innovation in togo - cleaning the area of ketao

7/26/2019 Innovation in Togo - Cleaning the area of Ketao

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MASTER THESIS

PLANNINGOFWASTEMANAGEMENTIN

KETAO,TOGO

Submittedby:MaklaweEssonanaweEdjabou

Supervised

by:

Jacob

Mller

&

Thomas

Hjlund

Christensen

Date:October20,2010


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Preface

This thesis was submitted to the Department of Environmental Engineering at the TechnicalUniversity of Denmark as a requirement for attaining the degree of Master of Science in

Environmental Engineering. Data for the thesis was collected during field work carried out in

Ktao, Togo in January and July-August 2010. The thesis was supervised by Jacob Mller

and Thomas Christensen, and accounts for 30 ECTS credit points.

In addition to the English abstract, an abstract is also made in French, since French is

the main language spoken in Togo as well as in the neighboring countries where this

project could be relevant.

Kongens Lyngby, October 2010

Maklawe Essonanawe Edjabou, s081470


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Acknowledgements

This project was made possible by funding from DTU Environment, The Department ofEnvironmental Engineering. I owe a great gratitude to my supervisors, senior researcher

Jacob Mller and Professor Thomas Hjlund Christensen.

I will also like to thank Jrn Rasmussen and all the helpers in Togo for their hard work and

contribution. Finally, I will like to thank my spouse Louise Dyhr Edjabou and her parents for

their continuous support.


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Abstract

Ktao is a city of approximately 20,000 citizens in the North-Eastern part of Togo in West

Africa. The city has no waste management system. Consequently, solid waste is burned,

thrown in the street or dumped around the city. This situation endangers public health and

damages the environment as well as the esthetic appearance of the town. Furthermore, the

city holds a big market every Wednesday, which attracts approx. 50,000 people from

outside the city. Hosting this market is increasing the amount of waste in the city

considerably. Therefore, a waste management plan is needed in Ktao and this is the topic

of this thesis.

Fundamental for a proper waste management plan is information about the waste quantity,

type and composition. This data was at the start of the project unavailable for Ktao.

Therefore, two waste characterization projects were conducted in Ktao in January and

July-August 2010 representing the dry and the rainy season.

The results from the field work showed that the waste generation rate for household waste

was 0.22 and 0.42 kg/pers/day in January and in July-August respectively. The moisture

content was estimated to 4 % for January and between 33 and 63 % for July-August. The

average bulk density was 700 kg/m3. The total waste of the city was predominantly soil and

dust (combined) characterized as other (45 %), vegetable and putrescible (33 %) and

plastic (10 %). The waste generated in Ktao is estimated to 2,646 tons in the year 2010

and a total of 107,500 tons for the period 2010 to 2030.

Based on waste data from the waste characterization projects and with regard to socio-economic conditions, the proposed waste management plan includes: waste collection

using mainly handcarts, composting of vegetables and putrescible, recycling of the plastic

and the construction of a controlled dumpsite.

To assess the environmental potential impact of the waste management plan, a number of

scenarios were assessed using the LCA model EASEWASTE. The results indicated that

the waste management consisting of composting, recycling and controlled dump is the

preferred option while the current waste situation is the least attractive scenario. The results

reveal that when comparing the current waste situation to the best scenario, the global

warning potential is lowered from 724 to 804 tons CO2-eq per year. Similarly,improvements were found for photochemichal ozone formation (reduce from 521 to 93 kg

C2H4-eq per year) and stratospheric ozone depletion (from 5 to 1 kg CFC11-eq per year).

It is recommended that Ktao implements a waste management plan including waste

collection using door to door method, a small size composting and recycling plant, and a

controlled dumpsite. A public awareness program should be continuously conducted.

Finally, a waste collection fee should be introduced to support the cost of the waste

management plan.


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Rsum

Ktao est une ville au Nord-est du Togo en Afrique de lOuest, et compte 20.000 habitants,

o aucun plan de gestion des ordures mnagres nexiste. Les dpotoirs anarchiques

poussent partout dans la ville. Cette situation nuit gravement la sant publique, dtriore

lenvironnement et la beaut de la ville de Ktao. Les problmes lis aux ordures sont

accentus par la prsence du march qui sanime tous les mercredis et reoit plus de

50.000 revendeurs, acheteurs et visiteurs. Pour ces raisons, un plan de gestion des ordures

mnagres est ncessaire pour la ville de Ktao. Cest dans cette perspective que sinscrit

le thme de notre mmoire. Par ailleurs, llment fondamental pour la conception du plan

est les donnes chiffres sur les dchets, qui malheureusement ne sont pas disponible

pour la ville de Ktao. Pour y remdier, deux tudes de terrain auprs des mnages,

institutions et commerce ont t ralises en janvier et en juillet-aot 2010 Ktao.

Daprs les rsultats des travaux de terrain, la production moyenne des ordures est de 0,22kg/habitant/jour en janvier et 0,42 en juillet-aot. De mme, le taux dhumidit des ordures

est de 4 % en janvier contre 33 63 % en juillet-aot. La masse volumique moyenne des

ordures est de 700kg/m3. Le sol (45 %) reprsentent la plus importante proportion des

ordures mnagres suivi des vgtaux et putrescible (33 %) et enfin les plastiques (10 %).

La quantit total dordure produit en 2010 est estime a 2.646 tons et a 107.500tons pour la

priode allant de 2010 2030.

Il est suggr un plan de gestion des ordures qui est constitu de la collecte des ordures en

utilisant principalement les charrettes, le compostage, le recyclage et enfin la construction

dune dcharge contrle.

La mthode de lanalyse du cycle de vie (ACV) EASEWASTE a t utilise pour

lvaluation environnemental du plan de gestion des ordures mnagres Ktao. Les

rsultats indiquent que les impacts gnrs par la situation actuelle des ordures mnagres

Ktao est trs nfastes pour lenvironnement. Par contre lexcution dun plan de gestion

qui comporte le compostage, le recyclage et la construction dune dcharge final (scenario

5) donne un bilan trs favorable. La situation actuelle des ordures produit 724 tonnes CO2-

eq par an alors que la ralis du plan de gestion permet dviter lmission de 804 tonnes

CO2-eq par an. De mme, en comparant les deux scenarios, limpact potentiel de la

formation dozone photochimique est rduite de 521 93 kg C2H4-eq par an de mme quela dgradation de la couche dozone (5 1 kg CFC11-eq par an).

En fin, il est recommand lapplication du plan de gestion des ordures compos de la

collecte des ordures, la cration des petites units de compostage et de recyclage ainsi que

la construction dune dcharge contrle. Cependant, la sensibiliser des populations sur

lintrt du plan de gestion des ordures doit tre continuellement organise. Il faut instituer

les frais de collecte des ordures mnagres.


