infounidad 1.4

8/12/2019 infounidad 1.4

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First generation

Although the first computer gamesappeared in the 50s, they used vector displays, not video. It was not until

1972 that Magnavoxreleased the first home video game console, the Magnavox Odyssey, invented by Ralph

H. Baer. The Odyssey was initially only moderately successful, and it was not until Atari's arcade game PONG

popularized video games, that the public began to take more notice of the emerging industry. By the autumn of

1975 Magnavox, bowing to the popularity ofPONG, cancelled the Odyssey and released a scaled downconsole that only played PONGand hockey, the Odyssey 100. A second "higher end" console, the Odyssey

200, was released with the 100 and added onscreen scoring, up to 4 players, and a third game - Smash.

Almost simultaneously released with Atari's own home PONG console through Sears, these consoles

jump-started the consumer market. As with the arcade market, the home market was soon flooded by

dedicated consolesthat played simple pong and pong-derived games.

Second generation

Fairchild released the Fairchild Video Entertainment System(VES) in 1976. While there had been previous

game consoles that used cartridges, either the cartridges had no information and served the same function as

flipping switches (the Odyssey) or the console itself was empty and the cartridge contained all of the gamecomponents. The VES, however, contained a programmable microprocessor so its cartridges only needed a

single ROM chip to store microprocessor instructions.

RCA and Atari soon released their own cartridge-based consoles.

Video game crash of 1977

In 1977, manufacturers of older obsolete consoles sold their systems at a loss to clear stock, creating a glut in

the market and causing Fairchild and RCA to abandon their game consoles. Only Atari and Magnavox stayed

in the home console market.

Rebirth of the home console market

The VCS continued to be sold at a profit after the 1977 crash, and both Bally (with their Home Library

Computer in 1977) and Magnavox (with the Odyssey 2 in 1978) brought their own programmable

cartridge-based consoles to the market. However it wasn't until Atari released a conversion of the arcade hit

Space Invadersin 1980 that the home console industry was completely revived. Many consumers bought an

Atari just for Space Invaders. Space Invaders' unprecedented success started the trend of console

manufacturers trying to get exclusive rights to arcade titles, and the trend of advertisements for game consoles

claiming to bring the arcade experience home.

Throughout the early 1980s, other companies released video game consoles of their own. Many of the video

game systems were technically superior to the Atari 2600, and marketed as improvements over the Atari2600. However, Atari dominated the console market throughout the early 1980s.

Video game crash of 1983

E.T. The Extra Terrestrial for the Atari 2600 is often blamed for the Video game crash of 1983.

In 1983, the video game business suffered a much more severe crash. A flood of consoles, glut of low quality

video games by smaller companies (especially for the 2600), industry leader Atari hyping games such as E.T.

that were poorly received, and a growing number ofhome computerusers caused consumers and retailers to
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lose faith and interest in video game consoles. Most video game companies filed for bankruptcy, or moved into

other industries, abandoning their game consoles. Mattel Electronicssold the rights of theirIntellivisionsystem

to the INTV Corporation, who continued to produce Intellivision consoles and develop new games for the

Intellivision until 1991. All other North American game consoles were discontinued by 1984.

Third generation

In 1983, Nintendo released the Famicomin Japan. It supported high-resolution, full color, tiled backgrounds,

and high-resolution sprites. This allowed Famicom games to be longer and have more detailed graphics.

Nintendo brought their Famicom over to the US in the form of the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) in

1985. In the US, video games were seen as a fad that had already passed. To distinguish its product from

older video game consoles, Nintendo used a front-loading cartridge port similar to a VCR on the NES,

packaged the NES with a plastic "robot" (R.O.B.) and a light gun(the Zapper), and originally advertised it as a

toy.

Nintendo also built a lockout chip into the NES. This kept third parties from producing their own cartridges

and forced all developers to go through Nintendo to get NES games published. This allowed Nintendo to do

things like prevent developers from releasing low-quality games and limit developers to five titles a year.

Like Space Invaders for the 2600, Nintendo found its breakout hit game in Super Mario Brothers. Nintendo's

success revived the video game industry and new consoles were soon introduced in the following years to

compete with the NES.

