INNOVATION AND SUSTAINABILITY IN A HISTORIC CITY;THE CAMBRIDGE CASE

Sixth Urban Research and Knowledge Symposium 2012 Barcelona, SpainOctober 8-10, 2012

Elizabeth Garnsey PhDReader in Innovation Studies, emeritusUniversity of Cambridge

Unexpected Innovation in a Historic City

University consistently ranked first or second in the world93 Nobel Prizes

Government input - support for science and free education for eligible students

Why is Cambridge a centre of business innovation?Can Cambridge become an environmental innovator?Lessons from Cambridge?

A city of green spacesAncient Common Lands are still part of the urban patchworkGreenbelt preserved – until recently expansion mainly in surrounding villages’

Transformation

University & Market Town- Science Centre - Small market town, pop.<

150000- 1970 only few technology firms, in instruments and electronics

Technology Clusters- Emerged in the 1970s- Little government or big

corporate input- today 1000+ technology

firms in materials, instruments, Bio, IT

King’s College Science Park

Unplanned, unintended cycle of expansion was set off in Cambridge in 1970s

LOCALCAPABILITYCREATION

FIRMS’ VALUE CREATION:

FIRMS’RETURNS

ATTRACTION EFFECTS

NATIONAL BENEFITS

LOCALBENEFICIARIES

GROWTH CYCLESPIRALS ON

SPIN OFF FROM LOCAL SCIENCE BASE

INTERNATIONAL DEMAND FOR SPECIALIST HIGH TECH OUTPUT

FEEDBACK

Interactive Map of Cam Tech firms http://www.camclustermap.com

For data sources see http://www.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/people/ewgwww.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/ctm/publications/w_papers/ 

Cluster

High tech companies

(Definitions differ)

High-tech employment Main industry sectors

Cambridge Area 1500 - 3,500 c 40,000 ITC, Biotech, R&D, electronics, Instrumentation

Kista (Stockholm) 700 29,000 IT, telecoms

Munich 26,000 350,000 IT, telecoms, biotech

Sophia Antipolis, France

1,200 22,000 IT, pharma

Silicon Valley, California

7,000 780,000 IT, electronics, defence, aerospace, biotech

2005 data Sources: Minshall citing Koepp (2002), Saperstein and Rouch (2002), PAXIS website (www.cordis.lu/paxis)

High tech centres (definitional variation)

Ecological Succession – internal + external influences

Initial condition in Cambridge - the University as key resource pool

A continually renewed supply of scientific knowledge, researchers, students

A habitat of scholarship - largely self organizing. IP a local resource.

Growth in number

of high tech firms

Serial spin outs of business from labs - initially in instrumentation

Diverse sectors: Instruments, IT, Biotech, Telecomms, Wireless, Eco

Past decade - fewer Firms but bigger

More Firms in Greater Cambridge Area

Computer HW

1971 1981 1991 2001

ScientificInstruments

Wireless

Telecoms

Industrial inkjet

Biosciences

cInstruments

20,200 25,100 34,900 40,000

Software, CAD

ScientificInstruments

Industrial inkjet

1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

ScientificInstruments

Nanomaterials

Drugs delivery

Sensors/actuators

Alternative fuels

Cleaner processes

Medical engineering

Photovoltaics

Drug modelling

Biomass

Sentient computing

Telecoms

Industrial inkjet

Biosciences

Computing

Software

Biosciences

Industrial inkjet

Biosciences

ScientificInstruments

communications

Industrial inkjet

Biosciences

Plastic electronics

Hi-techjobs

34,900 48,000

Adapted from PACEC,Cambridge Cleantech

Instruments

Organic materials

Continuity and change

Initiatives byspecific scientists,entrepreneurs andlocal bankerschanged local outlook and ethos

Walter Herriot, director of SJIC - pioneer incubator

Agents of Change set off cascades of activity

1985

1990

1995

2000

Pre 1980

2005

Acorn, 1978

Qudos Technology Ltd, 1985

Level 5 Networks (Cambridge Internetworking), 2002

Ubisense (Ubiquitous Systems), 2002

IPV (Telemedia Systems), 1995

Prof A Hopper

Virata (ATM Ltd), 1993

AT&T Laboratory Cambridge (Olivetti Research Laboratory), 1986

Adaptive Broadband, 1998

RealVNC, 2002

Cambridge Broadband, 2000

Orbis 1978

‘Star professors’ found tech enterprises

People-based tech transferRole of grads & post-docs

Source Garnsey and Heffernan Regional Studies 2005

1985

1990

1995

2000

Pre 1980

2005

Orbis1978

Ubisense (Ubiquitous Systems), 2002

Level 5 Networks (Cambridge Internetworking), 2002

Cambridge Broadband, 2000

Adaptive Broadband, 1998

(Cambridge Network Ltd, 1998)

