informe de cosas que hay que saber sobre la tierra 22may09

8/9/2019 Informe de Cosas Que Hay Que Saber Sobre La Tierra 22may09

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EARH SCIENCE

LIERACY PRINCIPLES

Te Bi Ideas and Supportin Concepts of Earth Science

www.earthscienceliteracy.or


2/13

Wha is Eah Siee Liea?Eah Siee Liea is a udesadig o Eahs iuee

o ou ad o ou iuee o Eah.

Eah Siee Liea Piiples ae deed b he sieiss

who a ou aive eseah i ma aeas o Eah siee

ad explai he omplexiies o how ou plae woks.

Eah Siee Liea is shaped b siee eduaos, who a

bes aslae he big ideas o Eah siee io laguage ad

leaig oppouiies ha a be udesood b all.

Eah Siee Liea is a ogoig poess, oiuall

eshaped ad ewie b ew disoveies i he aeas o Eah

siee ad leaig heo.

A Eah-siee-lieae peso:

understandsthefundamentalconceptsofEarths

ma ssems

knowshowtondandassessscienticallycredible

iomaio abou Eah

communicatesaboutEarthscienceinameaningfulway

isabletomakeinformedandresponsibledecisions

egadig Eah ad is esoues

Wh is Eah Siee Liea Impoa?Eah is ou home. We el upo i o ou exisee i ma

diee was. Is esoues eed us ad povide he maeials

o ou wa o lie. Eve modes hages o Eahs ssems have

had pooud iuees o huma soieies ad he ouse o

ivilizaio. Udesadig hese ssems ad how he iea

wih us is vial o ou suvival.

Eah Siee Liea is espeiall impoa a his ime i

hiso. Tee ae ma halleges aig humaidwidlig

eeg ad mieal esoues, hagig limaes, wae sho-

agesdiel elaig o he Eah siees. Tee ae ma

diful deisios ha govemes, loal ad aioal, will have

o make oeig hese issues, ad how well humas suvive

he we-s eu will deped upo he suess o hese

deisios. We eed govemes ha ae Eah siee lieae.

Huma hiso is a eod o he eaivi ad igeui o

people solvig diful poblems. Te soluios o he ue

Eah-siee-elaed halleges will also ome om huma

eaivi, as idividuals o opoae busiesses. Howeve, as

ou mode soie ad is eeds have beome ieasigl

omplex, so have he soluios. I will ake a deep ad suble

udesadig o Eahs ssems o uue geeaios o be

able o eed, lohe, house, ad povide a meaigul exis-

ee o all humas. We eed iizes ad busiesses ha ae

Eah siee lieae.

EArtH ScIEncE LItErAcy: Te Big Ideas ad Suppoig coeps o Eah Siee

Eah big idea is baked b suppoig oeps ompaable o hose udelig he naioal Siee Eduaio

Sadads ad he Ameia Assoiaio o he Advaeme o Siee Behmaks o Siee Liea.

Juio o he Mississippi, Illiois, ad Missoui ives i Augus

1993 (ea he peak o oodig) om Ladsa-5/tM. (coues

nASA/Goddad Spae Fligh cee Siei Visualizaio Sudio)


3/13

How Does he Siei Poess Wok?

Siee is a ogoig poess o disove o he aual wold.

Eah siee is pa o his poess. Siee daws upo he

iae sese o uiosi ha all humas shae. We see i i a

hilds exieme i he disove o he wold. Millios o

sieiss omall pusue he poess o disove b makig

obsevaios, esig hpoheses, ad eig siei models.

Siei udesadig advaes hough ma sages o pep-

aaio ad eview. Like medial doos, sieiss go houghma eas o poessioal aiig ad paie. Siei

eseah pojes ae uded hough a highl seleive eview

poess odued b expes i he eld. resuls om siei

eseah ae ol published i jouals i he sais a igoous

poess ha iludes peseaios a poessioal meeigs,

debaes a siei wokshops, ad wie pee eviews

b esablished expes i he eld. Te powe o he siei

poess is see i is eleless mah owad bee explaaios

o how he laws o he uivese opeae. Te omplex eh-

olog o he mode idusial wold, iludig ell phoes,

spae exploaio, ad ues o ma diseases, is a ibue o hesuess o he poess o siei disove.

