INNOVATION IN TEACHING

SUBMITTED TO,Ms.Manju

Lecturer,CONSUBMITTED BY, Jiya Maria Thomas MSc .Nsg 1 st year

Introduction• Teaching is not telling, memorizing is

not learning , and reproducing

something in the examination is not an

evidence of understanding.

Traditional teaching method –an evaluation

Limitation of traditional teaching methodSome limitations which may prevail in traditional teaching

method:• one way flow of information.

 Teacher student

Limitation of traditional method• Handwriting of the lecture. • Insufficient interaction with students.

• More emphasis on theory.

• Marks rather than result oriented.

Innovative teaching method•Any kind of teaching which addresses creativity and applied

it to methods and contents can be seen as innovative teaching.

• “If We Teach Today As We Taught Yesterday ,We Robour Children Of Tommorrow”

-- John Dewey

What Is Innovative Today??New Novel Unusual UnexpectedCreativeTechnology basedUniqueImaginative

Advanced InspiredInventiveFreshDifferentResurcefulState of artUnbeaten

Benefits Of Innovative Teaching Methods•Develops globally competitive learners.

• Creates life long learners.

•Help to maintain the motivation to learn.

• Encourage deeper learning compared to surface learning.

Innovative ToolsMULTIMEDIA LEARNING PROCESS

• I hear and I forget.• I see and I believe.• I do and I understand.

Multimedia learning process • Multimedia, is the combination of various digital media types (such as

text, images, audio and video) into an integrated multi-sensory

interactive application or presentation to convey information to an

audience.

Multimedia learning process cont….• Traditional educational approaches have resulted in a mismatch

between what is taught to the students and what the industry needs.

• Many institutions are moving towards problem based learning as a

solution to producing graduates who are creative; think critically and

analytically, to solve problems.

Multimedia learning process cont….• The teacher must use multimedia to modify the contents of the

material.

• It will help the teacher to represent in a more meaningful way, using

different media elements.

Multimedia learning process cont….• By incorporating digital media elements into

the project, the students are able:-

to learn better since they use multiple sensory modalities, which would

make them more motivated to pay more attention to the information

presented and retain the information better.

Various Multimedia Tools• Ms PowerPoint• Graphics and Flash Slide• Macromedia, FlashMs Powerpoint• Windows Movie Maker• Win amp• Adobe Acrobat Reader • elements like graphs• sound and charts

Innovative Teaching Methods

Brainstorming• Brainstorming is a group or individual creativity technique

 by which efforts are made to find a conclusion for a specific problem by gathering a list of ideas spontaneously contributed by its members.

Brainstorming• The teacher may begin with posing a question or problem or

by introducing a topic.• Students then express possible answer relevant work and

idea. • Contribution is accepted without criticism and judgment. •At the end of the session the ideas are evaluated and put for

vote for accepting.

Advantages• It promotes creative thinking• It increases group involvement•Maximum idea can be sought within a short time • It motivate students since all ideas are accepted• It provides a laughing and tension free environment

Disadvantages• It is not acceptable for young children .• Teacher or leader for brain storming need to have practice and ability

to control the group.• Evaluation of the brain storming is lengthy and it is difficult.• Some students will dominate the group ideas .

Problem Solving Method• In this method students are provided with a real problem and

given the opportunity to resolve the problem. The major purpose of this method is to afford training the students in thinking and solving the problem mentally

Major Approaches In Problem Solving MethodsInductive approach • In this students will formulate a law or generalization by

observing fact.• For example in a grammar class teacher may give the

example of a noun and ask to make definition of noun from that.

A child observes rising of sun and getting darkness after setting of sun

•This he observes everyday……..

Conclusion…..

•The sun rises everyday and also sets everyday

Major Approaches In Problem Solving MethodsDeductive approach • in this method learner proceeds from general to a particular

abstract.• For example, a pre -constructed definition or formula is

given and student are asked to give the example or solve the problem.

•A child is told the sun rises everyday and also sets everyday.

•This fact ,child verifies by daily observation

Major Approaches In Problem Solving Methods

Analytical approach• Analytic means breaking up of problem so that it ultimately

get connected with something obvious or already known to us.

Major Approaches In Problem Solving Methods

Synthetic approach

• in this we proceed from known to unknown it begins from

something already known and connects it with unknown

Advantages• Improves problem solving ability.

• It is student centered rather than teacher centered.

• Students divide their task and collaborate with each other this improves their communication, leader ship, responsibility and compromising skills.

Advantages…• This allow the students to see the problems through different

lenses.

• Students gets a deeper understanding about the subject .

Disadvantages• Problem solving involve mental activity only, there is less of

bodily activity.• There is lack of suitable reference and source book for

students.• It involves a lot of time and the teacher and it is difficult to

cover the prescribed syllabus.