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Table of content

1.1. BACKGROUND............................................................................................................................................3

1.2. PRESENTATIONOFKTAO .......................................................................................................................... 5

1.2.1 Locationandclimate................................................................................................................................... 5

1.2.2 SocioeconomicalactivitiesinKtao........................................................................................................... 7

1.2.3 Generalinfrastructure situationinKtao ................................................................................................... 7

1.2.4 AdministrativeorganizationandpoliticalsituationinKtao...................................................................... 8

1.2.5 ThemarketandstationinKtao................................................................................................................. 9

2.1 BACKGROUNDOFWASTECHARACTERIZATIONPROJECT...............................................................................11

2.1.1. Importanceofthewastecharacterization projects.................................................................................. 11

2.1.2. Seasonalvariation...................................................................................................................... ............... 11

2.2

MATERIAL

AND

METHODS ............................................................................................................................ 12

2.2.1 Selectionofthesampleforthewastecharacterization............................................................................ 12

2.2.2 Selectionofhouseholds............................................................................................................................. 12

2.2.3 Selectionofcommercialsandinstitutions................................................................................................. 12

2.2.4 Wastecollectionfromhouseholds,shopsandinstitutions....................................................................... 13

2.2.5 Wastesorting............................................................................................................................................ 14

2.2.6 Wastedryingmethods........................................................................................................................ ...... 15

2.2.7 Wastebulkdensity.................................................................................................................................... 16

2.2.8 Durationofstudies........................................................................................................................ ............ 16

2.3 RESULTS .......................................................................................................................................................17

2.3.1

Presentationof

the

waste

data................................................................................................................. 17

2.3.2 ResultofthesurveyconductedinKtao...................................................................................................25

2.3.3 Wastesourceseparatingexperiment....................................................................................................... 27

2.4 PROJECTIONOFDATA...................................................................................................................................28

2.4.1 Estimationoftotalwasteproducedperyear............................................................................................ 28

2.5 DISCUSSIONOFRESULTS...............................................................................................................................31

3.1 WASTESTORAGEANDCOLLECTION .............................................................................................................. 32

3.1.1 Generalconditionsofawastebin............................................................................................................. 32

3.1.2

Householdwaste

bin............................................................................................................................ ..... 32

3.1.3 Schoolsandotherinstitutionswastebins................................................................................................. 32

3.1.4 Commercialswastebins........................................................................................................................... . 32

3.1.5 Streets,stationandmarketwastebins .................................................................................................... 33

3.1.6 Suggestedvolumeofthewastebinforeachwastesource ...................................................................... 33

3.2 WASTECOLLECTION...................................................................................................................................... 34

3.2.1 Wastecollectionmethod .......................................................................................................................... 34

3.2.2 Thehouseidentificationsystem................................................................................................................ 34

3.2.3 Wastecollectionandsorting .................................................................................................................... 35

3.2.4 Equipments ............................................................................................................................................... 35

3.2.5

Collectionfrequency...................................................................................................................... ............ 35


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3.2.6 Wastesorting............................................................................................................................................ 36

3.2.7 ConceptualoutlineofthewastemanagementsysteminKtao............................................................... 36

3.2.8 Flowsinthesystem......................................................................................................................... .......... 36

3.3 PUBLICAWARENESSANDPARTICIPATION..................................................................................................... 38

3.3.1 Themainissues......................................................................................................................... ................ 38

3.3.2 Educationalprograms............................................................................................................................... 38

3.4 PRESENTATIONOFEXISTINGRECYCLINGINKTAO ....................................................................................... 40

3.5 WASTEPLASTICRECYCLINGINKTAO........................................................................................................... 42

3.5.1 PotentialofwasteplasticrecyclinginKtao ............................................................................................ 42

3.5.2 Plasticscraprecyclingprocess .................................................................................................................. 42

3.6 COMPOSTING ............................................................................................................................................... 44

3.6.1 Compostingprocess .................................................................................................................................. 44

3.6.2 Environmentalfactors............................................................................................................................... 44

3.6.3 Technology................................................................................................................................................ 46

3.6.4 Typeofcompostingplant ......................................................................................................................... 47

3.6.5 Constraintsandissues......................................................................................................................... ...... 47

3.7 FINALDISPOSAL............................................................................................................................................48

3.7.1 Methodofclosingopendumpsite............................................................................................................. 48

3.7.2 Controlleddumps(CD) .............................................................................................................................. 48

3.7.3 Descriptionofwastetypeacceptedinthecontrolleddump..................................................................... 48

3.7.4 Volumeofwastetobesentinthecontrolleddumpsite ........................................................................... 49

3.7.5

Choiceof

site

of

the

controlled

dumpsite

(CD)..........................................................................................49

3.7.6 Technicaloperations ................................................................................................................................. 50

3.7.7 Environmentalmeasurements.................................................................................................................. 53

3.8 IMPLEMENTATIONSTRATEGYOFCONTROLLEDDUMPSITE ...........................................................................57

4.1 LCA...............................................................................................................................................................58

4.1.1 Materialsandmethods........................................................................................................................ ..... 58

4.1.2 Goalandscopedefinition ......................................................................................................................... 59

4.1.3 Wastetechnology ..................................................................................................................................... 59

4.1.4 Wastemanagementscenarios ................................................................................................................. 60

4.1.5 Resultanddiscussion ................................................................................................................................ 61

CONCLUSION .........................................................................................................................................................64

REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................................... 66

ANNEX................................................................................................................................................................... 71


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List of tables

Table 1: Cities around Ktao ................................................................. ................................................................... ......... 6

Table 2: List of waste sources of the waste characterization samples.............................................................................. 13

Table 3: Waste bins type used for the waste collection ............................................................. ....................................... 13Table 4: Materials fractions used in the waste sorting......................... .................................................................... ........ 14

Table 5: Total waste collected from each source ........................................................................ ..................................... 17

Table 6: Estimated waste generation rate for commercials and institutions............................................................ ........ 17

Table 7: Solid waste composition from households, institutions and commercials......................... ................................. 18

Table 8: Waste moisture content in Ktao according to season........................................................... ............................ 25

Table 9: The proposed solution for the solid waste in Ktao ......................................................................... .................. 26

Table 10: Future projection of total waste generated in Ktao...................................................................... .................. 28

Table 11: Estimation of the quantity of each waste fraction produced in Ktao by 2030 ................................................ 29

Table 12: Estimation of waste fraction according to their final disposal or process ....................................................... 29

Table 13: Volume of waste bins for each waste source................................................................. ................................... 33

Table 14: Estimated household waste collection frequency per week...................................................................... ........ 35

Table 15: Waste collection frequency for commercials, institutions and market ............................................................. 36

Table 16: Volume of controlled dumpsite for 20 years (2010-2030)................................................. ............................... 49

Table 17: Parameters to compute the area of controlled dump ................................................................. ...................... 52

Table 18: Thickness of cover soil and exposure time ................................................................. ...................................... 52

Table 19: Waste composition adapted in the EASEWASTE .................................................................. ........................... 58

Table 20: Waste process technology for EASEWASTE LCA model ................................................................... .............. 60

Table 21: Scenarios and corresponding technologies applied........................................................................ ................. 61

List of figures

Figure 1: children playing on the top of waste pile..................................................................... ....................................... 4

Figure 2: Map of Togo showing the study city (Ktao) ....................................................................... ............................... 5

Figure 3: Average rain fall from 1999 to 2007 (Meteo Pagouda, 2010)................................................................... ......... 6

Figure 4: Pictures of the market in Ktao ..................................................................... ..................................................... 9

Figure 5: Middle buses, taxi and motorbikes taxi station of Ktao.......................................................................... ........ 10

Figure 6: Nature in dry (a) and rainy (b) season in Ktao.................................... ........................................................... 11

Figure 7: Determination of waste moisture content in January (a) and in July-August (b)........... .................................. 16

Figure 8: Materials fraction generated the waste stream in Ktao.......................................................................... ........ 19

Figure 9: Materials fractions from waste stream in Ktao............................................................................. .................. 24