Amadeus Capital Partners, 1997

NetChannel Ltd, 1996

NetProducts Ltd, 1996

IPV (Telemedia Systems), 1995

Advanced Displays

Electronic Share Information Ltd, 1993

SynGenix,

1992

Vocalis,

1992

EO Inc. (with AT&T)

E*Trade UK, 1998

IXI Ltd

Olivetti Research 1986 (AT&T)

ABC, 1988

Harlequin Ltd, 1986

Qudos Technology Ltd, 1985IQ Bio, 1981

RealVNC, 2002

Clearswift (Net-Tel Computer Systems),1982

GIS, 1985ARM, 1990

STNC, 1993

ANT, 1993

Xemplar Education, 1996

nCipher, 1996

Element 14, 1999Commtag, 2000

Pogo Mobile Solutions, 2002Icera Semiconductor, 2003

.

ATM 1993, VIRATA

ACORN

Computers

Exits of 4 Acorn spinouts - Virata, ARM, Element 14, nCipher worth £2b+

Spin outs from Spin outs Create Clusters

Source Garnsey and Heffernan Regional Studies 2005

Acorn R&D

AcornARM

ARM

RISC Chip designed for Acorn’s product to reduce reliance on suppliers

Acorn in alliance withApple Computers - Newton Notebook

12 Acorn engineers

1980s

1990s

ARM – Chip design and customer support

ARM Market 2012 $13B

Business model avoidsresource intensity

Autonomy Corporation (sold to HP) for £6b+) sequel to Neurodynamicsalso founded by Dr Mike Lynch

Second generation spin out firms learn from experience

Spin out and Attraction: Biotech cluster

1. Celltech, 19802. Affinity Chromatography, 19873. Cantab Pharmaceuticals, 19894. Cambridge Antibody Technology, 19905. Cambridge Sensors, 19916. BioRobotics, 19937. Microbial, 19948. Hexagen, 19969. Cambridge Combinatorial, 199610. Metris Therapeutics, 199611. Cambridge Biotransforms, 199712. RiboTargets, 199713. Biotica Technology, 199714. Cambridge Bioclinical, 1997

15. Cambridge Drug Discovery, 199716. Kudos, 199717. AdproTech, 199718. Abcam, 199819. Sense Proteomic, 199820. Paradigm Therapeutics, 199821. Solexa, 199822. Cambridge Microbial Technologies, 199923. Clinical & Biomedical Computing, 199924. De Novo Pharmaceuticals, 199925. Astex Technology, 199926. Diversys, 200027. Avidis, 200028. Cool Analgesia, 2001

29. Cambridge Biotechnology, 200130. Akubio, 200131. Purely Proteins, 200232. Genapta, 200233. Smart Holograms, 200234. Daniolabs, 200235. Blue Gnome, 200336. Vivamer, 200337. Diagnostics for the Real World, 200338. Ionscope, 200339. Ampika, 200340. Cambridge Lab on Chip, 200341. Protein Logic, 200342. Novexin, 2004

47 spin outs fromCambridgeUniversity since 1987 1200 jobs Hiscocks Attracted implant life science firms (60+)

Clusterof VCfundsattracted toCambridge£750mby 2005

Global and Local - half or more of revenues of Cambridge

Tech firms are from exports

Industrial Ink Jet Printing - Cambridge firms sell world wide

Linx

Domino

Xaar

Xennia

Inca

Sericol

Avecia

Ceetak

Metal Technology

Services

Albion

Prism Electronics

Shearline

Sun Chemical

Trident Displays

Micropump

2fi

Hansatech

Global and Local: Cambridge Ink Jet Print firms supplied by local companies

Sector evolution: IJP now a generic deposition tech for plastic electronics and intelligent materials

New Energy – the fourth innovation wave? After instrumentation, computing and biotechnology

Semi-conductordesign/support

Opto-Electronics/display technologies

SensorsBio-informatics Clean

technologies

Numerous science department projectsare generating new technologies

Eight19’sInnovativeSolar Cells

Eight 19 - a recent Cambridge University spin out Techniques developed for fabricating large scale plastic electronics on flexible materials using roll-to-roll processes.

