information technology management practical files
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
FOR MANAGERS
PRACTICAL FILE
Submitted for partial fulfillment for the award ofthe Degree of :-
2011-2013
Under the supervision of
MS Ranjeeta Popli
submitted by
PANKAJ K. GUPTA
ENROLLMENT NO. 117
GITARATTAN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SCHOOL
( Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University )
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Madhuban Chowk, ROHINI, DELHI - 110085
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Topics Page No.
1. MS-DOS 03 - 092. HTML 10 - 19
3. SPREADSHEETS 20 - 38
4. SQL 39 - 48
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MS-DOS
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Disk operating System (DOS)
DOS was developed by Microsoft primarily as a single user operating
system working on Personal Computers. From 1981 till now manyversions starting from version 1.0 till 6.2 have been released. Each
successive version had its enhancements aimed at improving the
management of the computer resources available to the users.
DOS Commands
A DOS command helps you to give instruction to the operating system in
Character User Interface (CUI) environment. Using DOS commands, youcan perform various tasks, such as creating and managing files and
folders and monitoring your system resources.
To create and manage files and folders, perform the following steps:
1. Click the Start button, and then select Run.
2. In the Run dialog box, type cmd in the Run box.
3. Click the OKbutton.
The Command Prompt window is displayed.
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In the Command Prompt window, the command is given after the
command prompt and the Enter key is pressed to execute the
command.
As the drive displayed is the user directory, change the drive to D:drive by giving following command at the command prompt.
C:\Users\user>D:
Directories
In the DOS, each disk is organized into directories. Each Directory holds
file. The default directory is the Root Directory and contains the
minimum DOS files.
The Root Directory cannot show more than 132 files in its directory
listing.
Create Directory
MD or MKDIR command is used to make directory.
Syntax:MD [drive:] [path] [directory name]
Or
MKDIR [drive:] [path] [directory name]
Example:
To create a new directory names Tim under C: drive, give following
command:
C:\>MD Tim or C:\>MKDIR Tim
Changing Directory
You can change your working directory by issuing the CD command.
Syntax:
CD [drive:] [directory name]
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Example:
To make Tim as current directory, give following command:
C:\>CD Tim
Deleting Directory
RD command is used to remove a directory.
Syntax:
RD [drive:] [path]
Examples:
To remove Tim directory from the C: drive, give the following
command:
C:\>RD Tim
Displaying Contents of a Directory
DIRcommand is used to display the contents of the directory.
Syntax:
DIR [drive:] [path] [/option]
/option stand for various options that can be used with DIR command
which are displayed in the following table:
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Option Description
/p Pause after each screenful
/w Uses wide list format
/s Also look in subdirectories
Creating text File
COPY CON command is used to create a text file.
Syntax:
COPY CON [filename]
After the command is given at the command prompt, the cursor goes to
the next line. Write the text and press Clt-Z key together to save thecontents in the file. Then, press key.
Example:
To create a file client.txt under the current folderTim, give the
command:
C:\Tim>copy con Client.txt
Now, write
Hi,
How are you?
Then press Clt-Z and then, Enter Key.
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Displaying the Contents of a File
TYPE command is used to display the contents of a file.
Syntax:
Type [drive:] [path] [filename]
Example:
C:\Tim>type Client.txt
Renaming File
REN command is used to change the name of a file.
Syntax:
REN [drive:] [path] [file name] [new filename]
Example:
To change the name of the file Client.txt to Client1.txt, give following
command:
C:\Tim>REN Client.txt Client1.txt
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To move case1.txt file from directory Tim to the directory Obama, give
following command:
C:\Tim>move Case1.txt C:\Obama
Deleting Files
DEL command is used to delete file or files from the disk.
Syntax:
DEL [drive:] [path] [filename]
Example:
To delete Client1.txt from the Tim folder, give following command:
C:\Tim>DEL Client1.txt
HTML
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Some HTML elements have empty content
Empty elements are closed in the start tag
Most HTML elements can have attributes
HTML Attributes
HTML elements can have attributes
Attributes provide additional information about an element
Attributes are always specified in the start tag
Attributes come in name/value pairs like: name="value"
Getting started with Examples.
HTML Headings
Headings are defined with the to tags.
defines the most important heading. defines the least important heading.
Save this file in [filename].html.
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HTML Lines
The tag creates a horizontal line in an HTML page.
Output
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HTML Text Formatting
tag is used forbold the text. tag is used foritalic the text.
tag is used for underline the text.
Output
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HTML Fonts
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Output
HTML Style
Output
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HTML Links is used for HTML link.
Output
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HTML Images
Output
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HTML Tables
A table is divided into rows (with the tag), and each row is divided
into data cells (with the tag). td stands for "table data," and holds the
content of a data cell. A tag can contain text, links, images, lists,
forms, other tables, etc.
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Output
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SPREADSHEETS
INTRODUCTION
Spreadsheet applications (sometimes referred to simply asspreadsheets)
are computerprograms that let you create and manipulate spreadsheets
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electronically. In a spreadsheet application, each value sits in a cell. You
can define what type ofdata is in each cell and how different cells
depend on one another. The relationships between cells are called
formulas, and the names of the cells are called labels.