Fourth generation

Sega's Master Systemwas intended to compete with the NES, but never gained any significant market share in

the US and was barely profitable. It fared notably better in PAL territories, especially Brazil. Sega regained

market share by releasing their next-generation console, the Sega Mega Drive, which was released in Japan on

October 29, 1988, in the US in August 1989 (renamed as the Sega Genesis) and in Europe in 1990, two

years before Nintendo could release the Super Nintendo Entertainment System(SNES).

Fifth generation

Going from left to right, top to bottom: Iron Soldier (Atari Jaguar), Gex(3DO), Star Fox (SNES), Donkey

Kong Country 3(SNES), Virtua Racing(Genesis), Vectorman(Genesis).

The first fifth generation consoles were the Atari Jaguarand the 3DO. Both of these systems were much more

powerful than the SNES or Genesis (known as Mega Drive outside North America); they were better at

rendering polygons, could display more onscreen colors, and the 3DO used CDs that contained far more

information than cartridges and were cheaper to produce. Neither of these consoles were serious threats to

SegaorNintendo, though. The 3DO cost more than the SNES and Genesis combined, and the Jaguar was

extremely difficult to program for, leading to a lack of games that used its extra power. The 3DO was

eventually discontinued.

Nintendo released games like Donkey Kong Country that could display a wide range of tones (something

common in fifth generation games) by limiting the number of hues onscreen, and games like Star Foxthat used

an extra chip inside of the cartridge to display polygon graphics. Sega followed suit, releasing Vectormanand

Virtua Racing(the latter of which used the Sega Virtua Processor.)
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It was not until Sony's PlayStation, Sega's Saturn, and the Nintendo 64were released that fifth generation

consoles started to become popular. The Saturn and PlayStation used CDs to store games, while the N64 still

used cartridges. All three cost far less than the 3DO, and were easier to program than the Jaguar. The Saturn

also had 2D spritehandling power on par with theNeo-Geo.

THE CONSOLES OF THE FIFTH GENERATION

Atari's 64-bit Jaguarwas released to combat the dominance that Nintendo and Sega were fighting for.

Atari's hope was that by designing a more powerful console, they would be able to leapfrog all of the

released systems of the day and give gamers a technologically superior system. The Jaguar eventually

faded away due to a number of reasons. For example, it was difficult to program for the Jaguar, thus

making it too problematic to have good third party support. Another of the Jaguar's pitfalls was the

dominance of the previously popular systems. In 1995, the releases of the Sony PlayStation and the Sega

Saturn brought the end for the Jaguar. The failure of the Jaguar put Atari into a poor financial situation and

forced it to reverse merge with JTS Inc., a short-lived maker of hard disk drives, to form JTS

Corporation. The merger effectively ended the company, which existed as a small department for minor

support of the Jaguar and the selling off of Atari's intellectual properties.

The 3DOwas released in North America in October 1993. Although released to much fanfare, like the

Jaguar, it faded out of the market with little popularity. The system was technically superior to all the

consoles released at the time, but due to the oversaturated market and the hefty US$699.95 price tag, the

system did not adopt well into the market. One unique aspect of the 3DO is that the rights to

manufacturing the console itself were licensed to different manufacturers by the 3DO company, which

only produced the specifications. These companies, in turn, released their own different styles of the same

console.

Sony's PlayStationwas released in Japan on December 3, 1994. The PlayStation was the eventual result

of a breakdown of a business partnership plan between Sony and Nintendo to create a CD add-on for

the SNES. Nintendo changed the deal and went to Philips; however, with the project nearing completion,Sony took what they had and marketed it off as a Sony-branded console. The PlayStation spawned a

whole lineup of consoles from generation to generation and has earned Sony great respect as a video

game company, becoming the first video game system to sell over 100 million consoles. Sony released a

redesigned, smaller version of the PlayStation entitled the 'PSone' released July 7, 2000.

The Sega Saturnwas the first independent Sega system to use a CD-ROMbased media standard and

used a special dual chip processor. The difficulty to program for the two chips in parallel was a factor in

the console's demise. The Saturn was a mild success, but was overshadowed by Sony's dominance of the

market. The Saturn was discontinued in 1998 with the release of Sega's last console, the Sega

Dreamcast.

TheNintendo 64was Nintendo's answer to the growing dominance of the PlayStation. It was a 64-bit

console, the only one generally recognized in that class despite the 64 bit Atari Jaguar, which had

actually been released earlier. Unlike the other companies' consoles of the generation, the N64 had

continued to use ROM cartridges, which many saw as a hindrance to game play, as cartridges have

much less memory space and are also more expensive than optical media; however, Nintendo's

answer to this was that unlike CDs, cartridges cannot be damaged by a simple scratch to the surface,
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nor are load times much of an issue. Nevertheless, it is also possible that Nintendo did this for fear of

then growing software piracyissues facing other consoles, such as the PlayStation.