Figure 10: Waste sorting during the field work in Ktao.................................................................. ............................... 27

Figure 11: Estimated total waste generated in 2010 and their potential treatment ......................................................... 30

Figure 12: Waste bins: a. galvanized drum, b. plastic bucket and c. small plastic waste paper bin................................ 33Figure 13: Conceptual outline of waste treatment facility ........................................................ ....................................... 36

Figure 14: Flow of the waste management system in Ktao .......................................................................... .................. 37

Figure 15: Existence waste recycling process in Ktao: ....................................................................... ........................... 41

Figure 16: Hospital waste incineration plant in Ktao ...................................................................... .............................. 41

Figure 17: Chinese covered pile method Source: (Hoornweg et al., 1999) ..................................................................... 46

Figure 18: Recommended final soil cover (UNEP, 2005) .................................................................. .............................. 53

Figure 19: Grading of surface soil (updated from (UNEP, 2005).................................................................................... 53

Figure 20: Classification of landfill based on season from (Blight et al., 1996)............................................. ................. 55

Figure 21: Sketch of the controlled dumpsite ................................................................... ................................................ 56

Figure 22: Draft of waste flow and application time line............................................................................... .................. 57

Figure 23: Normalized Toxic Impact Potential categories and spoiled groundwater resources for all Scenarios.......... 62Figure 24: Normalized Non Toxic Potential Impact for all scenarios ..................................................................... ........ 63


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List of annex

Annex 1: Waste data-Household waste data for January.......................................... ....................................................... 71

Annex 2: waste data-Commercials and institutions waste data for January............................................................. ....... 72

Annex 3: Waste data-Household waste data for July-August study.......................................................................... ........ 73

Annex 4: waste data -commercials and institutions for July-August............................................................... ................. 74

Annex 5: Waste sorting result................................................................. ................................................................. ......... 75

Annex 8: Survey questionnaire (Bernstein, 2004) ................................................................. ........................................... 76

Annex 9: Map-Map of Ktao (Plan of Ktao, city)....... ..................................................................... ............................... 78

Annex 10: Map: Map of Ktao using Google raster image ............................................................................. ................. 79

Annex 11: LCA-Environmental normalized potential impacts reference adapted for Ktao from EDIP 97.................... 80

Annex 12: LCA-Scenarios and material mass balance................................ ..................................................................... 81


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Planning of waste management in Ktao, Togo

1

Introduction

Togo is a small country of 56,400 km

2

in West Africa. It is located between Ghana in theWest and Benin in the East. The population is estimated at 7.1 million and is considered as

one of the worlds poorest countries with a per capita income estimated to US$ 437 (UN,

2010). Mining, subsistence agriculture and re-exporting are the main economic activities.

Coffee, cocoa and cotton are the major cash crops for export. Commerce is also an

important economic activity in Togo (The World Bank, 2010).

Planning of waste management plan is prepared for Ktao, a small city in the north east of

Togo. The market in Ktao is one of the most important markets in Togo.

Waste management in the entire country remains chaotic. In Ktao and elsewhere in Togo,

waste is simply dumped in the streets and elsewhere or burned in open air. The currentwaste situation poses undoubtedly both some environmental and public health problems. In

addition, it negatively affects the aesthetic of the towns and constitutes a potential loss of

resources, mainly waste plastics and organic waste fraction, which could be utilized.

Therefore, proper waste management systems are needed to improve public health and the

environmental situation in Togo. In addition a waste management system offers job

opportunities, since it will require labor for waste collection, disposal and transformation

process. With this in mind, the current study aims to design a solid waste management plan

for Ktao. The waste management plan intends to be technically robust, environmentally

sound and adapted to the local realities. For these reasons, two waste characterizationprojects were conducted in Ktao in January and July-August 2010, to collect the waste

data.

The thesis is organized as follow: First the objectives of the study are presented, followed

by four chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the background of the project. Chapter 2 presents

the waste characterization projects and presents the waste data used. Chapter 3 describes

in details the waste management plan for Ktao. Finally, chapter 4 is an assessment of the

environmental potential impact of the waste management system by using EASEWASTE,

which is a Life Cycle Assessment model (Baumann & Tillman, 2008).


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Objectives

The planning of a waste management system for Ktao aims to achieve the following

objectives:

1. Conduct a waste characterization for the dry and rainy season in Ktao to determine

the current waste characteristics including waste types, quantities and the composition of

the waste.

2. Develop a system to handle waste based on the waste characterization data. The

waste management plan should be environmentally sound and adapted to the local

condition. The plan should include (1) an efficient and effective waste collection system, (2)

an adapted waste transportation system, (3) an affordable waste processing, (4) a profitablematerials recovery system and (5) a feasible final disposal considering the local conditions.

Moreover, the plan should include a public awareness program to maintain the community

participation in the waste management system.

3. Assess the potential environmental impact of the waste management plan.

However, it should be mentioned that the hospital waste and night soil are beyond the

scope of the waste management plan for Ktao.


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Chapter 1: Background and presentation of Ktao

1.1. Background

Ktao is a small city in the North of Togo. There is no waste management system in Ktao

as well as in the majority of cities of Togo. Waste is thrown away in the streets, at the

working place and everywhere. Every day, people sweep their courtyard and rooms two

times. The collected waste is dumped on the roadsides and on the abandon spaces. Often

waste is also burned openly, especially by children, exposing them and their neighborhood

to poisonous materials because waste may contain for example deodorant and insecticide

(used against mosquito and cockroaches in the houses) empty bottles of spray, hardplastics (PVC) and electronic waste. Consequently, uncontrolled dumpsites sprout in the

city. The current waste situation endangers animal and human health, and hampers the

esthetic appearance of the town.

The waste quantity in the town is increased by the fact that the town holds a big market

every Wednesday, which attracts an estimated 50,000 people from outside the town. The

market generates huge amount of wastes which are disposed of in the market, along its

enclosure and in the streets. In old days, the waste from market was collected and used for

composting by the farmers. In recent times, due to the presence of plastics bags in the

waste stream, the market waste is no longer wanted by the farmers. For this reason,prefecture authorities remove market waste dumped along the market enclosure and in the

market when waste pile obstructs the traffic flow at the entrances and in the market. The

removed waste is scattered in the streets and squashed by vehicles afterwards. There are

unfortunately needles and sharp items in the waste stream, which can easily lacerate

children and other pedestrians who often do not have good footwear that can protect them

against sharp items.

Many others examples highlight the problems caused by the waste situation in Ktao. The

streets are riddled with animals, ranging from goats and swine to rats and cockroaches that

live between dumpsites and houses. As a result, the animals carry a number of diseasesfrom dumpsites to the houses, and the domestic animals, especially goats and sheeps are

likely to suffocate when they accidentally eat the plastic bags.

According to the literature, the indiscriminate dumps reduce the esthetic appeal of the town

and the organic component of the waste tends to decompose rapidly, especially in the

tropical region, with the production of unpleasant odor (Diaz et al., 1996). It is also founds

that offensive odors from the dumpsite can cause a deterioration of personal and

community pride, interfere with human relations, discourage capital investment and lower

the socioeconomic status (Metcalf & Eddy, 2003).


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The population of Ktao is seriously concerned about the waste problem, because they

cleanse their houses and working place every day and like clean and beautiful clothes.

