information technology foundations
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to MIS
Information Technology
Foundations
Prof. Rushen Chahal
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Outline Are your computers and software out of date?
What are the basic objects that computers process? How docomputers handle music and video?
What are the main components of a computer?
Why is the operating system so important?
How does the Internet change the role of computers?
What are the main software applications used in business?
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Changing Technology
SelectionsDesktop: $400-2,000
Laptop:$600-2,000
PDA:$500
Tablet:$1,000-2,000
Workstation: $2,000-7,000
Cray: $10,000,000+
Enterprise Server:
$10,000-$1,000,000
Cell phone:$200-700
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Trends
Hardware
Size (capacity)
Speed (performance) Reliability
Data Types
Software and Operating System Trends
Original: User/Programmer
Early: Sequential Questions
Easier: Menus
Current: User/Event Driven
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Technology Trends
Cost of workers increasing
Cost of technology decreasing
Capabilities increasing Processing speed
Storage capacity
Types of data text image
sound
video
Quality and reliability
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Brief History of Computing
Forerunners
1642 Pascal's mechanical adding machine
1694 Leibnitz' calculator
1750 Industrial Revolution in England
1834 Babbage's analytical engine
1880 Hollerith's punched-card system
1940
1942 Atanasoff Berry Computer
1946 ENIAC electronic digital computer
1949 EDSAC stored program computer
1950 1951 UNIVAC I: U.S. Bureau of Census
1954 IBM 650: popular 1st generation
1960
1965 IBM System/360: 3rd generation
1965 DEC PDP-8: 1st minicomputer
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Computing History
1970
1970 IBM System/370 announced
1975 MITS Altair 8800: micro kit
1976 Cray I shipped supercomputer
1978 TRS-80/I, Apple II introduced
1980
1982 IBM Personal Computer
1984 Apple Macintosh
1988 32 bit microprocessors (I486 & M 68040)
1989 RISC processors, LANs
1990 Rapidly declining cost of small computers
Software integration
The Internet
2000
Ubiquitous computing
Speech recognition
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Numbers
Images
Sound
Video
Input Process Output
12 + 8 = 20000001100000001000---------------000010100 20
001000000000000000001000000000000010010110000011000011011011111111111100111111111111111110111111111111111100011111
000001000 000001001 000010100
pitch orvolume o
Timep
0010101011111010101010010101010101111010001100101011011
Data Types
8 9 0 5
0010101011111010101010010101010101111010001100101011011
0010101011111010101010010101010101111010001100101011011
0010101011111010101010010101010101111010001100101011011
0010101011111010101010010101010101111010001100101011011
Text This is a test 84 104 73 115 This is a test
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Application Objects
Primary Objects
Text
Numbers
Pictures
Sound Video
Primary Functions
Cut
Copy
Paste
Edit Save and Retrieve
Align
Object Attributes Functions
All Cut, copy, paste, edit, save,
retrieve, align.
Numbers Precision, scale. Total, calculate, compare.
Text Typeface, size, bold, italic, etc. Search, format, spell-check.
Image Resolution, number of colors
bit-map or vector.
Color and light changes
rescale, rotate, blend, etc.
Sound Sample rate, frequency & amplitude,
MIDI or sample.
Record, playback, frequency and
amplitude shifts.
Video Inherit image and sound attributes
and functions, frames per second.
Record, playback
compress and decompress.
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5.5630.354
+ 6.86412.781
5.560.35
+ 6.8612.77
Precision ROUND Format
function function
Is the displayprecision the same asthe computationprecision?
Internal data formats decimal places
Integer -32,768 to 32767 0
Float +/- 3.4 x 10 38 7
Double +/- 1.797 x 10 308 15
Application Objects: Numbers
Numbers
Attributes Display format
Precision
Value limits
Functions Computations
Aggregation Sorting
Comparisons
5.560.35
+ 6.8612.78
Yes No
Spreadsheet:=Round(5.563,2)
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Alphabets
Early U.S. and England ASCII and EBCDIC
127 characters => 7 bits/1 byte
1980s Latin-basedcharacters: tilde,accent, umlaut,
, ,
Code pages and extendedcharacter sets
255 characters => 8 bits/1 byte
1990s+ Asian ideograms,plus any language
Unicode
All modern languages and mostdead languages
1 character => 2 (or 3) bytes
How many letters are there in the alphabet?This is a trick question. You need to ask: Which alphabet?
