information architecture fundamentals
Post on 17-Oct-2014
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DESCRIPTION
From the recent class "Fundamentals of User Experience" given 12/13/2013 in NYCTRANSCRIPT
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1TODAY’S CLASS
Information Architecture
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The structural design of an information space to facilitate task completion and
intuitive access to content.
Definition
Information Architecture for the World-Wide Web Louis Rosenfeld & Peter Morville
Organizing info so
people can find stuff
>
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PLAY WITH CANDY
Sort into groups. Name groups
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MAKE A HOMEPAGE FOR
YOUR CANDY SITE
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4 KINDS OF INFORMATION
SEEKING
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You are going to Belize. You want the lonely planet guidebook
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KNOWN ITEMhttp://boxesandarrows.com/four-modes-of-seeking-information-and-how-to-design-for-them/
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What worksSearchA-Z indexNavigation
http://boxesandarrows.com/four-modes-of-seeking-information-and-how-to-design-for-them/
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You want to visit a tropical island. Where should you go?
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EXPLORATORY
http://boxesandarrows.com/four-modes-of-seeking-information-and-how-to-design-for-them/
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What can helpNavigationRelated SearchSearch (with autocomplete, related terms)
http://boxesandarrows.com/four-modes-of-seeking-information-and-how-to-design-for-them/
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Ticket Prices to Belize drop in September and April
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DON’T
KNOW
WHAT YOU
NEED TO
KNOWhttp://boxesandarrows.com/four-modes-of-seeking-information-and-how-to-design-for-them/
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What can helpRelated informationRecommendationsPush technologies
http://boxesandarrows.com/four-modes-of-seeking-information-and-how-to-design-for-them/
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You saw a great waterproof camera on amazon, and now realize it’s the one you want to buy. Where did it go?
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REFINDING
http://boxesandarrows.com/four-modes-of-seeking-information-and-how-to-design-for-them/
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What can helpFavoritesPersonalizationVisited link color
http://boxesandarrows.com/four-modes-of-seeking-information-and-how-to-design-for-them/
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RedesignDESIGN FOR TASKS
Find a baseball Find a gift for a upcoming party for a seven year oldMake users aware some balls are on saleFind again a good choice for that party
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Classification has Consequences
A physician who doesn’t see a new cureA poor student who can’t find financial aidA store where a product isn’t found
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IA has Solutions
– Tagging with metadata– Organizing with CV’s– Creating navigation
systems – Optimizing search
Information Architecture
manages information to make it findable
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CLASSIFICATION IS
CONTEXTUAL
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Benabar n’est pas jazz?
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Dewey Decimal System‣ 200-299 – Religion Categories‣ 40+ categories related to Christianity‣ 1 for Judaism‣ 1 for Islam (& related)
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Who Cares?‣ Religious Scholars‣ Librarians‣ Information Architects‣ Jews and Muslims
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26
THIS IS A FISH
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Who Cares?Hungry Catholics inland in South America on Fridays
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‣ Classification reflects social and cultural organization‣ Information Architect must understand this context
Context is King
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Get to know your audience…
1. Who are they?
Football Fan
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Get to know your audience…
1. Who are they?
Football Fan?
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Know your audience…1. Who are they?
2. What do they care about?
Are the Patriots going to make the
playoffs?
Show me photos!
What happened in the last game?
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Know your audience…1. Who are they?
2. What do they care about?3. How do they think of the information and content?
Conference, division…
Schedules, standings…
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Know your audience…
1. Observe others2. Study Competitors and similar sites3. Review your search logs4. Do a card sort
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Now what?Check your labels. Do they make sense?
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36
TODAY’S CLASS
Metadata
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Pictures of “you”
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Boards as metadata
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40Metadata:
what is it?“metadata is data about data"
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41Metadata:
what is it?“Metadata tags are used to describe documents, pages, images, software, video and audio files, and other content objects for the purposes of improved navigation and retrieval”
‘Information Architecture for the World Wide Web’, 2nd ed., (2002)
Rosenfeld, L. & Morville, P.
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DescriptiveProcuitto
Cheese
Honey
Olivia’s
Tapas
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IntrinsicWhat does the camera
know? What does the
system know?
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Administrative
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45Not all
Metadata is equalWhat are users interested in?What do you want users to be able to find?What metadata makes management easy?
Tag content for findabilityTag content for management
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46Exercise
BALLWrite as many descriptive words (or short phrases) on your post-itOne word (or phrase) per post-it
Don’t share– yet! Hold on!
