Infrared Astronomyin the heat of the nightInfrared Astronomyin the heat of the night

Michael BurtonMichael Burton

Infrared AstronomyInfrared Astronomy

◊ What is the infrared◊ Infrared Science

• Imaging• Spectroscopy

◊ History and the Future◊ Infrared Movies

◊ What is the infrared◊ Infrared Science

• Imaging• Spectroscopy

◊ History and the Future◊ Infrared Movies

William Herschel“Calorific Rays” in 1800

William Herschel“Calorific Rays” in 1800

Infrared is HeatThermal RadiationInfrared is HeatThermal Radiation

Two views of a geyserTwo views of a geyser

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1. Dust ExtinctionExploring the hidden

universe

1. Dust ExtinctionExploring the hidden

universeGalactic Centre Cygnus

2. Thermal RadiationDetecting Cool Objects

2. Thermal RadiationDetecting Cool Objects

3. RedshiftExploring the Early Universe

3. RedshiftExploring the Early Universe

Atmospheric WindowsAtmospheric Windows

Infrared WindowsInfrared Windows

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IR Observatorieson the ground, in the air and in

space

IR Observatorieson the ground, in the air and in

space

The Horsehead NebulaVisible Near-IR Mid-

IR

The Horsehead NebulaVisible Near-IR Mid-

IR

Massive Star FormationTriffid Nebula

Massive Star FormationTriffid Nebula

The Galactic CentreVisible Near-IRThe Galactic CentreVisible Near-IR

Three Spectral RegimesDetector Technology

Three Spectral RegimesDetector Technology

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Some infrared scienceSome infrared science

◊ Solar System◊ Star Formation◊ Stars◊ Disks and Planets◊ Galaxies

◊ Solar System◊ Star Formation◊ Stars◊ Disks and Planets◊ Galaxies

VenusInfrared emission vs. Visible

reflection

VenusInfrared emission vs. Visible

reflection

JupiterBright belts, volcanic Io, methane absorption

JupiterBright belts, volcanic Io, methane absorption

Star FormationStar FormationOrion Constellation

Far-IR Dust Orion Nebula

Near-IR Young Stars

Nearby GlobuleMid-IR Dust + Protostars

Massive StarsMassive Stars

◊ Pistol Star• Most luminous star in

Galaxy

• ~107 L

◊ Quintuplet Cluster• Most massive star

cluster in Galaxy• Max mass of a star?

◊ Pistol Star• Most luminous star in

Galaxy

• ~107 L

◊ Quintuplet Cluster• Most massive star

cluster in Galaxy• Max mass of a star?

Dust Disks and PlanetsDust Disks and Planets

Beta Pictoris HR4796A

The GalaxyThe Galaxy

Galactic Centre

Red Giants + Hot Dust

Galactic Plane

Zodiacal Light + Warm Dust

Other Galaxies: Spiral M81Other Galaxies: Spiral M81

◊ Old Stars (blue)◊ Heated Dust (red)◊ Hot Dust and MSF

(green + knots)

◊ Old Stars (blue)◊ Heated Dust (red)◊ Hot Dust and MSF

(green + knots)