Research Output• Teaching baccalaureate nursing students to prevent medication errors using a problem-

based learning approach.• Papastrat K1, Wallace S.• Abstract• An objective of the baccalaureate nursing curriculum at Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson

College of Health Professions is to facilitate nursing students' transfer of medication error knowledge into preventive action in the clinical unit. Using a problem-based learning approach, first-semesterstudents are exposed to situations that reflect the real-world scope and complexity of medication administration and errors. Using the frameworks of Failure Mode Analysis and Human Error Mode and Effects Analysis, student groups identify hypotheses, devise solutions, and develop continuous quality improvement processes to prevent errors and facilitate error reporting. Problem-based learning is used in subsequent clinical experiences throughout the curriculum. This reinforcement, combined with a focus on increasingly complex pharmacological agents and medication calculations, enables students to employ critical thinking skills and develop the confidence necessary for safe, professional practice.

Mind Map• A mind map is a diagram used to visually organize information.

• It is often created around a single concept, drawn as an image in the center of a blank landscape page, to which associated representations of ideas such as images, words and parts of words are added.

• Major ideas are connected directly to the central concept, and other ideas branch out from those.

Mindmap

HUMOUR AN EFFECTIVEMEDIUM OF TEACHING”TEACHING WITH SENSE OF HUMOUR• Everyone loves a teacher with an infectious sense of humour. Looking

at the lighter side of life not only fosters cordial relations between professors and students, but also provides welcome relief while trying to follow a difficult lecture on a complicated subject.

HUMOUR AN EFFECTIVEMEDIUM OF TEACHING

• Being humorous is a challenge. However, laughing is easy.

• We are convinced both by experience and research that using humour

in teaching is avery effective tool for both the teacher and student.

HUMOUR AN EFFECTIVEMEDIUM OF TEACHING

• Humour strengthens the relationship

between student and teacher, reduces

stress, makes a course more

interesting and if relevant to the

subject, may even enhance recall of

the material.

HUMOUR AN EFFECTIVEMEDIUM OF TEACHING•Humour has the ability to relax people, reduce tension, and

thereby create an atmosphere conducive for learning and communication.•Numerous studies in the field of advertising have noted that

humour is the most effective tool for enhancing recall of advertisements.

Z TO A APPROACH

• This approach attempts to explain the application part of a

particular concept first. The teacher should explain the

application of a particular concept first and explain the

effects of such applications.

Z TO A APPROACH

• For example in management subject -motivation is explained in

a manner that the organization get extensive benefits out of

using some techniques like promotions and awards. So here the

use of promotion is explained first and later students would get

interest in knowing what are promotions and awards.

Z TO A APPROACH

Strengths Makes a particular concept clear. Students develop interest to know exactly the concept. Creates long lasting memory/correlation of a concept.

Z TO A APPROACH

WeaknessesTake quite long time for a teacher to introduce a concept.

Initial difficulty in understanding a particular concept will be encountered.

MNEMONICS WORDS- WORDS –WORDS APPROACH• Here the teacher is not supposed to talk on a particular concept for a quite

long time. But to make it clear to the students he can just go on saying mnemonics or its associated meaning in words. • Here he goes on saying only words instead of sentence, and once they

come to a basic understanding of the meaning of a particular concept then the teacher will explain in sentences

Mnemonics

INTERACTIVE DEMONSTRATIONS•Although students love lecture demonstrations, often they don’t

actually learn from them. They may be made more effective by asking the students to predict the result before doing the demonstration

One-Minute Preceptor • The model demonstrates how to teach effectively in short

periods of time. By utilizing the One-Minute Preceptor, the preceptor will be able to quickly evaluate the case then take the most appropriate course of action for the learner.

One-Minute Preceptor • Five micro skills form the basis of the One-Minute Preceptor.

These skills enable the preceptor to analyze the case and the learner then take appropriate action to teach the learner. The micro skills are: •Get a commitment. • Probe for supporting evidence. • Teach general rules. • Reinforce what was done. • Correct mistakes.

Advantages• Assessing the knowledge before the implementation.• Appropriate for the clinical teaching.• Learner has the major role.• Need very little time.Disadvantages• Teacher should be skilled should possess adequate knowledge.• It cannot be suitable for children.

• It is a process of arranging material to be learned in a series of

small steps designed to lead a learner through self instruction

from what he knows to the unknown of new & more complex

knowledge. & principles.

PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION

Programmed instruction has the following core elements:

Contents are broken down into pieces of instructions called frames. •A frame contains statements and questions.• Learners then read the frame and immediately answer a question

about the frame .• There is an immediate feedback about the correctness of the frame

(usually in a different place) .• Instruction is self-paced and learners are active .

Characteristics1. Assumptions stated clearly in writing…2. Explicitly stated objectives…..3. Logical sequence of small steps….4. Active responding5. Immediate feedback of information…6. Individual rate…7. Constant evaluation

COMPARISON BETWEEN PROGRAMMED INSRUCTION AND TRADITIONAL METHOD

Types• Adjunct programming

1. It was enveloped by Sidney. L. Pessy Of Ohio University.

2. It is a large step text item followed by test item ,the information may

run to pages. After reading the information, the learner answer a

series of questions.