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Application Objects: Text Text
Attributes Typeface
Point size
Color
Bold, italic
Underline . . .
Functions
Spelling
Grammar
Searching
Sorting
Arial 20
Times 22
New Century Schoolbook 16
Typeface Classification
Sans serif
Serif
Ornamental BRAGGADOCIO 18
Brush Script 20
Garamond 24
Courier 18 (monospace)
A72 points,1 inch
leading
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Resolution
32
24
16
12
32/24 = (8/8)*(4/3) 16/12 = (4/4)*(4/3)
Total pixels: 24*32=768 Total pixels: 16*12=192
768 = 4*192
If the rectangles are measured in inches: 4 x 3the resolution is 8 ppi and 4 ppi
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Resolution and Color100 dots per inch6 inches
4 inches
6*100 = 600 dots per line
4*100 = 400 dots per column
400*600 = 240,000 pixels
How many colors per pixel?How many colors can the human eye distinguish?16,000,000: 2^24 = 16,777,216
24 bits = 3 bytes: Red + Green + Blue (RGB)3 bytes per pixel => 3*240,000 raw data bytes = 720,000Double resolution to 200 dpi => 4*720,000 = 2,880,000
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ColorsRGB: Red Green Blue, 1 byte each (0-255 values)
Visualize as lights:255, 0, 0 is all red0, 128, 0 is half green255, 255, 0 is yellow0, 0, 0 = black
CMYK: Cyan Magenta Yellow KeyUsed for printing (Key is black)Expressed as a percentage of pure color.0, 0, 0, 0 = no color (white page)
HSL: Hue, Saturation, LuminosityUsed in video/television.x, 0, 0 = black
Hue
Saturation
Luminosity
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Common Resolution NumbersVideo Pixels
VGA 640 x 480
XGA 1024 x 768
SXGA 1280 x 1024
UXGA 1600 x 1200
WSXGA 1680 x 1050
HDTV 1920 x 1080
Print Size Pixels Per Inch
3 x 4 768
4 x 6 512
8 x 10 307
Method Pixels Per Inch
Fax 100-200
Ink jet 300-700
Laser 600-1200
Typeset 2400
Video Displays
Digital Camera: 7 megapixels3072 x 2304
Printers
Computer displays are based on a 4/3
aspect ratio from the older TV standard.
HDTV uses a 16/9 aspect ratio.
Actual resolution depends on the
physical size of the screen.
Look at what happens to resolution with
the camera prints as the size increases.
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Sample Vector Image
Stored internally as mathematical objects:LinesPointsRectanglesCircles
WMF: Windows Meta File12,430 bytes
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Bitmap Images: Adobe
Photoshop
Emboss(1) Set a light source.
(2) Twirl.Hundreds of tools and options.You can add and delete items from photographs.Professional editing is hard to detect.You need a really good monitor to edit photos.
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Audio: Cakewalk MIDI
MIDI editorsprovidecomplex editingtools for music.
You can assigninstruments,
set musicalfeatures, evenedit individualnotes.
Entire piece (1:39): 17,441 bytes
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Audio capture: Cakewalk
When you captureaudio, you can edit it.
Detailed options existto match conventionalaudio studio facilities.
Or you can editindividual samples.
CD quality audio (44.1 KHz, stereo): 150 KB/sec or 9 MB/min(6 MB/min compressed)
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Audio Samples
time
time
frequency (pitch)
amplitude (volume)
440.01
37.15
How many measurements per second?
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Video: Adobe Premiere
Video captureor animation
Transition
Video overlay
Superimpose text
Audio (2 channels)with volume fade.