Global Star FormationSpiral Galaxy M51

Global Star FormationSpiral Galaxy M51

Hidden Black Holes in the IR

Hidden Black Holes in the IR

Infrared SpectroscopyInfrared Spectroscopy

◊ Cooling Lines• Molecules• Fine structure lines

◊ Ices◊ Dust

◊ Cooling Lines• Molecules• Fine structure lines

◊ Ices◊ Dust

Infrared SpectroscopyWater in the Solar System

Hydrocarbons, Ices, Dust mineralology

Infrared SpectroscopyWater in the Solar System

Hydrocarbons, Ices, Dust mineralology

Cooling Lines in the ISM[OI] 63µm + [CII] 158µm

Cooling Lines in the ISM[OI] 63µm + [CII] 158µm

Cooling Lines across the Galaxy

[CII] 158µm + [NII] 205µm

Cooling Lines across the Galaxy

[CII] 158µm + [NII] 205µm

Water and Ices in Molecular Clouds

Water and Ices in Molecular Clouds

Elements and Minerals in Red Giants and PN winds

Recycling of the elements

Elements and Minerals in Red Giants and PN winds

Recycling of the elements

Star Formation in the Galactic Centre

Hot massive stars, ionized gas, ~107 yrs

Star Formation in the Galactic Centre

Hot massive stars, ionized gas, ~107 yrs

Molecules in Dusty Galaxies

Molecules in Dusty Galaxies

Spiral NGC891 Starburst Arp 220

Probing the Excitation of Galaxies

Probing the Excitation of Galaxies

A potted history of IR astronomy

A potted history of IR astronomy

1800:William HerschelDiscovery of IR

1948:Moon must be coveredBy fine powder

1870:4th Earl of RosseTemperature of MoonFrom IR on dark side

1856:Charles PiazziIR from the MoonThermocouple & heat

IR Facilities: the early daysIR Facilities: the early days

1967:Mauna Kea ObservatoryestablishedHigh & dry!

1967:Cooled IR telescopesin rocketsAFGL IR sky survey4+10+20µm2363 sources in 30 mins

1960’s:Balloons carry highaltitude payloads

1961:Frank LowGermanium bolometerCooled, in dewarDetect far-IRChange in conductivity

IR Facilities DevelopIR Facilities Develop

Mid 1970’s:Far-IR spectrometersfrom balloons at T = 1KCMBR

Early 1970’s:Most galaxies foundto emit strongly inIR (M31)

1974:Kuiper AirborneObservatoryRings of UranusWater in Jupiter

1968:Leighton & NeugebauerMt Wilson2.2µm IR survey5,500 sources

IR Facilities MatureIR Facilities Mature

1989:COBEMM + Far-IR skyCMBR

1985:IR telescope on Shuttle

1983:IRAS satellite12+25+60+100µm500,000 sourcesVega DiskULIRGs

1980’s:IR arrays

IR in the 90sIR in the 90s

1996:MSXMilitary satellite8+11+14+21µm

1996:DENISNear-IR sky surveyLa Silla, Chile

1995:ESA ISO2.5-240µm +spectroscopy

1994:SPIREX at theSouth Pole

IR Astronomy TodayIR Astronomy Today

2004:Spitzer SpaceTelescope

2001:Keck Interferometer

1997:NICMOS on HST1-2.5µm

1997:2MASSAll-sky1.2 + 1.6 + 2.2µm

IR Astronomy TomorrowIR Astronomy Tomorrow

2???:TPF/DarwinOther Earths?!

2008?:PlanckCMBR

2008?: Herschel - far-IR2007?: SOFIA - IR spectroscopy

Infrared Astronomy for AustraliaInfrared Astronomy for Australia

◊ Siding Spring Observatory• AAT/IRIS 1-2.5µm Imager/Spectrometer• 2.3m/CASPIR 1-5µm Imager

◊ Gemini• 1-5µm NIFS + 8-25µm Michelle / TReCS

◊ Public Databases• 2MASS (1-2µm), MSX (8-21µm), GLIMPSE (4-

8µm), IRAS (12-100µm)

◊ Antarctica• Finest ground-based sites on the Earth!

◊ Siding Spring Observatory• AAT/IRIS 1-2.5µm Imager/Spectrometer• 2.3m/CASPIR 1-5µm Imager

◊ Gemini• 1-5µm NIFS + 8-25µm Michelle / TReCS

◊ Public Databases• 2MASS (1-2µm), MSX (8-21µm), GLIMPSE (4-

8µm), IRAS (12-100µm)

◊ Antarctica• Finest ground-based sites on the Earth!

Dark Cloud + HH46-47Optical to Infrared

(Spitzer)

Dark Cloud + HH46-47Optical to Infrared

(Spitzer)

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Dark Globule IC1396Visible to Infrared (Spitzer)

Dark Globule IC1396Visible to Infrared (Spitzer)

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Massive Star FormationTriffid: Visible to IR (Spitzer)Massive Star FormationTriffid: Visible to IR (Spitzer)

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Spiral Galaxy M51Visible to Infrared (Spitzer)

Spiral Galaxy M51Visible to Infrared (Spitzer)

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2MASS 1-2µm View Galactic Centre

2MASS 1-2µm View Galactic Centre

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MSX 8-21µm view of the Galaxy

PAHs along the Milky Way

MSX 8-21µm view of the Galaxy

PAHs along the Milky Way

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Eta Carina Star Forming Complex

Eta Carina Star Forming Complex