However, the waste problem doesnt represent the first priority of the local authorities aswell as the government. The steadily increased of the population and the rapid expansion of

the city will drastically reduce the available space for dumping. Consequently, the issues

associated with solid waste will become more important and complicated to resolve.

Therefore, it is imperative to develop a waste management plan which can effectively tackle

the waste problem in Ktao. This plan can be disseminated in others cities where it is

possible or inspire the municipalities authorities of other countries in Sub-Sahara Africa.

Figure 1: children playing on the top of waste pile


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1.2. Presentation of Ktao

Togo is divided into five economical regions- Maritime, Plateau, Central, Kara and Savane

(Figure 2). The regions do not have any authority or organization. It is more a geographical

delimitation rather than an institutional structure. The regions are subdivided into 30

prefectures and one commune (Lom). Further, each prefecture is divided into cantons.

Figure 2: Map of Togo showing the study city (Ktao)

1.2.1 Location and climate

The city of Ktao is located in the Northeastern part of Togo near Kara, which is the second

largest city in Togo. Ktao is part of the Kara region and the Ktao canton. Ktao lies

between 938 and 940 latitudes north and between 117 and 120 longitudes east. It is

about 380 m above sea level (Google Maps, 2010). The important cities located in radius

less than 50 km around Ktao are presented Table 1.


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Table 1: Cities around Ktao

Cities Population Country DistancetoKtao(Km)

Pagouda

13,200

Togo

14,1

Kara 109,287 Togo 20

Bafilo 23,083 Togo 43,3

Djougou 208,810 Benin 44,2

The climate in Ktao is a tropical, type semiarid. There are two seasons: dry and rainy

seasons. The seasons are very unstable. It is estimated that the dry season is from

November to Mars (five months), whereas the rainy season lasts from April to October

(seven months) (see Figure 3). The dry season is characterized by an extremely low

humidity caused by Harmattan which is a dry and dusty wind coming from the Sahara.During this period, everything is very dry and the temperature can rise up 50 C. In contrast,

the rainy season is marked by very heavy rain, in average 1337 mm of rain fall per year in

Ktao. The average temperature and air humidity are respectively 28 C and 78% in the

rainy season.

Average

rain

fall

from

1999

to

2007

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Jan Feb Mar Apr Maj Jun Jul Aug Sep Okt Nov Dec

Month

Rainfall(mm)

Figure 3: Average rain fall from 1999 to 2007 (Meteo Pagouda, 2010).

The averagewater loss for the North region of Togo was estimated at 1600 mm per year.

Due to clearly gap between the rainy period and the dry period, the highest deficit of water

for the shallow rooted tree was reported from December to April (Faure, 1985).


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1.2.2 Socio-economical activities in Ktao

Ktao is a small city with an estimated population of 20,000 inhabitants (ADSA, 2009). The

majority of inhabitants in Ktao operate small private businesses selling a number ofhomemade items, such as drinking water packed into small plastic bags and sold for 25

FCFA (approx 0.25 DKK). Most families also have a small spot of land outside the town,

where they grow crops. However, the land is not very fertile and the practices used in the

farming are fairly rudimentary, so the yield is very low. Agricultural products are millet,

sorghum, yams and cassava, peanut, rice, beans, cotton and corns. These agricultural

products are mainly for local consumption. Only cotton is exported. Mangoes, oranges,

lemon, grapefruit and papaya are seasonal fruits grown in Ktao for local consumption. In

addition, fruits such as banana, oranges, avocado, pineapples and melon are imported

since they cannot grow them in Ktao.

But, due to the extreme income inequality that is present in developing countries, the

poorest people in periphery towns such as Ktao can be assumed to be much poorer than

the national estimated per capita income (US $ 437). This can be illustrated by two facts: I)

Half of the population of Togo has less than 1.25 US $ (the international poverty line)

available per day (The World Bank, 2010) and II) the workers employed for the waste

characterization project were paid 1000 FCFA (approx. 10 DKK) per day, which is

considered a good salary.

Due to geographical location and economical activities, many institutions are created in

Ktao. There can be found a gendarmerie office, a post office, a bank (Union Togolaise des

Banks), a veterinary office as well as many microfinance institutions. There are in total 12

schools in Ktao and 45 institutions. The school comprises of primary, middle and high

school. There are public schools as well as private schools.

Beside the institutions, there are some associations and unions such as a non-

governmental organization for agriculture and social development (ADSA), a village

committee for development (CVD), a taxi, mini bus and motorbike-taxi union, a child

protection commission, farmers unions, and unions for parents to school children.

Despite the dominance of Christian and Muslim religions in Ktao, the majority of the

population strongly believes on the power of ancestors and everything related to witchcraft.Therefore, many taboos are still respected in Ktao. The wide spread taboo associated to

the solid waste is that, it is forbidden to sweep the floor in the night time.

1.2.3 General infrastructure situation in Ktao

In 1990s the government tried by force to reorganize the housing structure of Ktao by

demolishing buildings which disrespected the city planning. This project failed because the

population continues to build houses without consulting the city plan, and the development

of the city is done in a haphazard manner. However, the majority of houses can be

accessed by handcart and rickshaw.


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The houses do not have address and there is no data about exact number and identity of

people living in each house. The house dwellers are either owner or tenant and there is no

legislation regarding minimum size required per person per square meter. As aconsequence, more than two persons can share a very small room of less than 15 m 2. A

house can contain many families. Therefore, for this study the term household corresponds

to a house where can live one or many families.

The access to clean water remains a serious challenge in Ktao. Very few households are

connected to the piped network. A fairly large portion of the population gets water from

public standposts (25 FCFA (0.3 DKK) for 30 liters). The majority of the population gets

water from unprotected (open) dug wells which can be found almost in each house.

There are very few houses with a proper sanitary latrine. As a result, the waste dumpsites

and nature are usually used as open public toilet. Two public toilets are built in the marketand it cost 25 FCFA (0.3 DKK) to use the facility. The sewage system consists of primary

open drains, and wastewater is drained directly in the road behind the house.

There are currently two medical facilities in Ktao. The public hospital clinic built in 1958 by

French colonists and a private clinic owned by Catholic nuns. The public clinic is managed

by registered medical doctor while the private clinic is managed by paramedical staff.

According to the data from public hospital, malaria is the primary cause of mortality in Ktao

(55 %), followed by gastrointestinal and parasitic diseases (8 %) (CMS, 2010). HIV-AID

remains a taboo subject, despite many campaigns to sensitize the population. Therefore,

national data are often cited. The HIV-AID rate in Togo is estimated at 3 % (PNSL-Togo,2010).

At the moment, there is neither local radio nor a local newspaper in Ktao. The radios

station listened to in Ktao are the second national state radio located in Kara, (Radio

Kara), private FM stations from Bafilo and Badjoud (Benin). Radio France International is

broadcasted in Ktao too. The common television seen in Ktao is the national state

television.

The communication is more by mouth-to-mouth. The churches, mosques, schools, taxi

station and market are the most powerful communication centers in Ktao. A substantial

amount of citizens have a mobile phone. Landline telephones are seldom and mainly

available around the market area. There is no internet access in Ktao.

