information systems & databases 2.2) organisation methods
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Information Systems & Databases
2.2) Organisation methods
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• A database is an organised collection of data.
• Non-computerised databases include:
• telephone book• address book• recipe cards
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• Advantages of non-computerised databases:
• no power required• no training required• inexpensive• data not a linked security risk
• Advantages of computerised databases:
• easily edited• large storage• fast retrieval• display options
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• A flat file database organises data into a single table.
• Flat file databases organise the data into:
• files – a block of data; divided into records and fields
• record – a collection of facts about one specific entry
• field – a specific category of data in a database
• character – smallest unit of data (e.g. letters, numbers, symbols)
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• Keys are fields that are used to sort and retrieve information.
• Keys include:• single key – derived from one field
• composite key – made by joining two or more keys together
• primary key – a field that has a set of unique values
• secondary key – a field that does not contain unique data
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• A relational database organises data into a series of linked (related) tables.
• The organisation of data in a relational database involves a schema.
• A schema is the data definition for a relational database.
• It shows the entities, relationships and attributes.
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• An entity is the specific thing about which the data has been collected.
• E.g. in school – student contact details, merits/demerits, reports, attendance.
• Each table is one entity.• An attribute is a defined property
of an entity.• Attributes are the same as fields in
flat file databases.
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• A relationship is the way in which entities are related to each other.
• Entities are related through primary keys.
• Entities can be related in one of three ways:
• one to one• one to many• many to many
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• Data modelling is the process of identifying entities, their attributes and the relationships between those entities through certain attributes.
• Some tools that are used include:• data dictionaries• schematic diagrams• normalisation
• Data dictionaries are comprehensive descriptions of each attribute.
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• Each data dictionary contains metadata such as:
• field name – should be short, clear and unambiguous
• data type – kind of data (text, number, date, time, logical (Boolean))
• field size – number of characters allowed in an attribute
• description – specifies the contents of an attribute
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• The data dictionary is the basis for database creation.
• If there are multiple designers it allows them to see if a particular attribute already exists in another entity.
• This can help to eliminate data redundancy, which is the undesirable duplication of data within a database.
[p.52 – Complete learning activity 4, parts (a) & (b) ]
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• Schematic diagrams are graphical tools that help define the database and describe a schema.
• An entity-relationship diagram (ERD) is a graphical method of identifying the entities and their attributes and showing the relationships between entities.
[Draw Diagram 2.13, p.48]
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• Hypermedia is a combination of media whose locations are linked electronically.
• The information is stored using a set of documents that may contain:
• text• images• video• audio• animations• executable files
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• Information is retrieved using hypertext.• Hypertext is the system that allows documents to be cross-
linked in such a way.• A link, or hyperlink, is usually indicated by a highlighted
item.