Abou Tis Guide

Tis guide peses he big ideas o Eah siee ha all iizes

should kow, deemied b he Eah siee eseah ad

eduaio ommuiies. Seveal wokshops ivolvig hudeds

o sieiss ad eduaos om aademia, goveme, ad

idus wee dediaed o eaig his doume, ad i has

udegoe a exesive peiod o publi eview. Tis doume,

epeseig he ue siei kowledge i Eah siee,

is helpig o shape deisios b goveme ad idus adhelpig o guide he dieio o eduaioal uiula. I is a

wok i pogess beause he siei poess oiues o

impove ou udesadig o Eah. Fo he laes vesio o his

doume, as well as iomaio abou is osuio, please

visi www.eahsieeliea.og.

Usig Tis Guide o Eduaio

U.S. siee eduaio is suued aoud he naioal Siee

Eduaio Sadads. to seve he boade eduaio ommu-i, he Eah Siee Liea Piiples have bee aliged

wih hese sadads. Te maix o his aligme a be oud

a hp://www.eahsieeliea.og/eduaio.hml. Tis

liea doume is beig used o die Eah siee edua-

io udig wihi he naioal Siee Foudaio. texbook

ompaies ae usig i i he eaio o ew eduaioal mae-

ials. Museums ad siee ees ae usig his doume as a

oudaio o eduaioal displas ad exhibis. teahes ad

shool boads ae usig i o shape lass isuio agig om

idividual lessos o whole uiula.

Louisiaa oas wih suspeded sedimes ad ogai mae owig ou

o he Mississippi ad ohe egioal ive ssems io he Gul o Mexio

(MODIS Aqua saellie image, novembe 19, 2003, oues o Liam Gumle

Spae Siee ad Egieeig cee, Uivesi o Wisosi-Madiso

Fo moe iomaio abou

Eah Siee Liea, please visi

www.eahsieeliea.og.


4/13

1BIG IDEA 1. Eah sieiss use epeaable obsevaios adesable ideas o udesad ad explai ou plae.

1.1 Earth scientists nd solutions to societys needs. Eahsieiss wok o hallegig poblems ha ae humai

o opis suh as limae hage ad huma impas

o Eah. Eah sieiss suessull pedi hazads o

humas ad loae ad eove aual esoues, makig

possible he ouishig o humas o Eah.

1.2 Earth scientists use a large variety o scientic prin-ciples to understand how our planet works.Eah

sieiss ombie sud o Eahs geolog wih aspes o

biolog, hemis, phsis, ad mahemais i ode o

udesad he omplexiies o he Eah ssem.

1.3 Earth science investigations take many dierent orms.

Eah sieiss do epoduible expeimes ad ollemuliple lies o evidee. Tis evidee is ake om eld,

aalial, heoeial, expeimeal, ad modelig sudies.

1.4 Earth scientists must use indirect methods to examineand understand the structure, composition, and

dynamics o Earths interior.Wih he exepio o

wells ad mie shas dilled io Eah, die obseva-

ios o Eahs ieio ae o possible. Isead, Eah

sieiss obseve he ieio o he plae usig seismi

waves, gavi, magei elds, ada, soa, ad laboa-

o expeimes o he behavio o maeials a highpessues ad empeaues.

1.5 Earth scientists use their understanding o the past toorecast Earths uture. Eah siee eseah ells us how

Eah uioed i he pas ude odiios o see

oda ad how odiios ae likel o hage i he uue

1.6 Earth scientists construct models o Earth and itsprocesses that best explain the available geological

evidence. Tese siei models, whih a be oep-

ual o aalial, udego igoous sui ad esigb ollaboaig ad ompeig goups o sieiss

aoud he wold. Eah siee eseah doumes ae

subjeed o igoous pee eview beoe he ae published

i siee jouals.