Superimpose text
NTSC Video, full screen, 30 fps: 3 MB/sec (compressed)
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Application Objects
Pictures & Video
Attributes
Size & resolution
Colors
Functions Display/Play
Edit
Sound
Attributes
Amplitude/volume
Frequency/pitch
MIDI v samples Functions
Record
Play
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Size ComplicationsObject Raw Compressed LossyText and numbers 5 KB/page 2.3 KB/page N/A
Image (300 dpi, 24-bit color, 4x 6 in.) 1958 x 1128
6.32 MB 2.4 MB 78 245 KB
Sound (44.1 KHz stereo) 352 KB/sec 170 KB/sec 0.01 KB/sec
Video (DV 720 x 480 at 29.97fps, stereo)
25 MB/sec 3.7 MB/sec 1 MB/sec
Compression:Text uses a ZIP folder.
Image is JPEG at high quality (12), low (0) medium (6)Sound is WAV at 44.1 kbps and WMA at 64 kbpsVideo is DV AVI and Microsoft WMV at 6383 kbps
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Data Compression
Storing every single pixel requires a huge amount of space.Compression looks for patterns. For example, instead of storing1000 black dots in a row, it is much shorter to store a note that
says 1000 black dots come next.
The JPEG standard supports lossy compression, whichmatches patterns if they are closesaving more space, butreducing quality.
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Virtual Reality
Hardware
Output 3-D video
Goggles 3-D sound
Input VR Glove
Pressure suits
Software
Limited resolution/speed
Limited business applications
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Workers at LISITT (Laboratorio Integrado de Sistemas Inteligentes y Tecnologiasde la informacion en Trafico) have developed a virtual reality driving simulator(SIRCA) to evaluate driver learning and road safety.
Virtual Reality Photo
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Input Process Output
Secondarystorage
Video monitor
Printer Plotter Process control Voice output Music synthesizers Other computers
Magnetic Disk
Floppy Disk Optical Disk Tape Drive USB Drive
Processor
RAM Device controllers
Keyboard
Mouse Optical scanner Voice input Bar code Touch screen Light pen MICR
Magnetic strips Card reader Other computers
Computer Components
seconds - milliseconds
nanoseconds seconds - milliseconds
milliseconds
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Basic ComputerBoard
Power
supply
Processorunder thefan and
heat sink
Keyboard, video,and other connectors
Disk drives
RAM
Expansionslots
Motherboard
IDE
SATA
GraphicsOnboard and
external
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Intel Processor Speeds by Year
Intel Processor Performance
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
350.00
400.00
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Multi-coreSysMark 2004
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RAM Costs
0.01
0.1
1
10
1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007$/MB
Cost of RAM
2007: $59 for 1024 MB/800 MHz $0.057/MB
Conclusion: RAM is free.
www.memory-man.comNote log scale
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Parallel Processing
11 24 32 15
+ 27 33 57 84
= ___________________
Are 4 parallel processors four times faster
than 1? Crucial assumptions:
There are multiple processors.
Task can be split into as many parts as there
23 xx+54 +92xx yyy
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Cache
Memory
Processor
Disk Drive
File
Processor is faster than disk drive.
Reads ahead and stores several piecesof the file into cache memory.
Pulls data from cache as needed.
Cache is used as a buffer between twodevices of different speeds. Disk->RAM, RAM->Processor
Fast
Slow
Needed
Might need
Read ahead
Cache MemoryCache on
Processor
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There have been increasing complaints about injuries caused byrepetitive typing tasks. Several manufacturers have experimented withnew keyboard designs (like this one from Microsoft) that are claimed torelieve physical stress.
Input: Keyboards
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Input: Multi-touch
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QKh1Rv0PlOQ
Jeff Han Presentation February 2006 time: 9:31
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Input: Scanners
Scanners
Format Hand-held
Page Flatbed
Optical Character Recognition Text and Graphics
Columns
Proportional v Fixed Fonts
Training v Preprogrammed
Gray scale and colors
TextInBitmapPixels
OCR readspixels and convertsto letters and words.But mistakes arise.
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Speak incomplete
sentences
Speak incompletesentences.
Input: Voice Voice
Microsoft Officeincludes a decentvoice input system.