Some examples of spreadsheet usage:
Spreadsheets act like a calculator by automatically doing
calculations.
Spreadsheets are used for tracking personal investments,
budgeting, invoices, inventory tracking, statistical analysis,
numerical modeling, address books, telephone books, printing
labels, etc.
Spreadsheets are used in almost every profession to calculate,
graph, analyze and store information.
Spreadsheets are used for What-if calculations. Change one
number in a spreadsheet and all the calculations in a large
spreadsheet will re-calculate, will automatically change.
There are a number of spreadsheet on the market, Lotus 1-2-3 and Excel
being among the most famous. The more powerful spreadsheet
applications supportgraphicsfeatures that enable you to produce charts
and graphs from the data.
Here we will discuss about MS-EXCEL.
Microsoft Excel is aproprietarycommercialspreadsheet application
written and distributed by Microsoft forMicrosoft Windows and Mac
OS.
Excel forms part ofMicrosoft Office. The current versions are 2010 for
Microsoft Windows and 2011 forMac OS X.
Step of Opening Ms-Excel
Start All Programs - Microsoft Office Microsoft Office Excel
Or
Start Run type excel and press OK
The first page of Microsoft Excel 2007
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Worksheets
Microsoft Excel consists ofworksheets. Each worksheet contains
columns and rows.The columns are lettered A to Z and then continuing
with AA, AB, AC and so on; the rows are numbered 1 to 1,048,576.
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The Formula Bar
If the Formula bar is turned on, the cell address of the cell you are indisplays in the Name box which is located on the left side of the Formula
bar. Cell entries display on the right side of the Formula bar.
The Status Bar
The Status bar appears at the very bottom of the Excel window and
provides such information as the sum, average, minimum, and maximum
value of selected numbers. You can change what displays on the Status
bar by right-clicking on the Status bar and selecting the options you want
from the Customize Status Bar menu. You click a menu item to select it.
Excel Formulas
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A formula is a set of mathematical instructions that can be used in Excel
to perform calculations. Formals are started in the formula box with an =
sign.
There are many elements to and excel formula.
References: The cell or range of cells that you want to use in your
calculation
Operators: Symbols (+, -, *, /, etc.) that specify the calculation to be
performed
Constants: Numbers or text values that do not change
Functions: Predefined formulas in Excel
To create a basic formula in Excel:
Select the cell for the formula
Type = (the equal sign) and the formula
ClickEnter
Calculate with Functions
A function is a built in formula in Excel. A function has a name andarguments (the mathematical function) in parentheses.
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Common functions in Excel:
Sum: Adds all cells in the argumentAverage: Calculates the average of the cells in the argument
Min: Finds the minimum value
Max: Finds the maximum value
Count: Finds the number of cells that contain a numerical value within a
range of the argument
To calculate a function:
Click the cell where you want the function applied
Click the Insert Functionbutton Choose the function
ClickOK
Complete the Number 1 box with the first cell in the range that you
want calculated
Complete the Number 2 box with the last cell in the range that you
want calculated
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Sort and Filter
Sorting and Filtering allow you to manipulate data in a worksheet based
on given set of criteria.
Basic Sorts
To execute a basic descending or ascending sort based on one column:
Highlight the cells that will be sorted
Click the Sort & Filter button on the Home tab
Click the Sort Ascending (A-Z) button orSort Descending (Z-A)
button
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Custom Sorts
To sort on the basis of more than one column:
Click the Sort & Filter button on the Home tab
Choose which column you want to sort by first ClickAdd Level
Choose the next column you want to sort
ClickOK
Filtering
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Filtering allows you to display only data that meets certain criteria. To
filter:
Click the column or columns that contain the data you wish tofilter
On the Home tab, click on Sort & Filter
Click Filter button
Click the Arrow at the bottom of the first cell
Click the Text Filter
Click the Words you wish to Filter
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To clear the filter click the Sort & Filter button ClickClear
Charts
Charts allow you to present information contained in the worksheet in a
graphic format. Excel offers many types of charts including: Column,Line, Pie, Bar, Area, Scatter and more. To view the charts available click
the Insert Tab on the Ribbon.
Create a Chart
To create a chart:
Select the cells that contain the data you want to use in the chart
Click the Insert tab on the Ribbon
Click the type ofChart you want to create
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To reverse which data are displayed in the rows and columns:
Click the Chart Click the Switch Row/Column button on the Design tab
To modify the labels and titles:
Click the Chart
On the Layout tab, click the Chart Title or the Data Labels
button
Change the Title and clickEnter
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Chart Tools
The Chart Tools appear on the Ribbon when you click on the chart. The
tools are located on three tabs: Design, Layout, and Format.
Within the Design tab you can control the chart type, layout, styles, andlocation.
Within the Layout tab you can control inserting pictures, shapes and text
boxes, labels, axes, background, and analysis.
Within the Format tab you can modify shape styles, word styles and size
of the chart.