1.2.4 Administrative organization and political situation in Ktao

The public administration is centralized in Togo, meaning that the majority of decisions are

taken or should be approved by the government. The local authorities have neither

economical resource nor institutional power to manage their community. On the prefecture

level, the working expenses are partly covered by the tax collected from markets in the

cantons. However, the institutions and commercials pay taxes directly to the State who

supports all the public institutions (schools, hospital, post office). As a result, there is not

a direct local authority in Ktao who is in charge for social services such as solid waste


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management. In Togo, politic is nearly a taboo topic. Ktao is known as a city which always

votes for the ruling party. Therefore, it is not well accepted to openly criticize the political

leaders.

1.2.5 The market and station in Ktao

The market takes place every Wednesdays and receives more than 50,000 visitors (shop

sellers, retailers, customers). The market is a typical place that contains shops and

retailers that sell food, alcohol, and clothes as well as household goods and electronically

devises (see Figure 4). The station is the area in Ktao where middle buses, taxis and

motorbike taxis takes and drop passengers (see Figure 5). It is also the gateway to the

market. The station is very chaotic, full of traffic especially on Wednesdays.

There are only 2 paved roads in Ktao which are relatively in good condition. The rest of the

roads are unpaved and in bad condition. Public transportation doesnt exist, but the middlebuses, taxis and motorbike provide transportation mean to short and long distance.

Figure 4: Pictures of the market in Ktao


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Figure 5: Middle buses, taxi and motorbikes taxi station of Ktao


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Chapter 2: Waste characterization

The waste characterization projects were carried out in January and July-August 2010 in

Ktao. They aimed to determine the types, the quantity and composition of the waste

generated in Ktao. This information is fundamental for planning of waste management.

2.1 Background of waste characterization project

2.1.1. Importance of the waste characterization projects

It is obvious that there is no waste data in Ktao, because there is no waste management

system. Therefore, a waste characterization project appears to be the first step in planningof waste management system (Lagerkvist et al., 2008) for many reasons. Firstly, the

effectiveness of the waste planning system substantially depends upon the data used in

planning. Secondly, the waste characterization ensures adequate assessment of the

capacity for waste collection, recycling and disposal (Diaz et al., 1996). Finally, the collected

data constitutes a baseline and enables to understand the current and future characteristics

of the waste generated in Ktao (Wilson et al., 2001). Consequently, it prevents over or

under sizing the facilities which can affect the project cost (Franklin, 2002).

2.1.2. Seasonal variation

Regarding the difference between the dry and rainy season in Ktao (see Figure 6), it islikely that the seasonal variation seriously affect the waste stream (Diaz et al., 1996 and

(Lagerkvist et al., 2008). Therefore, the waste characterization should be conducted

throughout different seasons (Wilson et al., 2001). As a result, a waste characterization was

conducted first in January and then in July-August 2010. It is considered that January and

July-August is representative for the dry and the rainy season individually (Figure 3).

Figure 6: Nature in dry (a) and rainy (b) season in Ktao

a b


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2.2 Material and methods

2.2.1 Selection of the sample for the waste characterization

It was almost the same sample of households, institutions and commercials that was

selected to take part of waste characterization studies conducted in January and in July-

August 2010. The same samples were selected in order to assess the impact of seasonal

variation in the waste stream.

2.2.2 Selection of households

The households were selected based on two main conditions. Firstly, the households have

to be representative for the entire town to enable the results to be scaled up to the entire

city. Secondly, due to the limited resources and time, the households needed to berelatively close to each other to facilitate the waste collection. The houses in the

neighborhood of the waste sorting area were selected. These houses are very mixed

composition of resident ranging from the richest people to the poor and comprised of all

religious and ethnical groups represented in Ktao.

In total, 48 households were selected including 433 and 327 people respectively in January

and in July-August as it is presented Table 2. Possible explanation for the difference in

residents number between the two samples includes the school summer break. During

summer holidays in Togo people travel especially from small cities to big cities in

particularly to Lom. On the other hand, all those who move to Ktao for study reasonreturn to the village during this period. During both studies, households were distributed into

two collection routes.

2.2.3 Selection of commercials and institutions

The stores were chosen with the primary aim that the selection should be as representative

of the stores in the town. Thus, the selection comprises bars and restaurants, and shops.

There is a slight difference between commercials and institutions selected during both

periods as it is shown inTable 2. It was not possible to include school during the second

waste characterization because July-August corresponds to schools holidays period in

Ktao. In addition, shops, boutiques and restaurants set up directly in the station wereasked to use one of the six waste bins placed in edge of the station. And therefore all of

them were considered as station. It should also stress that hospital waste was disregarded

because it is regarded as hazardous waste and thus, it requires special care. Moreover, the

hospital of Ktao incinerates their waste.


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Table 2: List of waste sources of the waste characterization samples

Wastesource Numberofeachwastetype Numberofpersonpersource

Period

January

JulyAugust

January

July

August

Households 48 48 433 342

Schools 2 0 819

Othersinstitutions 2 2

Shops 8 6

Barsandrestaurant 8 6

Station 0 1

.

2.2.4 Waste collection from households, shops and institutions

Waste bins used for the waste collection

The waste bins were distributed to each households, commercials and institutions in the

station a days before the collection. Waste bins were placed in the market only in January.

The waste bins types are seen in Table 3.

Table 3: Waste bins type used for the waste collection

Samples Wastebintype

Household 25litersofplasticdrum

Barsand

restaurants

25

liters

of

plastic

drum

Shops Cardboardbox

Schools Cardboardboxforeachclassroom

25litersofplasticdrumforthecourtyard

Otherinstitutions Plasticsbox

Market Halfoildrumandirontoholdtreeblowsacks

Station Halfoildrum

Waste bins made of 25 liters of plastic drum were given to households, bars, restaurants

and schools. It was not expected from shops (general store) and school classrooms to getany liquid. Thus, a cardboard box was used to store their waste. Likewise, a plastic grill

basket was given to others institutions.

In January, tree large waste bins consisting of 3 blow sacks each were placed in the market

area and 2 waste bins made out of half oil drums was set up in the station. The waste bins

were marked with the word Poubelle, meaning waste bin in French. Unfortunately, 6 of

the sacks were stolen when the waste bins were left in the market with the intention to

collect the waste on Thursday since the market takes place in Wednesday. It should be

underlined that, the waste bins were distributed in the market area with the purpose that,

customers and shopkeepers would use them to dispose their waste. Unfortunately, after themarket, waste was disposed on the floor as usually. It appeared that the waste bins did not


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affect the waste collections system. Therefore, in July-August, waste bins were not

distributed in the market area. Six waste bins made out of half oil drum and painted in green

were placed only in the station.

Waste collection from households, commercials and institutions

During both studies, waste was collected from households, stores and institutions every

other day. The collection of waste started earlier in the morning by households waste and

then commercials and institutions. The waste from the households was collected first, with

the collectors walking along two paths. There were two teams of two persons each. In the

team, one of the members was responsible for weighting the waste and the other pushed

the handcart which has a volume of 0.3 m3. Each handcart was equipped with 3 big blow

bags. The team of collectors entered the compound of the households. The commercials

and institutions left their waste bin in front of their building. The waste was first loaded in asmall blow sack for weighting and then transferred into the big blow bag placed in the

handcart.

Collection of waste from market

Thursdays were allotted to the market waste collection and sorting. A number of women

were hired to sweep the entire market on Thursday morning because the waste was always

left on the ground in the market area after Wednesday. During both studies the waste was

collected two times (two Thursdays) in the market area. For both periods, it is estimated

that only the half of the market waste was collected the first Thursday. InJanuary, due to a

misunderstanding, sweepers burned a large amount of the waste before the arrival of thewaste collectors whereas in July-August, a heavy rain did not allow women to sweep the

entire market. However, the misunderstanding was cleared up in the January while, in July-

August, there was not rain on the second Thursday.