1.7 echnological advances, breakthroughs in interpreta-tion, and new observations continuously rene our

understanding o Earth. Tis Eah Siee Liea ame

wok mus be a livig doume ha gows alog wih ou

hagig ideas ad oeps o Eah.

reseah Expeiees i Solid Eah Siee o Sudes

(rESESS) paiipa Miiam Gaia joied eseahes om he

Uied Saes, Ielad, ad Swizelad i Augus o 2008 o

isall high-ae GPS saios i Ielad. Daa om his ewok

will iease ou udesadig o volai ad eoi ie-

aios. (coues o P.I. rihad Bee ad rESESS)


5/13

BIG IDEA 2. Eah is 4.6 billio eas old.

2.1 Earths rocks and other materials provide a record oits history.

Eah sieiss use he suue, sequee,ad popeies o oks, sedimes, ad ossils o eo-

su eves i Eahs hiso. Dea aes o adioaive

elemes ae he pima meas o obaiig umeial

ages o oks ad ogai emais. Udesadig geologi

poesses aive i he mode wold is uial o ie-

peig Eahs pas.

2.2 Our Solar System ormed rom a vast cloud o gas anddust 4.6 billion years ago. Some o his gas ad dus was

he emais o he supeova explosio o a pevious sa;

ou bodies ae heeoe made o sadus. Tis age o4.6 billio eas is well esablished om he dea aes o

adioaive elemes oud i meeoies ad oks om

he Moo.

2.3 Earth ormed rom the accumulation o dust and gas,and multiple collisions o smaller planetary bodies.

Dive b gavi, Eahs mealli oe omed as io

sak o he ee. rok suoudig he oe was mosl

mole eal i Eahs hiso, ad slowl ooled o om

Eahs male ad us. Te aoms o diee elemes

ombied o make mieals, whih ombied o makeoks. Eahs oea ad amosphee bega o om moe

ha 4 billio eas ago om he ise o lighe maeials

ou o he male.

2.4 Earths crust has two distinct types: continental andoceanic.coieal us pesiss a Eahs suae ad

a be billios o eas old. Oeai us oiuousl

oms ad eles bak io he male; i he oea, i is

owhee olde ha abou 200 millio eas.

2.5 Studying other objects in the solar system helps uslearn Earths history. Aive geologi poesses suh as

plae eois ad eosio have desoed o aleed mos

o Eahs eal ok eod. Ma aspes o Eahs eal

hiso ae evealed b objes i he sola ssem ha have

o haged as muh as Eah has.

2.6 Lie on Earth began more than 3.5 billion years ago.Fossils idiae ha lie bega wih sigle-elled ogaisms,

whih wee he ol lie oms o billios o eas. Humas(Homo sapiens) have exised o ol a ve small aio

(abou 0.004%) o Eahs hiso.

2.7 Over Earths vast history, both gradual and catastrophicprocesses have produced enormous changes. Supe-

oies omed ad boke apa, he omposiios o

he amosphee ad oea haged, sea level ose ad

ell, livig speies evolved ad we exi, ie shees

advaed ad meled awa, meeoies slammed io

Eah, ad mouais omed ad eoded awa.

Te Gad cao epeses oe o he mos awe-ispii

ladsapes i he Uied Saes. A he deepes pas o he

ao, eal wo-billio-ea-old meamophi ok i

exposed. Te coloado rive has u hough laes o olou

sedimea ok as he coloado Plaeau has uplied


6/13

3BIG IDEA 3. Eah is a omplex ssem o ieaig

ok, wae, ai, ad lie.

3.1 Te our major systems o Earth are the geosphere,hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. Te geosphee

iludes a mealli oe, solid ad mole ok, soil,ad sedimes. Te amosphee is he evelope o gas

suoudig Eah. Te hdosphee iludes he ie, wae

vapo, ad liquid wae i he amosphee, he oea,

lakes, seams, soils, ad goudwae. Te biosphee

iludes Eahs lie, whih a be oud i ma pas o

he geosphee, hdosphee, ad amosphee. Humas ae

pa o he biosphee, ad huma aiviies have impoa

impas o all ou sphees.

3.2 All Earth processes are the result o energy fowing and

mass cycling within and between Earths systems.Tiseeg is deived om he su ad Eahs ieio. Te

owig eeg ad lig mae ause hemial ad

phsial hages i Eahs maeials ad livig ogaisms.