Sixth generation

This generation saw a move towards PC-like architectures in gaming consoles, as well as a shift towards using

DVDsfor game media. This brought games that were both longer and more visually appealing. Furthermore,

this generation also saw experimentation with online console gaming and implementing both flash and hard

drive storage for game data.

Sega's Dreamcastwas Sega's last video game console, and was the first of the generation's consoles

to be discontinued. Sega implemented a special type of optical media called the GD-ROM. These

discs were created in order to prevent software piracysuch as what had been more easily done with

consoles of the previous generation; however, this format was soon cracked as well. The Dreamcast

was discontinued in 2001, and Sega transitioned to software development only.

Sony's PlayStation 2was the follow-up to their highly successful PlayStation, and was also the first

home game console to be able to play DVDs. As was done with the original PlayStation in 2000,

Sony redesigned the console in 2004 into a smaller version. To date, the PlayStation 2 has sold over

100 million consoles.

Nintendo's Game Cubewas Nintendo's fourth home video game console and the first Nintendo

console to use optical media instead of cartridges. The Game cube could not play standard 12 cm

DVDs, instead employing smaller 8 cm optical discs.

Microsoft's Xboxwas the company's first video game console. The first console to employ a hard

drive right out of the box to save games, the Xbox blurred the line between PC and console gaming, as

it had similar hardware specifications to a low-end desktop computer at the time of its release. Though

criticized for its bulky size, which was easily twice that of the competition, as well as for the

awkwardness of the original controller that shipped with it, it eventually gained popularity due in part to

the success of the Halofranchise.

Seventh generation

This generation is currently being introduced to the home market. The features introduced in this generation

include using newer high-definition discs, like Blu-Ray, utilized by the Play station 3, and HD-DVD, which has

been embraced by Xbox 360 and Microsoft. Another new technology is to use the motion of the controller as

input (as demonstrated by the Wii and, to a very limited extent, the PS3), and understanding where the

controller is pointing on the screen (as implemented on the Wii). Backwards compatibility has also become

more popular with the seventh generation of home consoles, with all of the consoles employing some physical

backwards compatibility, along with virtual backwards compatibility.

Microsoft's Xbox 360was released onNovember 22, 2005. An HD-DVDdrive is available as an

accessory. The Xbox 360 was the first console with the ability to use wireless controllers out of the

box. The Xbox Liveservice is the hallmark of the system, and the console can connect to the service

via the Internet through a built-in ethernetport or a wireless accessory. The Xbox 360 is available in

two versions, a "Core" version for $299, and a "Premium" Version for $399. The biggest difference
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between these two versions was the addition of a 20GB hard drive in the "Premium" edition, along

with a standard wireless controller.

Available as of May 2007 is the Xbox 360 Elite, which is colored black and features a built-in

HDMI port. It also includes the largest available hard drive on the current generation (120

GB).

Sony's PlayStation 3was released in Japan onNovember 11, 2006, in North America onNovember

17, 2006and in Europe on March 23, 2007. All PlayStation 3s come with a hard drive and are ready

to play Blu-Rayvideo discs and games out of the box. Controllers connect to the console through

Bluetooth(up to 7) and have tilt-sensing capabilities. There are two versions of the PS3 available; a

20GB HDD version for $499USD and a 60GB HDD version for $599USD. (Recently, however,

Sony has discontinued its 20GB version in North America).

Nintendo's Wiiwas released in North America onNovember 19, 2006, and in Japan on December 2,

2006, Australia on December 7, 2006, and in Europe on December 8, 2006. It is bundled with Wii

Sportsin all regions except for Japan. The Wii retails for approximately $250. Along with its low price

point, the Wii is also renowned for some of the following aspects:

Features a completely redesigned controllerwhich resembles a TV remote, which also adds

both motion and tilt sensors as well as sensors to determine where on the television screen the

controller is pointing.

The first Nintendo console to be backwards compatible with a previous Nintendo console (as

well as select others). This is achieved by downloading individual titles from the Wii Shop

Channelto the Wii's removable SD-Card flash memory.
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