ingres napoleon i on the imperial throne david napoleon in his study what does each image argue?
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Ingres Napoleon I on the Imperial Throne David Napoleon in His Study
What does each image argue?
Early 19th Century ArtRomanticism and Realism
and Neoclassicism
Romanticism is a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe.
In part, it was a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature, and was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature.
Stokstad notes that both Neoclasscism and Romanticism remained vital in early 19th century European and American art.
Romanticism
The movement validated strong emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as trepidation, terror, horror and awe—especially that which is experienced in confronting the sublimity of untamed nature and its picturesque qualities, both new aesthetic categories.
In European painting, led by a new generation of the French school, the Romantic sensibility contrasted with the Neoclassicism being taught in the academies.
Romanticism
The movement validated strong emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience—so subject of a work of art would be something that produces strong emotion.Like an incubus sitting on one’s chest or a terrifying snowstorm or a shipwreck where the survivors eat each other or a massacre of women and children ...
The sublimity of untamed nature and its picturesque qualities became a subject. What does this mean? It means the artist wants you to respond by thinking: “OMG! That is gorgeous and overwhelming in its size!” Or “OMG! That is just so beautiful I am speechless and gobsmacked!”
Romanticism
How do we read the paintings that fall into this middle space between Neoclassicism and Romanticism?
How should we describe them?
What characteristics can we identify?
War,History Painting,and Napoleon
Jacques-Louis DavidNapoleon Crossing the Saint Bernard1800-1801oil on canvas
•What is written on the rocks in the lower left?•How did Napoleon actually cross the Alps?•What makes this image Neoclassical?•What makes this image suggestive of Romanticism?•How is the composition influenced by the Baroque? •How is the composition here profoundly different from the composition of The Oath of the Horatii (1784)?
Jacques-Louis DavidThe Oath of the Horatii 1784
Napoleon Crossing the Saint Bernard 1800-1801
Jacques-Louis DavidNapoleon Crossing the Saint Bernard
1800-1801Paul DelarocheBonaparte Crossing the Alps1848 Was Napoleon Delaroche’s patron?
Jean-Auguste-Dominique IngresNapoleon I on the Imperial Throne1806oil on canvas
Ingres’ teacher was David.
How does this image convey power?
Ingres Napoleon I on the Imperial Throne David Napoleon in His Study
Jean-Auguste-Dominique IngresPortrait of Napoleon Bonaparte, First Consul1804oil on canvas
Jean-Auguste-Dominique IngresNapoleon I on the Imperial Throne1806oil on canvas
What other images does this painting call to mind?
Coin with head of Alexanderca. 305-281BCE
Augustus of Primaportaearly 1st century
Hans Holbein(Hans the Younger)Portrait of Henry VIII1540
Louis XIV1701Hyacinthe Rignaudthe Sun King
Jacques-Louis DavidConsecration of the Emperor Napoleon I and Coronation of the Empress Josephine
1805-07http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXKnEK9mKYo
Antoine-Jean GrosNapoleon in the Plague House at Jaffa1804 oil on canvas
Gros’ teacher was David.This image is very emblematic of Romantic paintings.
Antoine-Jean GrosThe Battle of Abukir
1806 oil on canvas
Antoine-Jean GrosNapoleon Bonaparte on the Battlefield of Eylau, 1807
1808 oil on canvas
Horace VernetAn Invalid Submitting a Petition to Napoleon at a Parade in the Courtyard of the Tuileries Palace 1838 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mNjRNkOwG28
Eugene DelacroixScenes from the Massacre at Chios1822-1824oil on canvas
Goya Francisco de Goya Y Lucientes
The Third of May, 1808: The Execution of the Defenders of Madrid1814oil on canvas
Jacques-Louis DavidThe Death of Marat1793oil on canvas
Goya Francisco de Goya Y Lucientes
Chained Prisoner1806-12indian ink wash
Goya Francisco de Goya Y Lucientes
The Captivity is as Barbarous as the Crime1810etching
Goya Francisco de Goya Y Lucientes Here Neither 1812-15 etching
Goya Francisco de Goya Y Lucientes
Out Hunting for Teeth1797-98etching
Goya Francisco de Goya Y Lucientes
Family of Charles IV1800
oil on canvas
Las Meninas or The Family of Philip IVDiego Velázquez 1656-1657 oil on canvas
Jean-Auguste-Dominique IngresPortrait of Napoleon Bonaparte, First Consul1804oil on canvas
Jean-Auguste-Dominique IngresNapoleon I on the Imperial Throne1806oil on canvas
Jean-Auguste-Dominique IngresThe Violinist Niccolò Paganini1819pencil
Who do you paint when your primary patron has been defeated at the Battle of Waterloo (1815)?