2.2.5 Waste sorting

The waste was sorted in an abandoned building in the outskirts of Ktao. There were four

helpers hired to sort the waste into the ten pre-determined categories shown in Table 4.

Table 4: Materials fractions used in the waste sorting

Wastefractions

1. Vegetables and putrescible 2. Plastic

3. Ash 4. Glass

5. Cardboard and paper 6. Plastic

7. Metal 8. Batteries

9. Textile 10. Others

The collected waste was sorted the same day to avoid changes in the samples (Dahlen &

Lagerkvist, 2008). The waste was once again weighted upon arrival to the sorting area to

confirm the weighting made by the collectors. The bag was lifted and the waste was spread


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out in the table. The helpers stood around the table sorted the waste into materials fractions

mentioned in Table 4. First, a magnet was used to check for metal in the waste. Then, large

piece of plastics bags, cardboard and twigs were removed. Later, other larger pieces, suchas textile, and glass were sorted out. Afterwards, smaller pieces remaining were picked as

much as possible until the remaining waste comprised primary of sand, dirt and very small

pieces of leaves. The latter remaining waste was categorized as other.

Each waste fraction was put in a plastic bowl which was assigned for it. The waste from the

bowl was then loaded in a big blow sack when it was full. After the sorting, each fraction

was weighed and then disposed in a hole close to the sorting area.

In January, the waste from households, institutions and commercials were mixed and

sorted together, whereas in July-August, households waste was sorted separately.

2.2.6 Waste drying methods

A sample of the waste was dried to obtain the waste moisture content. In January, the

drying was simply done by spreading the waste on the tarpaulin in the sun for four to five

hours (Figure 7a). The temperature rose up to 50 C in January. It was therefore assumed

to be sufficient to remove the little moisture that was present in the already very dry waste.

However, due to the fact that high water content was expected in July-August a microwave

oven was used to measure the moisture content (Twidwell et al., 2008) as shown in Figure

7b. The choice of this method was guided by the fact that a successful experience

conducted at DTU (Error! Reference source not found.) before the field work, confirmedthat the microwave oven can be used to determine reasonable, quick and relatively

accurate moisture content compared to a conventional oven. In total 9 samples were taken

comprised of 6 mixed waste and 3 vegetable and putrescible waste. The samples of the

mixed waste were taken straight away after the waste was put on the table in the core of

the waste in order to get representative samples of the entire waste collected. The

vegetable and putrescible sample was taken after waste sorting. The samples were put in

the blow sack and the moisture content measurement followed immediately to avoid waste

losing part of their water. Beside the microwave oven, the plastic containers, a kitchen

weighting scale and a glass water were used as a materials to measure the moisture

content.


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Figure 7: Determination of waste moisture content in January (a) and in July-August (b)

2.2.7 Waste bulk density

The waste bulk density was measured in July-August. Tree samples of mixed waste were

taken, filled up the plastic bowl and weighted. The volume of the plastic bowl was known in

advance as well as the weight of the plastic bowl. Then the bulk density of the waste was

computed.

2.2.8 Duration of studies

For both studies, the data used was collected over 11 days. In January, the study begun on

11th and ended on 22nd. In July-August, the study started on 20 th July and ended on 4th

August, meaning a total of 14 days of waste collection and sorting. However, only the waste

data of 11 days is considered for many reasons. Firstly, 30 over 48 houses kept their waste

bin they got during the first waste characterization (January) and they were willing to use

the same waste bin again for survey of July-August. Houses that lost their waste bin were

provided with new. Some of the houses, which at the first visit showed us their waste bin,

claimed during the first waste collection day that, they did not get waste bin and therefore,

they disposed of their waste as usual. Possible explanation for this behavior is that, they (18

houses) will like to get a new waste bin like others. Thus, it was decided to provide the 18

remaining house with new waste bins. Therefore the waste data for the first three days wasdisregarded.


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2.3 Results

The results consist mainly of the waste data collected during the waste characterization

projects and the result of willingness to pay for waste collection survey.

2.3.1 Presentation of the waste data

Total waste collected during the studies

3.7 tons of waste was collected in July-August compared to 2.3 tons in January, during 11

days, like it can be seen inTable 5. The percentage of waste generated from each source

compared to the total waste collected for each study is presented also in Table 5. It should

mentioned that, for the field investigation conducted in January, the station was considered

as part of shops, while in July-August, it was considered as an entity. Moreover, it can be

seen that 61 % of the waste was collected in July-August and 39 % in January.

Table 5: Total waste collected from each source

Wastesource Totalwastecollected Percentageofeachwastesourceforeachstudyperiod

Periods January JulyAugust January JulyAugust

Households 1,044 1,580 45.0 43.1

Market 1,090 1,484 47.0 40.5

School

44

0

1.9

0.0Institutions 7 33 0.3 0.9

Barandrestaurant 82 46 3.5 1.3

Shops 54 90 2.3 2.4

station 434 0.0 11.8

Total 2,320 3,665 100.0 100.0

Waste generation rate

The households waste generation rate was computed to 0.42 and 0.22 kg per person per

day in July-August and January individually. The waste generation rate unit of commercialsand institutions and market is shown in Table 6. It appears that the waste generation rate

had significantly increased from January to July-August, except for bars and restaurants.

The trend pointed out the impact of seasonal variation on waste generation rate.

Table 6: Estimated waste generation rates

WastegenerationrateWastesources

January JulyAugust

Unitofthewastegenerationrate

Households 0.22 0.42 Kg/person/day

School

2.0

0.0

Kg/school/dayInstitutions 0.3 1.5 Kg/institution/day


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Bars&restaurants 0.9 0.7 Kg/bar/day

Shops 0.9 1.4 Kg/shop/day

Station

25

39.4

Kg/station/day

Market 989.3 542.2 Kg/market/week

Waste density and composition

The density of the solid waste generated in Ktao was within the ranges of 500 - 900 kg/m3

(see section 2.2.7).

The weight of the materials fractions sorted from the waste stream are presented in the

Table 7. Percentages are shown in Figure 8 where H is for household, I for institution and C

for commercials. In January and July August, the material fraction named other was thepredominant waste fraction in households waste stream. The second important household

waste fraction is vegetables and putrescible, followed by plastic. Vegetable and putrescible

was the predominant material fraction from the market waste. It was followed by other

waste fraction and plastic waste as it can be seen in Table 7 and Figure 8.

Table 7: Solid waste composition from households, institutions and commercials

Wastefractions January JulyAugust

Households,

institution&

commercials

Market Households Institution&

Commercials

Market

Vegetablesandputrescible 380.1 258.1 261 136.5 744.5

Ash 37 2 15 0 15

Papersandcardboard 92.2 88 17.5 40 85.5

Metal 19 8 10.5 11.5 30.5

Textiles 18 10 14 7 32

Glass 5.5 0.1 3 3 14

Plastics 140 101 55.7 69.5 189.7

Batteries 7 0 3.5 0 7.5

Others 760 277.5 377.5 87.7 915.2

Total

1,458.8

744.7 757.7

355.2

2,033.9


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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Vegetables

and

putrescible

Ash Papers and

cardboard

Metal Textils Glass Plastics Batteries Others

Waste fractions

C

omposition(%)

H: July-August C,I: July-August Market: July-August HIC:January Market: January

Figure 8: Materials fraction generated the waste stream in Ktao

The description and pictures of each waste fraction give a better understanding of the waste

stream. The pictures are presented in Figure 9. The number in bracket of each waste

fraction (from 1 to 9) in the description corresponds to the picture in Figure 9. The pictures

are marked afor January and bfor July-August.