Fo example, lage amous o abo oiuall le

amog ssems o ok, wae, ai, ogaisms, ad ossil uels

suh as oal ad oil.

3.3 Earth exchanges mass and energy with the rest othe Solar System.Eah gais ad loses eeg hough

iomig sola adiaio, hea loss o spae, ad gavia-ioal oes om he su, moo, ad plaes. Eah gais

mass om he impas o meeooids ad omes ad loses

mass b he esape o gases io spae.

3.4 Earths systems interact over a wide range o temporaland spatial scales.Tese sales age om miosopi

o global i size ad opeae ove aios o a seod o

billios o eas. Tese ieaios amog Eahs ssems

have shaped Eahs hiso ad will deemie Eahs

uue.

3.5 Regions where organisms actively interact with eachother and their environment are called ecosystems.

Eossems povide he goods (ood, uel, oxge, ad

uies) ad sevies (limae egulaio, wae lig

ad puiaio, ad soil developme ad maieae)

eessa o susai he biosphee. Eossems ae osid-

eed he plaes esseial lie-suppo uis.

3.6 Earths systems are dynamic; they continually reactto changing infuences. compoes o Eahs ssems

ma appea sable, hage slowl ove log peiods oime, o hage abupl wih sigia osequees o

livig ogaisms.

3.7 Changes in part o one system can cause new changesto that system or to other systems, oten in surprising

and complex ways. Tese ew hages ma ake he om

o eedbaks ha a iease o deease he oigial

hages ad a be upediable ad/o ievesible. A

deep kowledge o how mos eedbaks wok wihi ad

bewee Eahs ssems is sill lakig.

3.8 Earths climate is an example o how complex interac-tions among systems can result in relatively sudden

and signicant changes.Te geologi eod shows ha

ieaios amog eoi eves, sola ipus, plaea

obis, oea iulaio, volai aivi, glaies, vegea-

io, ad huma aiviies a ause appeiable, ad i

some ases apid, hages o global ad egioal paes

o empeaue ad peipiaio.

Seam vigoousl ises om he ho waes o Gad Pismai Spig,

kow o is aibow olos podued b hemophili (hea

lovig) ogaisms. Tis ho spig is ueled b hea om a lageesevoi o paiall mole ok (magma), jus a ew miles beeah

yellowsoe, ha dives oe o he wolds lages volai ssems.


7/13

4.1 Earths geosphere changes through geological, hydro-logical, physical, chemical, and biological processes

that are explained by universal laws. Tese hages abe small o lage, oiuous o spoadi, ad gadual o

aasophi.

4.2 Earth, like other planets, is still cooling, though radio-active decay continuously generates internal heat.

Tis hea ows hough ad ou o Eahs ieio lagel

hough oveio, bu also hough oduio ad adi-

aio. Te ow o Eahs hea is like is lieblood, divig is

ieal moios.

4.3 Earths interior is in constant motion through theprocess o convection, with important consequences

or the surace.coveio i he io-ih liquid oue

oe, alog wih Eahs oaio aoud is axis, geeaes

Eahs magei eld. B deeig sola wid aoud he

plae, he magei eld peves he sola wid om

sippig awa Eahs amosphee. coveio i he

solid male dives he ma poesses o plae eois,

iludig he omaio ad movemes o he oies

ad oeai us.

4.4 Earths tectonic plates consist o the rocky crust anduppermost mantle, and move slowly with respect to

one another.new oeai plae oiuousl oms a

mid-oea idges ad ohe speadig ees, sikig bak

io he male a oea ehes. teoi plaes move

seadil a aes o up o 10 eimees pe ea.

4.5 Many active geologic processes occur at plate bound-aries. Plae ieaios hage he shapes, sizes, ad

posiios o oies ad oea basis, he loaios

o mouai ages ad basis, he paes o oea

iulaio ad limae, he loaios o eahquakes ad

volaoes, ad he disibuio o esoues ad livig

ogaisms.