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48
Add pic of netflix
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Controlled vocabularies
Master of your domains
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The French Academy Founded in 1635Multiple dialectsGoal: purify the French languageGoal: unify the nation (ensure that the State and all citizens speak the same language)
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The French Academy today
…but…
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So what?
How will you ensure they continue to do so?
• So what are your goals?• How will you ensure that your users and your
system speak the same language?
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When humans and computers interact
I’ve got
music
I want music.
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Humans are good at figuring things out
Hip Hop
Rap.Rock.
Dance.
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55Most of the time
Raggamuffin
?
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56But computers are
literal Acidreggae
?
No matches found
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57And need help
AcidReggae?
?
Let’s give them “Reggae” and “Trance”
IA
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58
Thus Controlled vocabularies (CV)Amy Warner defines a controlled vocabulary
(CV) as “organized lists of words and phrases, or notation systems, that are used to initially tag content, and then to find it through navigation or search.”
The IA can’t always be there…
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I define them as
Documented relationships of words and concepts to assist people finding stuff.
Same dif.
Controlled Vocabularies
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Simple Complex
SynonymRings
AuthorityFiles
ThesauriClassificationSchemes
Equivalence Hierarchical Associative
(Vocabularies)
(Relationships)
Controlled Vocabulary Types
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Controlled vocabularies
61
A=B AB
A BEquivalenceChristmas=Xmas
HierarchalWinter Holidays > Christmas
Associative Christmas Tree | Santa Claus
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Synonym rings 62
• Simplest type• Helps with search, indexing• Simplifies maintenance
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• Acronyms: BBC, British Broadcasting Company; MPG, miles per gallon
• Variant spellings: cancelled, canceled; honor, honour
• Scientific terms versus popular use terms: acetylsalicylic acid, aspirin; lilioceris, lily beetle– From Synonym Rings and Authority Files
by Karl Fast, Fred Leise and Mike Steckel
Synonym rings include
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64
China cap = chinois = strainer
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65Why Bother?
• Sometimes on intranets, CV’s are skipped
• You think you can force people to use proper terms
• But people are lazy
I’m tired of typing “Controlled Vocabulary--- CV is shorter.
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66Why Bother?
• On the internet you want to be found
• Plus users use short queries– Average queries are 2.5
words– 30% of searches are one word queries
• On large scale sites, there is enough data to do this programmatically, but on small sites, not.
I want a cannon camera.
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• Cadillac of Controlled Vocabularies• Includes associative relationships
Preferred term Variants Siblings Parent Associated
Christmas X-mas, Nöel Hanukah, Kwanzaa
Winter holidays Santa Claus
Thesauri
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Associations
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• Amazon uses buying patterns to determine associations
Associations
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Associations
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71Associations
What is relatedWhat is required?What else is interesting?
Relevancy is king
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72Possible
Relationships Process/agent (camp fires/matches) Action/product of action (baking/cakes) Agent/counteragent (allergies/antihistamine) Raw material/product (wool/sweater).
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73
EXERCISE
Make a candy thesaurus
Preferred term Variants Siblings Parent Associated
Christmas X-mas, Nöel Hanukah, Kwanzaa
Winter holidays Santa Claus
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74Implementation?
Implementation dependent on situation and tools.May be slow painful data entry– know this and prepare.
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75Test
Test with users – did you get it right?
–Browse Testing–Search Testing–Monitor quantitative
–Refine, refine, refine
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76Maintain
Who maintains it?What the rules for new terms?Document your decisions.
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77
TODAY’S CLASS
facets
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78Is that all?
NO!
Life beyond enumerative classification….
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79Faceted
Classificationwas developed, prior to the existence of computers, by S. R. Ranganathan, a Hindu mathematician working as a librarian.
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80Ranganathan’s
5 Facets
• who: personality• what: matter• how: energy• where: space• when: time
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82Ordinary stuff?
Epicurious uses
facets to help
users find recipes
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83Personals
Faceted classification is often used by PersonasContent is by the users
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84What’s the difference?
ElectronicsCamera
Digital
Film
PDAs
Televisions
Camera facets
Pixels
Zoom
Price
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85Music
Enumerative
Modern
– Rock
• Alternative
– Seattle
– Atlanta
Faceted
Mood
Tempo
Artist
Use
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FACETS, ANYONE?
Create candy facets for your store
86
• who: personality• what: matter• how: energy
• where: space• when: time
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Is this all there is?
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89
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90
Tagging– when it works
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91
People can’t be bothered
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Pictures of “you”
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