Jean-Auguste-Dominique IngresMonsieur Bertin1832oil on canvas
Jean-Auguste-Dominique IngresPrincess de Broglie1851-53oil on canvas
Orientalism and Ingres
Orientalism is a term used to identify works of art made by European artists which depict Middle Eastern subjects. Orientalism is widely used in art to refer to the works of the many Western 19th century artists, who specialized in "Oriental" subjects, often drawing on their travels to Western Asia and/or the Middle East.
Edward Said (Orientalism, 1978) argues that European artists tend to essentialize their Middle Eastern subjects. To essentialize means to present a subject or a culture as monolithic or one-dimensional. To essentialize means to represent something in terms of what are believed to be its “essential” elements. Usually this sort of representation reveals more about the maker of the image than about the actual subject.
Jean-Auguste-Dominique IngresLarge Odalisque
1814 oil on canvas
Why could we consider this work “mannerist?”Why is this work exemplary of the style taught by the French Academy?
Jean-Auguste-Dominique IngresThe Bather1808oil on canvas
Jean-Auguste-Dominique
IngresThe Turkish Bath1862oil on canvas on wood
Jean-Auguste-Dominique IngresLarge Odalisque1814
Jacques-Louis David Madame Récamier 1800
How are these two images similar?
Mannerism can be understood—in part—as a response to the Late Renaissance’s emphasis on rationality and linear perspective. In your head you should be linking Mannerism to Ingres.
Jean-Auguste-Dominique IngresMonsieur Bertin 1832
BronzinoPortrait of a Young Man 1540
Neoclassical painting can be understood as a reaction to the excesses of Rococo.
Jacques-Louis DavidThe Oath of the Horatii 1784
Jean-Honoré FragonardThe Swing 1767
Romanticism in turn can be understood as a reaction to the Neoclassical painting.
Think about Neoclassical painting….how would you describe it in terms of its…
1. brushwork?
2. color palette?
3. content?
4. composition?
Can we make connections between Baroque and Romantic painting?
1. How is the composition similar?
2. How is the formal technique similar? (brushwork)
3. Is the content similar?
4. How do we characterize the similarities and the differences?
RomanticismUsually Romantic works have dramatic and intensely emotional subject matter but Romantic landscapes also often also meant to convey the artist’s almost religious reverence for the landscape—which became increasingly important as a industrial revolution intensified.
Romantic landscape painting is
dramatic• the content emphasizes turbulent
or fantastic natural scenery• disasters• the sublime (something that
inspires awe)
naturalistic• the content represents tranquil
nature• the content signals a religious
reverence toward nature
Romantic painting is characterized by
• fluid, loose brushwork• strong colors• complex compositions• powerful contrasts of light
and dark• expressive poses and
gestures
Romantic and Realist LandscapesQuestion: What is the artist using the landscape to accomplish? How can the viewer tell? What visual evidence is there?
Joseph Mallord William TurnerFisherman at Sea 1796 oil on canvas
Joseph Mallord William TurnerSnow Storm: Hannibal and his Army Crossing the Alps
1812 oil on canvas
Joseph Mallord William TurnerPeace--Burial at Sea
1842 oil on canvas
Turner Rain, Steam and Speed The Great Western Railway before 1844
John Constable The Hay-Wain 1821
Turner Rain, Steam and Speed The Great Western Railway before 1844
Caspar David Friedrich Monk by the Sea1809 oil on canvas
He felt like many Romantics that “God was manifest in the landscape and that art was the ideal mediator between the divinity in nature and the individual” (Stokstad , 993). “A way of accessing the spiritual.”
Poet on a MountaintopShen ZhouMing dynasty, c.1500leaf from an album
Caspar David Friedrich The Abbey in the Oakwood1810 oil on canvas
Thomas ColeThe Oxbow1836oil on canvas
How does this image represent the idea of Manifest Destiny?
How does this image represent the “inherent grandeur” of the New World?
Ask yourself this question: at this moment in the United States, is “wilderness” considered a positive or negative space? Remember how the wilderness was depicted in The Scarlet Letter? The wilderness was associated with “dark things.”
Thomas Cole The Oxbow (The Connecticut River near Northampton) 1836
Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot Ville d'Avray 1867
Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot The Bridge at Mantes 1868-70
Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot Mill at Saint-Nicolas-les-Arras 1874
Types of Paintings•religious images
•portraits
•history paintings
•still lifes
•genre* (scenes from every day life)
* Genre painting is a fairly new development at the end of the 16th century (1580’s).
Religious Images
GoyaThe Holy Family1780oil on canvas
GoyaPortrait of the Duchess of Alba1797oil on canvas
Portraits
Goya The Third of May, 1808: The Execution of the Defenders of Madrid1814 oil on canvas
History Paintings
Still Lifes
GoyaDead Birds1808oil on canvas
Genre
GoyaThe Snowstorm1786oil on canvas