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Infrared Thermography in the Swine Barn:
A Research Update
Nigel Cook, Ph.D.
Research Scientist Livestock Research and Extension Branch
Alberta Agriculture and Forestry Lacombe Research Centre
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What is Infrared Thermography?
• Detection of infrared radiation emitted by an object • Conversion of infrared radiation to temperature • Displays temperature distribution as an image
All objects with a temperature above absolute zero (-273.15°C or
-459.67°F) emit radiation in the infrared wavelengths.
“Nearly everything gets hot before it fails” FLIR Vision Systems
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The Electromagnetic Spectrum
IR Cameras 7.5-13µM
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Why Measure Heat Losses by Infrared Thermography?
• Non-contact • Automatable • Non-invasive
• Sensitive to change • Reflects metabolic activity • Detects febrile responses
• Behavior can be measured from infrared images
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Body Temperature
Endothermic animals (mammals and birds) maintain a constant body temperature
Homeostasis
Environment Blood Circulation
Heat Loss
Heat Preservation
Conduction (contact with colder surface)
Evaporation (sweating, panting)
Radiation (Infrared)
Convection (Contact with air or water)
Metabolism
Heat Generation
Disease Hair
Feathers Fat
Clothes
Food
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Thermal Cameras
FLIR SC640 640×480 = 307,200 pixels Range = -40°C to +1500°C Accuracy = ±1°C or ±1%
Spectral range = 7.5 – 13µm Cost = $65,000 approx. 10 years ago
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Thermal Cameras
FLIR A300 320×240 = 76,800 pixels Range = -20°C to +120°C Accuracy = ±1°C or ±1%
Spectral range = 7.5 – 13µm Cost = $10,000
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FLIR E40bx 160×120 =19,200 pixels
Range = -20 to 120°C Accuracy = ±2°C or ±2%
Spectral range = 7.5 – 13µm Cost = $3,200
Thermal Cameras
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FLIR i3 60×60 = 3,600 pixels
Range = -20°C to +250°C Accuracy = ±2°C or ±2%
Spectral range = 7.5 – 13µm Cost = $1,300
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FLIR AX8 80×60 = 4,800 pixels Range = -10 to 150°C
Accuracy = ±2°C or ±2% Spectral range = 7.3 – 13µm
Cost = $1,300
Thermal Cameras
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SC640 640×480 = 307,200 pixels
Camera Resolution
FLIR A300 320×240 = 76,800 pixels
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E40bx 160×120 = 19,200 pixels
FLIR i3 60×60 = 3,600 pixels
Camera Resolution
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Camera Resolution
FLIR AX8 80×60 = 4,800 pixels
Camera Resolution and Price
Camera Resolution (Pixels)
Price
SC640 640×480 $65,000
A300 320×240 $10,000
E40bx 160×120 $3,200
I3 60×60 $1,300
AX8 80×60 $1,300
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Zoonotic Diseases
“1 – 3 Emerging zoonotic pathogens per year.”
“The most efficient way to counteract novel pathogens is to discover them early.”
“We need to have excellent surveillance.”
“We need to be as well prepared as possible.”
*Source: Soren Alexandersen (National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, CFIA) Banff Pork
Seminar, 2010
Infrared Thermography and Disease
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Infrared Thermography and Disease Detection
Individual Group
Location Yes No
RFID Yes No
Camera Trigger Yes No
Controls Multiple Individuals Single Group
Diagnostics Animal Specific Non-specific
Setup Complex Simple
Individual vs. Group Imaging?
Can a febrile response be detected by infrared images of a group of animals?
How many animals in a group need to exhibit a febrile response before it is detected by infrared thermography?