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Copy a Chart to Word
Select the chart
ClickCopy on the Home tab
Go to the Word document where you want the chart located ClickPaste on the Home tab
Pivot Table
AnExcel pivot table is a special kind of table that assembles and
summarizes information from a designated data source. That data source
can be an external file or it can be a selection of cells in a worksheet.
When creating the pivot table, you specify what fields need to appear and
how to organize the data in the table. Once created, you can change the
way that the data is summarized to give you a different view of your
information, and it is this feature that puts the pivot in pivot table.
In this example the source data contains information about property
insurance policies. Each row has the details about one insurance policy,
such as the region, state, construction type and the value of the insuredproperty.
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Creating a Simple Pivot Table
After your source data is prepared, you can create a pivot table. We'll
create a pivot table that shows the total insured value in each of the four
regions where we sell insurance.
1. Select any cell in the source data table.
2. On the Ribbon, click the Insert tab.
3. In the Tables group, click PivotTable.
4. In the Create PivotTable dialog box, the address of your source
data table should be automatically entered in the Table/Range box.
If not, click on the worksheet, and select the range manually.
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5. Next, select New Worksheet or Existing Worksheet as the location
for your pivot table, and then click OK.
Adding Fields to the Pivot Table
An empty pivot table is created in your workbook, either on a new sheet,
or the existing sheet that you selected. When you select a cell within the
pivot table, a PivotTable Field List appears, at the right of the worksheet.
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We want to see the total insured value in each of the four regions, so we'll
add the Region and Insured Value fields to the pivot table.
1. In the PivotTable Field List, add a check mark to the Region field.
The Region field is automatically added to the pivot table, in the
Row Labels area.
2. Add a check mark to the Insured Value field, and it will be
automatically added to the Values area. You can now see the total
insured value in each region.
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Modifying the Pivot Table
After you've created a pivot table, you can add more fields, remove
fields, or move the fields to a different location in the pivot table layout.
We'll remove the Region field, and add the Location field, to see the
value of rural policies compared to Urban.
1. To remove the Region field, click on its check box, to remove the
check mark.
2. To add the Location field, click on its check box, to add a check
mark.
The pivot table now shows the totals for Rural and Urban locations.
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SQL
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SQL Introduction
SQL stands for Structured Query Language and can be pronounced
as SQL or sequel (Structured English Query Language).
It is a query language used foraccessing and modifying information in
the database. IBM first developed SQL in 1970s. Also it is an ANSI/ISO
standard. It has become a Standard Universal Language used by most of
the relational database management systems (RDBMS). Some of the
RDBMS systems are: Oracle,Microsoft SQL server, Sybase etc. Most
of these have provided their own implementation thus enhancing its
feature and making it a powerful tool.
Few of the sql commands used in sql programming are SELECTStatement, UPDATE Statement,INSERT INTOStatement,
DELETEStatement, WHERE Clause, ORDER BY Clause, GROUP
BY Clause, ORDER Clause, Joins, Views, GROUP Functions,
Indexes etc.
In a simple manner, SQL is a non-procedural, English-like language that
processes data in groups of records rather than one record at a time. Few
functions of SQL are:
store data modify data
retrieve data
modify data
delete data
create tables and other database objects
delete data
Types of SQL statements
There are three basic types of SQL statements:
Data definition language (DDL) statements
Data manipulation language (DML) statements
Dynamic SQL statements
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Create a Database
Syntax:
CREATE DATABASE
Example:
CREATE DATABASE gibs
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Create a Table
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE
(
,
,
.
.
.
);
Example:
Create table student
(
Student_id char (10),
Student_Fname varchar (10),
Student_Lname varchar(10),
Student_address varchar(15),
Student_dob datetime
)
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Insert values into Table
Syntax:
Insert into values (, , .);
Example:
Insert into student values (001, sanjeev, gupta, delhi, 04-12-
2010);
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Alter Table
Syntax:
Alter table
Add
Example:
Alter table customerAdd cust_id varchar (20)
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Drop table
Syntax:
Drop table
Example:
Drop table student;
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SQL Constraints
Constraints are used to limit the type of data that can go into a table.
Constraints can be specified when a table is created (with the CREATE
TABLE statement) or after the table is created (with the ALTER TABLE
statement).
We will focus on the following constraints:
NOT NULL
UNIQUE
PRIMARY KEY FOREIGN KEY
CHECK
DEFAULT
SQL NOT NULL Constraint
The NOT NULL constraint enforces a column to NOT accept NULLvalues.
The NOT NULL constraint enforces a field to always contain a value.
This means that you cannot insert a new record, or update a record
without adding a value to this field.
SQL UNIQUE Constraint
The UNIQUE constraint uniquely identifies each record in a database
table.
The UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY constraints both provide a guarantee
for uniqueness for a column or set of columns.
A PRIMARY KEY constraint automatically has a UNIQUE constraint defined on it.
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SQL PRIMARY KEY Constraint
The PRIMARY KEY constraint uniquely identifies each record in adatabase table.
Primary keys must contain unique values.
A primary key column cannot contain NULL values.
Each table should have a primary key, and each table can have only ONE
primary key.