4.6 Earth materials take many dierent orms as they cyclethrough the geosphere.roks om om he oolig o

magma, he aumulaio ad osolidaio o sedimes,

ad he aleaio o olde oks b hea, pessue, ad

uids. Tese hee poesses om igeous, sedimea,

ad meamophi oks.

BIG IDEA 4. Eah is oiuousl hagig.

4.7 Landscapes result rom the dynamic interplay betweenprocesses that orm and uplit new crust and processes

that destroy and depress the crust.Tis iepla is

aeed b gavi, desi dieees, plae eois,

limae, wae, he aios o livig ogaisms, ad he esis-

ae o Eah maeials o weaheig ad eosio.

4.8 Weathered and unstable rock materials erode romsome parts o Earths surace and are deposited in

others.Ude he iuee o gavi, oks all dowhill.

Wae, ie, ad ai a eoded sedimes o lowe eleva-

ios, ad ulimael o he oea.

4.9 Shorelines move back and orth across continents,depositing sediments that become the surace rocks o

the land. Tough dami poesses o plae eois ad

glaiaio, Eahs sea level ises ad alls b up o hudeds

o mees. Tis uuaio auses shoelies o advae ad

eede b hudeds o kilomees. Te uppe ok laes o

mos oies omed whe isig sea levels epeaedl

ooded he ieios o oies.

Suspeded la pailes, eoded om he casade Mouais o

Washigo Sae, give Lake Diablo is billia olo. Te aive

volaoes o he casades esul om he subduio o he Jua de

Fua plae beeah noh Ameia. (coues o niole LaDue


8/13

5BIG IDEA 5. Eah is he wae plae.

5.1 Water is ound everywhere on Earth, rom the heightso the atmosphere to the depths o the mantle.Eal i

Eahs hiso, suae wae aumulaed hough bohougassig om is ieio ad he apue o some exa-

eesial ie. Wae vapo i he amosphee odesed

ad aied ou as he plae ooled.

5.2 Water is essential or lie on Earth.Eah is uique i ouSola Ssem i ha wae has oexised a Eahs suae

i hee phases (solid, liquid, ad gas) o billios o eas,

allowig he developme ad oiuous evoluio o lie.

5.3 Waters unique combination o physical and chemical

properties are essential to the dynamics o all o Earthssystems.Tese popeies ilude he mae i whih

wae absobs ad eleases hea, ees suligh, expads

upo eezig, ad dissolves ohe maeials.

5.4 Water plays an important role in many o Earths deepinternal processes.Wae allows ok o mel moe easil,

geeaig muh o he magma ha eups as lava a vola-

oes. Wae ailiaes he meamophi aleaio o ok

ad is iegal o plae eoi poesses.

5.5 Earths water cycles among the reservoirs o the atmo-sphere, streams, lakes, ocean, glaciers, groundwater,

and deep interior o the planet.Te oal amou owae a Eahs suae has emaied ail osa ove

geologi ime, alhough is disibuio amog esevois

has vaied.

5.6 Water shapes landscapes.Flowig wae i seamssogl shapes he lad suae hough weaheig,

eosio, aspo, ad deposiio. Wae paiipaes i

boh he dissoluio ad omaio o Eahs maeials.

5.7 Ice is an especially powerul agent o weathering and

erosion. Wae expads as i eezes, wideig aks adbeakig apa oks. Moveme o massive glaies a

sou awa lad suaes. Te owig ie o glaies oves

ad ales vas aeas o oies duig Ie Ages.

5.8 Fresh water is less than 3% o the water at Earthssurace.Mos o his esh wae is soed as glaies i

Aaia ad Geelad. Less ha 1% o Eahs ea-

suae wae is dikable liquid esh wae, ad abou

99% o his wae is i he om o goudwae i he poes

ad aues wihi soil, sedime, ad ok.

Eahs wae is i osa moio. Wae moves a diee speeds

i diee plaes, ad i diee oms. Wae is oiuousl beig

exhaged amog Eahs suae, amosphee, ad ieio. Wae is

esseial o lie ad o sulpig he wold aoud us.


9/13

BIG IDEA 6. Lie evolves o a dami Eah

ad oiuousl modies Eah.