Paper and cardboard (1)

The papers and cardboard fraction composition was unchanged in January and in July-

August. It consisted primarily of cardboard. The cardboard is generated primarily by shops

and wholesalers which are doing a roaring trade. The cardboard consists mainly ofpackaging of manufactures goods and products imported from Nigeria and China, such as

cigarettes, batteries, soaps, box of matches, illegal and unauthorized medicine, toothpaste

and so on. Cardboards boxes are often reused many times until they are broken. Therefore

cardboards are dirty and useless from a waste management perspective. The papers were

mainly old notebooks from schools, which are often used to wrap cookies and tisane sold

on the market. Furthermore, there are also mobile phone credit recharge cards and

cigarette butts. However, newspapers, magazines and catalogs, phones books and

directories, and others clean papers are absent in the waste stream in Ktao.


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Plastics (2)

The waste plastics were mainly the black plastic bags used as shopping bags, and the

white plastic bags for packaging water named pure water. The black plastic bags are verycheap so that everybody can afford them. The pure water is very popular amongst the

population because it is practical, relatively cheap and advertized as clean and safe water.

The plastic bags used to pack the milk juice produced and traded by Danish company, Fan

Milk, constituted important sources of plastics as well. But the plastic bottles are very

seldom found in the waste stream as they are usually reused.Old plastic bowls and hard

plastics shoes are sold to retailers which export them mainly to Nigeria for recycling

purpose. Overall, the plastics waste found in the waste stream were the light density

polyethylene (LDPE) and or high density polyethylene (HDPE) material.

Ash (3)The main energy source for cooking in Togo in general is wood and charcoal fire. This

situation is attributed to the fact that electricity and gas are very expensive and the supply is

instable. Therefore, it was obvious to found ash from wood, charcoal and other vegetable

stems in the waste stream in Ktao.

Vegetable and putrescible (4)

In January and in July-August, the vegetable and putrescible waste fraction was composed

of leaves, small branches and stumps from trees, remains cereals crops steams, peelings

of fruits mainly melon, citron and orange. Furthermore, the excrement of animals, birth

feathers and eggshells constituted the vegetable waste fraction, mainly generated by

restaurants. However, an insignificant amount of food leftovers was found in the waste

stream during both studies. Besides, corns husk and corn tidy cob as well as peanut shells

were the primary vegetable and putrescible waste fraction in July-August. The explanation

is that, the fresh corns and peanut are produced only during the rainy season. They are

sold everywhere in the city as snack food during this period of the year.

Textiles (5)

The textiles were mostly the rest of the pieces of cloths from suits and the tailor and old

rags. The rest of the pieces of cloth from the suit and the tailor are reused by the automechanics to clean their hands, because they do not have gloves. Therefore the textiles

disposed are either very dirty or hazardous, because they are stained with the chemicals

contained in the lubricant, oil and grease used by auto mechanics.

Metals (6)

The metal fraction consists of the tomato cans, milk cans and sardine tin or steel cans and

the bottle caps from the beverage. Canned tomatoes and sardines are imported. Other

metal like the remains of bicycles, motorbikes, cars and aluminum were not found in the

waste stream. These remains are sold to retailers who export them to Asia while the

aluminum is transformed locally to produce kitchen equipments. There were also foundblades and needles. The latter material fraction is attributed to well-off citizens who get


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medical care at home and then disregard needles along with other clinical waste in the

households waste stream.

Glass (7)

The glasses material fraction didnt change from January to July-August. The glasses were

primary broken glasses from the restaurants and bars, the perfume and medicines empty

bottles, as well as broken electric fluorescent lamps. In Togo, the drinking bottles are owned

by the national brewery (Brasserie du Benin). The bars and restaurants return the bottles to

the brewery. The money paid as the deposit is as much as thevalue of the drink inside de

bottle. However, wine and liqueur bottles which should not be returned back to the

producers were not found in the waste stream. The reason is that the citizen cannot afford

imported expensive drink such as wine and liqueur. Even if some well-off consume these

type of alcohol, the bottles are reused for other purposes. There was also broken glass ofthe lamp oil. Many households who cannot afford electricity use an oil lamp to light their

houses during night time.

Batteries (8)

The batteries were old batteries which were used in the torches and radios. The streets are

not lit in Ktao, therefore, the population uses torch in the night when they are going out. In

addition, householders who dont have electricity use batteries for their radio.

Others (9)

The waste fraction called other consisted primary of soil, sand, dust and a mixed of soiland small pieces of other waste materials fractions especially ash, leaves and stems.

However, soil was more humid in July-August and therefore less dust compared to January.


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Figure 9: Materials fractions from waste stream in Ktao


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Waste moisture content

The significant difference in the moisture content can be attributed to the seasonal variation

and the behavior of people toward waste. It should be noticed that the waste threw on theground is directly affected by the weather. It means that, the waste will be wet in the rainy

season due to the rain and high humidity of the air, or dried quickly in the dry season

because of Harmattan wind, before the collection. As a result, the waste moisture content is

extremely low in the dry season and relatively high in the rainy season as it can be seen in

Table 8.

Table 8: Waste moisture content in Ktao according to season

Periodofstudy Wastemoisturecontent(%)

January 4

JulyAugust 3363

2.3.2 Result of the survey conducted in Ktao

During the waste characterization, a public opinion survey was also completed (see Annex

6). The survey covered many subjects amongst them: (1) the waste issues in Ktao, (2) the

appropriate solution to solve the problem accordingly, (3) willingness to pay for the waste

collection, to estimate affordable amount to pay for the waste collection, (4) accessibility to

electricity and the cost per month and (5) accessibility to water and its cost per month for

each households.

The persons who took part in the survey were selected randomly. For the purpose of the

survey, Ktao was divided into 4 big zones. In each zone, the survey was completed twice

in order to cover a number of persons which should be representative to the entire city. The

survey took place in the houses, at the station and in the market.

In total 87 persons (47 men and 40 women) composed the sample. The persons ranged

from very poor to very rich, from young to the old and from not educated to highly educated.

The questionnaire was written in French but interviewers translated it into local languages

as needed. In this way it was possible to interview people in their local languages in order to

cover all major ethnical groups in Ktao.

Keys results

The result of the survey revealed that only women and children take care of solid waste in

the house. They sweep the rooms, courtyards, dump and burn the collected waste.

11 % had been selling material fraction from their waste such as plastic bottles, hard iron,

old shoes made of hard plastic and ash. The study couldnt determine whether the sellers

live on this activities or it was a supplement to their income.

45 % knew the importance of compost whereas 55 % have no idea.


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78 % had electricity in their house while only 14 % had a water pipe connection at home.

Nevertheless, 69 % use open dug well for drinking water and 17 % have neither water pipe

connection nor water dug well at home. In average each house pay 7,512 FCFA (

85 DKK)per months for electricity bill while those who had water pipe connection pay 4893 FCFA (

56 DKK) per month for water bills. It is important to stress that water bill concerns only

water supply since there is no wastewater treatment plant in Togo.