It must be trained sothat it adapts to yourspeech patterns.
It is not perfect, but
is relatively fast. It works best if you
speak in fullsentencesenablin the s stem
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Output: Printers
Quality (resolution: dots per inch)
Ink Jet 300 - 720 dpi
Laser 600 - 1200 dpi
Typeset/offset press 2400 dpi
Speed (pages per minute) Cost Printer Initial Cost
(dollars)Cost Per Page
(cents)Quality
(dots/inch)Speed
(pages/min.)
Laser: B&W 300 50,000 0.6 3 600 1200 4 8 17 100+
Laser: Color 500+ 5 75 600 1200 0.5 8
Ink jet: Color 100 - 500 10 - 150 300 720 0.1 - 4
Check Kodaks strategy (2007) for lower-cost ink.
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Secondary Storage Evaluation of Secondary Storage Capacity Speed Cost
Magnetic Hard Drive 80 G B 1,000 GB [typical PC: 250] 8 - 20 ms access [typical PC: 10] 4200 rpm (old laptop), 5400 rpm, 7200 rpm, 10,000 rpm, 15,000 rpm $0.25 - $1.00 / GB [some large drives are much higher]
Optical Disk 700 M B 30 - 200 ms DVD: 4.77 - 9 GB Blu-Ray: 25-50 GB
USB 2.0 Flash Drive 16 M B-1 GB Read: 8 MB/s Write: 1 - 5 MB/s $10-30/GB (2004 $350/GB, 2007 $10/GB)
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Secondary Storage
Conclusion: Storage is free
Drive Capacity
(gigabytes)Speed
(Write MB/s)Initial Cost
(dollars)Cost/GB
(dollars)
Magnetic hard 80 1,000 30 50 65 500+ 0.28
USB drive 0.5 - 8 4 8 40 200 10
Tape 250 2,000 2 20 300 5,000+ 0.50 1.00
CD-ROM 0.70 2 5 50 0.42
DVD 4.77 (8.5 DL) 2 5 50 100 0.11
Blu-Ray 25 (50 DL) 2 5 700 0.72
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What is a Server?
Reliability
Easy backup Easy maintenance
Multi-user
Scalability
Product family consistency (Sun)
Server Farm (Microsoft)
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What is a Client/Browser?
Display device/standards
User interface
Data collection
New: Wireless
Cell phones (3G)
PDAs
Tablets
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Bal ance Sheet f or 1993
Cash 33, 562 Account s Payabl eRecei vabl es 87, 341 Not es Payabl eI nvent or i es 15, 983 Accr ual sTot al Cur r ent Asset s 136, 886 Tot al Cur r ent Li abi
BondsCommon St oc k
Net Fi xed Asset s 45, 673 Ret ai ned Ear ni ngsTot al Asset s 182, 559 Li abi l i t i es + Equi
Error reading file
Invalid format.
Compatibility
Hardware standards?
Operating systems
Unix Windows-NT
Software & Data
Binary incompatibility
File compatibility & conversion Leading software
Limited standards (e.g., ASCII)
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Software Categories
Operating System
Utilities
Programming Languages and Tools
Application General purpose examples
Word processing
Spreadsheets
Graphics
Single purpose examples Accounting
Tax preparation
Games
CAD-CAM
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Operating Systems
Operating system tasks. Identify user (security).
User interface.
Load applications.
Coordinate devices.
Device drivers for independence.
Input. Process.
Output.
Secondary storage.
Operating System
Devicedriver Device
driverDevicedriver
Device
driver
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Operating Systems: User
InterfaceTask
Graphical user interface
Windows, Macintosh
Command-line
DOS, UNIX, IBM CMS
Start application Click on icon Type the name (memorize)
Copy a file Drag icon while holding CTRL
key
copy file new
List files Graphical explorer dir *.*
Edit file Mouse, keyboard, menus keyboard commands (memorize)
Images, audio, etc. Embedded in system not available
Standards Vendors voluntarily implementstandard actions.
Every program is different.
Strengths Easier to learn.
Multimedia.