6.1 Fossils are the preserved evidence o ancient lie.Fossilsdoume he pesee o lie eal i Eahs hiso ad

he subseque evoluio o lie ove billios o eas.

6.2 Evolution, including the origination and extinction ospecies, is a natural and ongoing process.chages o

Eah ad is eossems deemie whih idividuals,

populaios, ad speies suvive. As a ouome o

dami Eah poesses, lie has adaped hough evolu-

io o ew, divese, ad eve-hagig ihes.

6.3 Biological diversity, both past and present, is vast andlargely undiscovered. new speies o livig ad ossil

ogaisms ae oiuall oud ad ideied. All o hisdivesi is ieelaed hough evoluio.

6.4 More complex lie orms and ecosystems have arisenover the course o Earths history. Tis omplexi has

emeged i assoiaio wih adapaios o ew ad

osal hagig habias. Bu o all evoluio auses

geae omplexi; ogaisms adapig o hagig loal

eviomes ma also beome simple.

6.5 Microorganisms dominated Earths early biosphere andcontinue today to be the most widespread, abundant,and diverse group o organisms on the planet. Miobes

hage he hemis o Eahs suae ad pla a iial

ole i uie lig wihi mos eossems.

6.6 Mass extinctions occur when global conditions changeaster than species in large numbers can adapt. Mass

exiios ae oe ollowed b he oigiaio o ma

ew speies ove millios o eas as suvivig speies

evolve ad ll vaaed ihes.

6.7 Te particular lie orms that exist today, includinghumans, are a unique result o the history o Earths

systems. Had his hiso bee eve slighl diee,

mode lie oms migh be eiel diee ad humas

migh eve have evolved.

6.8 Lie changes the physical and chemical properties oEarths geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Livig

ogaisms podued mos o he oxge i he amosphee

hough phooshesis ad povided he subsae

o ossil uels ad ma sedimea oks. Te ossil

eod povides a meas o udesadig he hisoo hese hages.

6.9 Lie occupies a wide range o Earths environments,including extreme environments. Some miobes live i

oks kilomees beeah he suae, wihi glaial ie, ad

a seaoo ves whee ho uids esape om he oeai

us. Some o hese eviomes ma be simila o he

odiios ude whih lie oigiaed, ad o evio-

mes ha exis o ohe plaes ad moos.

A fossil of an aonite, an extinct ocean-livin ollusk related to

the odern nautilus. Aonites evolved about 400 illion years ao

and were plentiful in the ocean until the occurrence of a lobal assextinction > 65 illion years ao that correlates with an asteroid ipact


10/13

7.1 Earth is our home; its resources mold civilizations, drivehuman exploration, and inspire human endeavors that

include art, literature, and science. We deped upoEah o suseae, omo, plaes o live ad pla, ad

spiiual ispiaio.

7.2 Geology aects the distribution and development ohuman populations.Huma populaios have hisoi-

all oeaed a sies ha ae geologiall adva-

ageous o ommee, ood poduio, ad ohe

aspes o ivilizaio.

7.3 Natural resources are limited.Eahs aual esoues

povide he oudaio o all o huma soies phsialeeds. Mos ae oeewable o huma ime sales, ad

ma will u iiall low i he ea uue.

7.4 Resources are distributed unevenly around the planet.resoue disibuio is a esul o how ad whee geologi

poesses have oued i he pas, ad has exemel

impoa soial, eoomi, ad poliial impliaios.

7.5 Water resources are essential or agriculture, manu-acturing, energy production, and lie. Eah sieiss

ad egiees d ad maage ou esh wae esoues,whih ae limied i suppl. I ma plaes, humas wih-

daw boh suae wae ad goudwae ase ha

he ae epleished. Oe esh wae is oamiaed, is

quali is diful o esoe.

7.6 Soil, rocks, and minerals provide essential metals andother materials or agriculture, manuacturing, and

building.Soil develops slowl om weaheed ok, ad

he eosio o soil heaes agiulue. Mieals ad

meals ae oe oeaed i ve spei oe deposis .

Loaig ad miig hese oe deposis povide he aw

maeials o muh o ou idus. Ma eleoi ad

mehaial devies have spei equiemes o pai-

ula ae meals ad mieals ha ae i sho suppl.