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Control Sham (Saline) Vaccinated Infrared Images
Infrared Imaging and Responses to Vaccination
Temperature Controlled Room for Weaned Piglets Environment Recording
Ceiling Mounted IRT Camera
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Reflected Environmental Infrared Radiation
Electrolyte Solution Mean Temp = 25.5C
Electrolyte Solution Mean Temp = 18.2C
Reflector Strip Mean Temp = 25.7C
Reflector Strip Mean Temp = 25.3C
Factors Affecting IRT Temperatures
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Imprinted Body Heat
Mean Image Temp = 24.8C Mean Image Temp = 25.5C
Factors Affecting IRT Temperatures
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Reflected Infrared Radiation Urine/Feces Mice
Factors Affecting IRT Temperatures
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130.0
31.0
32.0
33.0
34.0
35.0
36.0
37.0
38.0
°C
Distribution of Pig Temperatures
Selecting a Working Temperature Range
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
38.0
°C
A4
A1 A2
A3 Threshold = 30°C
A1
A2 A3
A4
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CS = 1
CS = 2
CS = 3
CS = 4
CS = 5
CS = 6
CS = 7
36.5
37
37.5
38
38.5
39
CS1 CS2 CS3 CS4 CS5 CS6 CS7
Max
Tem
pera
ture
(°C)
Temperature by Cluster Score
The Effect of Spatial Distribution on Temperature
CS1 – CS3 = HCS CS4 – CS7 = LCS
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-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
Con Sham Con Sham TRT Vac Con Vac Trt
Devi
atio
n (O
bser
ved
- Exp
ecte
d) O
bser
vatio
ns (n
)
Treatments
HCS1:3 LCS4:7
Clustering Activity within Treatments
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0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Perc
enta
ge O
bser
vatio
ns
Clock Time
Vac Trt Control Images
Vaccination (9:30:00 ±30min)
Effect of Vaccination on High Cluster Scores (Inactivity)
7 – 17 h post-vaccination
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The Effect of Vaccination on Maximum Temperature
37.0
37.5
38.0
38.5
39.0
39.5
0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200 1320 1440
Max
imum
Tem
pera
ture
(°C)
Time (Min)
Con Vac Con Vac Trt Sham Con Sham Trt
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The Effect of Prevalence
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37.5°C
40.6°C
38
39
40
AR01
The Effect of Prevalence
Pigs n = 23 – 28 per group Prevalence = 7.4 – 70.8 %
90° Wide Angle Lens
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0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0 20 40 60 80
Tem
pera
ture
Diff
eren
ce (°
C)
Prevalence (%)
The Effect of Prevalence
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Vaccination Trial Conclusions Setting a threshold temperature eliminates miscellaneous background
Spatial distribution affects temperature
Vaccination affects spatial distribution
Vaccination induced increase in radiated temperature
Increase in radiated temperature detected at 10% prevalence
In theory, only one pig needs to exhibit a febrile response to increase the maximum temperature recorded
N. J. Cook, B. Chabot, T. Liu, C. J. Bench and A. L. Schaefer.(2015) Infrared thermography detects febrile and behavioural responses to vaccination of weaned piglets. Animal, 9:2, 339–346.
Background temperature had no significant effect on pig temperature
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Current Studies Infrared Thermography: Metabolism, Disease, Stress and Meat Quality
Experimental Hypotheses 1. Lower radiated temperatures will be associated with superior growth
efficiencies under normal conditions. 2. Radiated temperature will be reduced in response to feed withdrawal. 3. Animals that exhibit the lowest radiated temperature following feed
withdrawal will be the most growth efficient. 4. Radiated temperatures following feed withdrawal will be consistent
within animal 5. Radiated temperature will detect febrile responses prior to the onset of
clinical symptoms 6. Radiated temperature measurements under normal and metabolically-
challenging conditions will be related to carcass characteristics such as fat, bone and lean.
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Current Studies Infrared Thermography: Metabolism, Disease, Stress and Meat Quality
Weaned Piglets
Antimicrobial Feed (0.011% Chlortetracycline hydrochloride)
(0.011% Sulfamethazine) (0.0034% Tiamulin) (0.0055% Penicillin)
Non-antimicrobial Feed
Commercial Barn
Stress Testing
24 h of Feed Withdrawal @ 35kg, 65kg and
105kg
Sampling Saliva
(Cortisol) Pre Post
Recovery Growth Efficiency
IRT 5 minute intervals
(Group) Feeder (Individuals)
Abattoir (110kg) Transport (1h) Sampling
Saliva
(Cortisol) Pre-transport Post-transport
Sampling
iDEXA Carcass
Characteristics
Group
Individuals
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RFID
Current Studies Automated Capture of Individual Animal and Group IRT Images
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2:30am
Temp Scale = Range = 19.7 – 35.3°C
6:10pm
Temp Scale = Range = 32.3 – 40.6°C
Images taken 26th Aug, 2014
6:10pm
Background Temp = 34.5°C
2:30am
Background Temp = 21.3°C
Temp Scale = 15 - 45°C Temp Scale = 15 - 45°C
Effects of Background Temperature and Scale
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Some Preliminary Results!
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Thank You Dr. Manuel Juarez (AAFC)
Meat Lab Technicians
Denise Froehlich (AFF)
Swine Barn Sheri Nelson
Randy Wildeboer Shane Snow
Angela Gamble Michelle Hambly
University of Alberta
Dr. Clover Bench and students