Faster for some tasks.
Less overhead (cheaper system).
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Multitasking & Components
Components operate at different speeds
Processor nanoseconds
Input seconds or milliseconds
Output seconds or milliseconds
Secondary Storage milliseconds
Time comparison
1 ns / 1 sec == 31.7 years
1 micro / 1 sec == 11.6 days
1 ms / 1 sec == 16:40 min:sec
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Single Tasking
Task 1 Task 2 Task 3
Multitasking
Multitasking
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Early Computer Languages
1st generation: Machine
1110 1101 get data at 1101
1001 1111 add value at 1111
1101 0111 put result in 0111
2nd generation: Assembly
MOV AX,[011E] get value at 011E
ADD AX,[0100] add value at 0100
MOV [0FEB],AX put result in 0FEB
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Computer Languages
3rd generation: Procedural
Four popular variations FORTRAN
Basic COBOL
C total = net + taxes;
4th generation: Database
SQL: select net+taxes from sales; 5th generation: Not Exist Yet
Artificial Intelligence
Natural Language
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Application Software
Research: Databases
Analysis: Calculations (spreadsheets and
more) Communication: Writing (word processorsand more)
Communication: Presentation andGraphics
Communication: Voice and Mail (e-mailand more)
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Paperless Office?
Paper Production
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Million
metrictons
World
USA
Canada
Paper and PaperboardNote leveling off in the U.S. and Canada.
Source: http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/forests-grasslands-drylands/variable-570.htmlMatches UN FAO data
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Open Software Issues
Operating Systems: Linux (and others)
Applications: Sun StarOffice (and others)
Development: GNU
A bunch of open questions: Total cost?
Service and support? Training?
Upgrades?
Security?
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Technology Toolbox: Voice
Input Install and setup Get a decent headset microphone.
Set aside time to train the system in a quietenvironment.
Within Word (or use the Control Panel): Tools/Speech.
Follow the installation instructions.
Train it by reading several stories.
Using the system
Dictate in complete sentences.
Use the keyboard and mouse to edit.
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Technology Toolbox: Voice
Input Commands
Command Character/Result
period or dotcommanew linenew paragraphopen parenclose paren
force num, pause, digitsspell it or spelling modemicrophonecorrect thatscratch thatgo to top
move upbackspaceselect word
.,EnterEnter twice()
numbers (for several numbers in a row)spell out a wordturn microphone on or offchange or delete the last phrase entereddelete the last phrase enteredmove to top of the document (or bottom)
move up one line (also down, left, right)delete one character to the leftselect a word (several options/phrases)
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Quick Quiz: Voice Input
Use the help system to find the commands for thefollowing:
1. !, ?, #, $
2. Make a word boldface or italic.
3. Print the current page.
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Technology Toolbox: Effective
Charts
Chart Type Purpose Common Mistakes
Bar or Column Show category values Too many seriesUnreadable colors
Not zero-based
Pie Compare categorypercentages
Too manyobservations/slices
Unreadable features/3-D
Poorly labeled
Line Show trends over time Too many series
Poor or missing legend
Not zero-basedScatter Show relationship
between two variablesPoor choice of variables
Not zero-based
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Technology Toolbox: Effective
Charts ExampleRolling Thunder Bicycle Sales
$0
$100,000
$200,000
$300,000
$400,000
$500,000
$600,000
$700,000
$800,000
$900,000
M ountain
M ountain full
Race
Road
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Quick Quiz: Effective Charts
Create the following charts:1. Use the export data form in Rolling Thunder bicycles
to generate sales by state. Create a column chartand a pie chart for this data. Briefly explain why one
chart is better than the other one.2. Using Bureau of Labor Statistics data, plot the
unemployment rate and the hourly wage rate overthree years.
http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?lnhttp://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ec
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Cases:
ComputerIndustry
Annual Revenue
0
10
20
30
40
50
6070
80
90
100
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Billion$
HP
IBM-HW
Dell
Sun
Gatew ay
Net Income / Revenue
-0.35
-0.3
-0.25
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 HP
Dell
Sun
Gateway