7.7 Earth scientists and engineers develop new technolo-gies to extract resources while reducing the pollution,

waste, and ecosystem degradation caused by extrac-

tion. Fo example, lad elamaio a paiall esoe

suae eviomes ollowig suae miig.

BIG IDEA 7. Humas deped o Eah o esoues.

7.8 Oil and natural gas are unique resources that arecentral to modern lie in many dierent ways.Te ae

he peusos o hemials used o make umeous pod-

us, suh as plasis, exiles, mediaios, ad eilizes.Peoleum soues ae eeded o mauaue mos idus-

ial podus.

7.9 Fossil uels and uranium currently provide most o ourenergy resources. Fossil uels, suh as oal, oil, ad aual

gas, ake es o hudeds o millios o eas o om.

Tei abudae will make hem he domia soue o

eeg o he ea uue. new soues, suh as mehae

hdaes, ae beig exploed.

7.10 Earth scientists help society move toward greatersustainability. reewable eeg soues, suh as sola,

wid, hdoelei, ad geohemal, ae beig developed.

Te will eplae ossil uels as hose beome sae, moe

expesive o eieve om Eah, ad udesiable due o

eviomeal damage. Eah sieiss ose global oop-

eaio ad siee-iomed sewadship ha a help o

esue he availabili o esoues o uue geeaios.

Humas el o peoleum o he mauauig

o plasis, eilizes, ad ohe goods i addiio o

beig a majo soue o eeg. Te houghul use o

his esoue is eessa o esue is availabili


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88.1 Natural hazards result rom natural Earth processes.

Tese hazads ilude eahquakes, suamis, huiaes,

oods, doughs, ladslides, volai eupios, exemeweahe, lighig-idued es, sikholes, oasal eosio,

ad ome ad aseoid impas.

8.2 Natural hazards shape the history o human soci-eties.Hazadous eves a sigial ale he size o

huma populaios ad dive huma migaios. risks

om aual hazads iease as populaios expad io

vuleable aeas o oeae i alead-ihabied aeas.

8.3 Human activities can contribute to the requency and

intensity o some natural hazards.Tese hazads iludeoods, ladslides, doughs, oes es, ad eosio.

8.4 Hazardous events can be sudden or gradual.Te ageom sudde eves suh as eahquakes ad explosive

volai eupios, o moe gadual pheomea suh

as doughs, whih ma las deades o loge. chages

aused b oiual poesses suh as eosio ad lad

subsidee a also esul i isks o huma populaios, as

wih he ieased isk o oodig i new Oleas.

8.5 Natural hazards can be local or global in origin.Loaleves a have disa impas beause o he ieo-

eedess o boh huma soieies ad Eahs ssems.Fo example, a volai eupio i he Pai Oea a

impa limae aoud he globe.

8.6 Earth scientists are continually improving estimates owhen and where natural hazards occur. Tis aalsis is

doe hough oiuousl moioig Eah, ieasig

ou udesadig o he phsial poesses ha udelie

is hages, ad developig siei models ha a

explai hazad-elaed siei obsevaios.

8.7 Humans cannot eliminate natural hazards, but canengage in activities that reduce their impacts.Loss o

lie, pope damage, ad eoomi oss a be edued

b ideiig high-isk loaios ad miimizig huma

habiaio ad soieal aiviies i hem, impovig

osuio mehods, developig waig ssems, ad

eogizig how huma behavio iuees pepaedess

ad espose.

8.8 An Earth-science-literate public is essential or reducingrisks rom natural hazards.Tis liea leads o he

pomoio o ommui awaeess abou aual hazadsad o he developme o sieiall iomed poliies

ha edue isk.

BIG IDEA 8. naual hazads pose isks o humas.

A lava ow devous a oad i Hawaii. Tis aual hazad eaes a

ioveiee; howeve, ma aual hazads a be lie heaeig.

Te impa o aual hazads a be geal edued hough he

eduaio o iizes abou he isks i hei egio.


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9BIG IDEA 9. Humas sigial ale he Eah.