Low cost potential of solar cells made with semiconducting plastics (organic photovoltaics/OPV)

Route to Market is a challenge for new materials ventures. Eight19 chose a new route:IndiGo pay-as-you-go personal solar electricity system for off-grid communities in Kenya in September 2011, with NGO WorldVenture, deploying in rural Sudan 2012

...

Unemployment in Cambridge lowest in UK

SourceCentrefor Cities2012

Cambridge unemployment 2011 was 1.8%Hull – unemployment 2011 was 8%

Price of Cambridge Success?

Environmental Constraints on Cambridge Expansion

Average Annual Rainfall Cambridge 563mm

Blogger on Cambridge water shortage ... Developers have submitted a planning application to build a new town of 10,000 houses 5 miles from Cambridge where there is already a water shortage!Is it just me that thinks this is crazy?

Genome Centre not permitted to set up in cityLocated in village out of city

Environmental Challenge and Response

Town and Gown - ancient divide

Now Cambridge needs a vision for the future and its activation requires participation of all key groups.Working Party developing a vision - wide consultation

Balance competing aims of growth and environmental improvement?

Local authorities now proactive

Plans for Growth. 12,500 new homes

Targets for reductions in the city's carbon dioxide emissions from 6.2 tonnes per person in 2005 to 4.8 tonnes per person by 2020

Waste Management (Green Beacon Award ) http://www.recap.co.uk/recap-partnership/

Urban Broadband Fund: £11.5m bid for 100mbps fixed broadband and high speed urban wireless network Bidding for EU and UK eco-funds

City and County Plans: Growth vs Carbon Footprint

and to minimiseEnvironmentalimpact

Efforts to address congestion: New Station by Science Park (part of Guided Busway shown)

New university development in NW Cambridgeto meet highest sustainability guidelines

North West Cambridge will support the academic and social needs of the University, and be an exemplar of what can be achieved through contemporary technology, architecture, and urban planning

University-City Projects – bringing together researchers, government, business

e.g. Cambridge Retrofit Updating buildings for energy efficiency

https://sites.google.com/site/cambridgeretrofit/about

Many other collaborative environmental research projects throughout university departments

Business: 450 companies in Greater Cambridge Area offering eco-solutions

Draft action plan for Cambridge Cleantech

A not-for-profit membership support organisation for businesses delivering solutions for environmental problems.

Aims to help businesses develop and grow

Source: Greater Cambridge Partnership Cleantech Strategy & Action Plan, May 2010

One among many business networksSee www.cambridgenetwork.co.uk/

Grassroots Movements in CambridgeLocal campaigns for local resilience

The future cities project launched by the UK Technology Strategy Board to demonstrate value that can be created by integrating a city’s systems.

Cambridge competing with30 other UK cities to be Eco-City Demonstrator.

Whether or not Cambridge wins,groups working together learn from each other.

Cambridge competing with 30 other cities to become the UK Eco-City Demonstrator. Whether or not Cambridge is awarded £24m prize, groups working together on this bid will learn from each other

Eco-City Demonstrator Project

Lessons from CambridgePolicy Formula for Technology Cluster?

Universities, Labs

Residential attractions Technology, IP

Science park

VentureCapital

Infrastructure:IT, transport

Earlydevelopmentsspontaneous.

Now business networks,

University institututions and

government policy

in support of technology enterprise

Eco-City

Energy resources and efficiency

Transport

Waste

Green spaces

Water

Housing

InformationTechnology

Central Government

Universitiesschools

Consumer & Citizen Groups

Businesses& Networks

Pollutionprevention

Developers

Planners

Local Government

Green Campaigners

Issues and players involved in Eco-City efforts

Conclusion – Lessons from Cambridge• Cambridge is unique – but so are all cities• Innovation is a local phenomenon – no standard route • Understand and build on local strengths• Identify innovation champions and give them scope• Apply local skills and capabilities to new areas of opportunity

• In Cambridge the environmental crisis has challenged

longstanding divisions in the community• Value in learning from international experience

• The environmental challenge has the potential to empower cities,

unite diverse groups & create communities in pursuit of common aims.

END

Further material if time

•

Viridian: solar thermal technology

www.viridiansolar.co.uk

Early Partnerships

IndiGo – a spin out from Eight19