRESENT THEIR STRENGTH.
• THIS INCENTIVE MEANS THAT SIMPLE COMMUNICATION CANNOT RESOLVE INCOMPLETE INFORMATION PROBLEMS.
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INCENTIVES TO MISREPRESENT
• BUT THERE IS ANOTHER WAY TO TRANSMIT
INFORMATION…