Humas have sigial aleed Eahs suae. Te Bigham

coppe Mie i Uah demosaes ha humas have moved eie

mouais i a ques o esoues . (coues o Mihael collie)

9.1 Human activities signicantly change the rates o many

o Earths surace processes.Humakid has beome ageologial age ha mus be ake io aou equall

wih aual poesses i a aemp o udesad he

wokigs o Eahs ssems. As huma populaios ad pe

apia osumpio o aual esoues iease, so do

ou impas o Eahs ssems.

9.2 Earth scientists use the geologic record to distinguishbetween natural and human infuences on Earths

systems. Evidee o aual ad huma iuees o

Eah poesses is oud i ie oes ad soils, ad i lake,

esua, ad oea sedimes.

9.3 Humans cause global climate change through ossiluel combustion, land-use changes, agricultural prac-

tices, and industrial processes. cosequees o global

limae hage ilude melig glaies ad pemaos,

isig sea levels, shiig peipiaio paes, ieased

oes es, moe exeme weahe, ad he disupio

o global eossems.

9.4 Humans aect the quality, availability, and distribution

o Earths water through the modication o streams,lakes, and groundwater.Egieeed suues suh

as aals, dams, ad levees sigial ale wae ad

sedime disibuio. Polluio om sewage uo, agi-

ulual paies, ad idusial poesses edue wae

quali. Oveuse o wae o elei powe geeaio ad

agiulue edues wae availabili o dikig.

9.5 Human activities alter the natural land surace. Humasuse moe ha oe-hid o he lads suae o oveed

wih ie o aise o gow hei ood. Lage aeas o lad,

iludig deliae eossems suh as welads, ae as-omed b huma lad developme. Tese lad suae

hages impa ma Eah poesses suh as goudwae

epleishme ad weahe paes.

9.6 Human activities accelerate land erosion. A pese,he ae o global lad eosio aused b huma aiviies

exeeds all aual poesses b a ao o e. Tese aiv-

iies ilude uba pavig, emoval o vegeaio, suae

miig, seam divesios, ad ieased ai aidi.

9.7 Human activities signicantly alter the biosphere.Eahis expeieig a woldwide delie i biodivesiamode mass exiiodue o loss o habia aea ad

high aes o eviomeal hage aused b huma

aiviies. Te aes o exiios ae ow ompaable o

he aes o mass exiios i he geologi pas.

9.8 Earth scientists document and seek to understandthe impacts o humans on global change over short

and long time spans.Ma o hese huma impas o

Eahs ssems ae o evesible ove huma lieimes,

bu hough huma oopeaio hei impas o uuegeeaios a be lesseed ad eve evesed.

9.9 An Earth-science-literate public, inormed by currentand accurate scientic understanding o Earth, is

critical to the promotion o good stewardship, sound

policy, and international cooperation.Eah siee

eduaio is impoa o idividuals o all ages, bak-

gouds, ad aioaliies.


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ESLI ORgANIzINg COmmIEE

michael Wysession, Chair (Washinton University)

John aber, Co-Chair (Incorporated Research Institutions for Seisoloy)

David A. Budd (University of Colorado)Karen Capbell (National Center for Earth-surface Dynaics)

martha Conklin (University of California, merced)

Nicole LaDue (National Science Foundation)

gary Lewis (geoloical Society of Aerica)

Robert Raynolds (Denver museu of Nature & Science)

Robert Ridky (U.S. geoloical Survey)

Robert Ross (Paleontoloical Research Institution)

Barbara ewksbury (Hailton Collee)

Peter uddenha (Collee of Exploration)

Te Earth Science Literacy Initiative is funded

by the National Science Foundation

(EAR-0832415, EAR-0832418, EAR-0832430).

Desin: Johanna Adas, geo Prose

may 2009

WWW.EARHSCIENCELIERACY.ORg

Visit www.earthscienceliteracy.or for future revisions and chanes to

this docuent, to see docuentation of the process used to develop

this brochure, or for an up-to-date list of partners.

THE AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

SERVING THE GEOSCIENCES WORLDWIDE

ESLI SCIENCE AND EDUCAIONAL PARNERS

informe de cosas que hay que saber sobre la tierra 22may09

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