Types…

• Each answer is checked with correct answer given at the end

if the answer is wrong then he is told which page he should

read to get the correct answer.

Types…Computer assisted program

• Computer aided instruction facilitate instant access to information with

infinite patience, accuracy and it provides opportunity to systematically

organized maximum learning for all learners. It provide complete

individualized instruction.

Types of computer aided instructions

Logo

It is a simple programming language which can be taught to

children.

Simulation

• By this method, the computer helps the students to mount

experiment in a symbolic form.

Controlled learning• It indicates both drill and practice program. These are

supplementary to the class room teaching. The class room may also introduce the basic concepts to the students. The students later on review and practice fundamental skills on an individualized basis at instruction terminals. The computer provide immediate feedback to the individualized learner.

Linear program• It was developed by prof B F Skinner. Learner starts from

initial behaviour and terminates behaviour following a straight line.• The student proceeds from one frame to next until he

completes the program.

Linear Program

Advantages

• Students are kept active and alert. He gets new exercise in using new words concepts and relationships. Lack of attention is detected at once. • Teacher gets relieved from doing the ordinary job. She can

act as councilor guide motivator and organizer social and emotional problems can be eliminated

• Problems of discipline is automatically resolved because of the use of self instructional material.•A well programmed instructional material can cater the needs

of individual students in the class .• Programmed instruction makes the learning more interesting • Every students can work at his own places • It can be used in places where human instruction are not

available

Disadvantages of programmed instruction

• The learner can guess the answer without understanding the matter • It cannot cater to all the need of all the individual because it is very

difficult to find out total number of branches for all the individuals • It is expensive when audio visual aids are used

E- Learning

• It implies using the Internet and multi-media means in the process of teaching.

• It comprises all the components of the teaching process (aims, content, methods, means, etc.); the realization of these components takes place through specific means.

E- Learning…There are three types of e-learning: • Full-time tuition; when the teaching process takes place during teachers’

and students’ contact hours, and conveying the teaching material occurs through an e-course; • Distant learning implies conducting the teaching process in the absence of

a professor. The teaching course is conducted distantly; in the e-format.• Hybrid (full-time/distant) – teaching is mainly conducted distantly but a

certain part of it is conducted during contact hours.

• Systematic review of effectiveness of situated e-learning on medical and nursing education.• Feng JY1, Chang YT, Chang HY, Erdley WS, Lin CH, Chang YJ.• RESULTS:• Fourteen articles were included for meta-analysis. Situated e-learning could

effectively enhance learners' knowledge and performance when the control group received no training. Compared to traditional learning, the effectiveness of situated e-learning on performance diminished but still remained significant whereas the effect become insignificant on knowledge. The subgroup analyses indicate the situated e-learning program significantly improved students' clinical performance but not for clinicians.• CONCLUSIONS:• Situated e-learning is an effective method to improve novice learners'

performance. The effect of situated e-learning on the improvement of cognitive ability is limited when compared to traditional learning. Situated e-learning is a useful adjunct to traditional learning for medical and nursing students.

Web Based Instructions(WBI)• It is defined broadly as any form of innovative approach for

delivering instruction to remote audience in which the Web is included as a tool (Relan & Gillani, 1997). • Several Web sites have been developed to provide learners

with access to instructional resources from a distance.

Web Based Instructions(WBI)…• The Web as Source of Information: This is the simplest use of

the Web. It is used as a convenient place to store supporting information for traditionally offered courses.

• The Web as Teacher: Some Web-based courses include some form of personal communication between students and other students via the use of email and perhaps chat rooms.

• The Web as Electronic Book: Many institutions have moved to use the Web to present

information in a more structured way for teaching process. Students use the screen to read materials, activate multimedia demonstrations, and take self-correcting quizzes or other activities

Advantages•Access to multiple prospective about a particular situation or

concept•Access to applications or instructional material about a

particular disease situation or concept• Study is interactive ( simulations, soft ware trials, assessment

or concept)•Access to a lot of information

Disadvantages

• Information is not necessary valid or correct• Can be distractive because computer can be more inviting

than the teacher• Copy right issue may affect the student learning• Could be misused and not applied in a meaning full way

Teleconferencing• It is a new mixed model approach for DE combining satellite

teleconferencing with hands-on activity session. • It was developed to adjust for many of the disadvantages

associated with DE and traditional in person training. • The mixed model used live teleconference speakers, video

clips, interactive call-in sessions and local sessions.

Telematic Education • Enables students to access

teaching programmes and learning materials at a more flexible time, place and pace, and results in many flexible learning opportunities

Summary

• Introduction• Traditional methods• Limitation of tradition methods• Innovative tools• Programmed instructions• Mind mapping• Brainstroming• E Learning• Teleconferencing

References

• Niraja.K.P Text book of nursing: Jaypee Brothers • Heidgerken.L. E Teaching and Learning In School Of Nursing: J B Lippincott Company• Devi E. S.Manipal Manual of Nursing Education CBS Publishers and Distributers• http://www.wikipedia.com/group• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed     

•THANK U……