Problems related to waste in Ktao

Almost 100 % are not satisfied with the current waste situation in Ktao and believe that it

can lead to many health problems in Ktao. The following diseases were mentioned:

malaria, cholera, tetanus and typhoid fever. It was also mentioned that waste can lead to

children getting cut by sharp objects in the waste. Furthermore, it was emphasized that the

waste causes death of domestic animal which accidentally eat plastic bags.

It was stressed that solid waste situation hinder the esthetics of Ktao city, favor the

breeding of mosquito, flies, snakes and scorpion in the city and give rise to other nuisances

such as odor and blowing of plastic bags. In addition, the lack of dumpsite in the close

neighborhood was named as an increasing problem. In addition, flooding and erosions were

also believed by the local residents to be caused by the current waste situation.

Proposed solutions

The population suggested some solutions for better management of the waste in Ktao

(Table 9). The most popular solution is the pit (38 %) followed by a waste collection system(29 %). Public sensitization was found to be a solution for the waste problem.

Table 9: The proposed solution for the solid waste in Ktao

Solution Percentage(%)

Landfill(apitsetuptoreceivewaste) 38

Providewastebinsandsetupacollectionsystem 29

Sensitizethepopulationfortheimpactofwastesinthecity 21

Collectwasteandburnit 7

Organizepubliccleansingforpublicplaces 6

Willingness to pay

The purpose of the willingness to pay survey is to estimate willingness of the resident to pay

for the cost associated to the waste management plan (Abdrabo, 2007; Kinnaman, 2009).

The result showed that only 25 % was unwilling to pay for the waste collection. Their main

reasons were that they were poor and they did not have a reliable income source. However,

the affordable waste collection fee in Ktao can be estimated to 91 FCFA (1 DKK) per

week. This amount is the average amount computed from the survey and seems

reasonable since at the station (see Figure 5), each retailer pay 200 FCFA (2 DKK) perweek for station cleaning and waste collection.


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2.3.3 Waste source-separating experiment

A source segregating was experimented in July-August. The source segregation schema

was (1) organic matter, (2) plastics and (3) the rest. Plastics bags, plastic drums and plasticbowl with lid were provided to one of the 10 households selected to segregate their waste at

the source. Unfortunately, the experiment failed for many reasons. It is already mentioned

that in Ktao, people do not use waste bins to dispose of their waste. The waste is collected

after sweeping, meaning that waste is already mixed at the source before collection. As a

result, the quality of materials fractions (organics matter for the composting and plastics)

were very poor. The segregation potential and efficiency were very low, since waste was

already mixed after sweeping.

Figure 10: Waste sorting during the field work in Ktao


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2.4 Projection of data

The projection of data enables to design adequate capacity for the controlled dump site and

to estimate the potential for recycling and composting. Furthermore, the projection of data

was done according to population growth (Lagerkvist et al., 2008) to cope with all changes

in the planning. In addition the seasonal variation was taken into consideration. For the

projection of data purpose, the duration of dry season in Ktao is estimated at 152 days

whereas the rainy season lasts 213 days. As a result, 22 weeks correspond to the dry

season and 30 weeks to the rainy season. The total schools period per year in Ktao is

estimated to 143 days.

2.4.1 Estimation of total waste produced per year

The total waste produced in 2010 in Ktao is estimated to 2,646 tones. The households

generate 93 % of the total waste per year in Ktao. The waste source characterized as

institution and commercials consists of the waste from schools, other institutions, bar and

restaurants, shops and station. The forecast of the future waste quantity in Ktao is

presented in Table 10. It is important to emphasize that it was assumed a waste growth rate

from each source to 2 % per year and a population growth rate of 4.3 % per year in Ktao.

Table 10: Future projection of total waste generated in Ktao

Wastecategories Estimationofwastegeneratedintons

2010

20112015

2016

2030

2010

2030

Households 2,458 14,855 85,427 10,2740

Institutionsandcommercials 146 768 2,812 3,726

Market 42 221 811 1,074

Total 2,646 15,844 89,050 107,540

It was assumed that the same waste composition will remain over the 20 years. However, it

was found that the quantity of paper, plastic, and non combustible waste increases in

correlation with increase of living standard (Eawag, 2008). These increases may create new

recycling opportunity but will not significantly impact the capacity of the controlled dumpsite(Cointreau, 1982).


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Table 11: Estimation of the quantity of each waste fraction produced in Ktao by 2030

Wastefraction Composition Estimatedquantityofeachwastefraction(tones)

(%)

2010

20112015

2015

2030

2010

2030

Vegetablesandputrescible 33.52 858 5,135 28,798 34,791

Ash 1.30 39 233 1,313 1,584

Papersandcardboard 5.77 137 817 4,571 5,525

Metal 1.53 37 223 1,255 1,515

Textiles 1.55 38 226 1,271 1,535

Glass 0.50 15 87 492 594

Plastics 10.34 251 1,503 8,432 10,185

Batteries 0.34 11 65 366 442

Others 45.13 1,261 7,556 42,551 51,368

Total 100 2,646 15,844 89,050 107,540

Based on the estimated material fraction from the waste stream, it can be seen that three

waste processing methods can be applied in Ktao: (1) recycling of waste plastic, (2)

composting of vegetable and putrescible and (3) a controlled dumped. The quantity of

waste for each processing method is presented in Table 12 and described in detail in

chapter 3 of the thesis.

Table 12: Estimation of waste fraction according to their final disposal or process

Items EstimatedofwastefractionsinTones

2010 20112015 20162030 20102030

Recyclematerials:Plastics 251 1,503 8,432 10,185

Compostingfraction 858 5,135 28,798 34,791

Rest 276 1,651 9,270 11,196

Others 1,261 7,556 42,551 51,368

Total 2,646 15,844 89,050 107,540

It can be seen in Figure 11 that, in the case where composting and recycling are

implemented, and soil is totally avoided from the waste stream, only 10 % of the waste will

be sent to the controlled dump.


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Estimated waste quantity for 2010

9%

32%

10%

49%

Plastics Composting Rest Others

Figure 11: Estimated total waste generated in 2010 and their potential treatment


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2.5 Discussion of results

The household waste generation rate found in Ktao (0.22 to 0.42 kg/capita/day) is close to

the waste generation rate found in other cities in Africa. It was found 0.33 kg/capita/day in

Gaborone in Botswana (Bolaane, 2004), 0.55 to 0.58 kg/capita/day in Abuja in Nigeria

(Solomon & Ubei, 2009) and 0.6 kg/capita/day in Kumasi in Ghana (Asase et al., 2009).

The waste moisture content of 4 % in January is extremely low compared to other findings.

However, the waste moisture content of 33 to 63 %) in July-August is close to the results

from other studies. As an example the moisture content was found to be 55.8 % in Haiti

(Culot & Philippe, 2009), and 58.9 % in Algeria (Addou et al., 2009).

The material fraction characterized as other was found to be the predominant wastefraction in the waste stream in Ktao. Similar result was found in Makuridi in Nigeria where

dust, sand and ash (combined) represented 21 to 41 % of the household waste (Sha`Ato et

al., 2007). However, the organic waste fraction has according to much literature been

estimated to represents up to 80% of the waste generated in developing countries (Diaz et

al., 1996).

There is no waste management system in Ktao so these data are the baseline for future

studies. Although the population shows a great interest in the project, there are some

uncertainties which should be pointed out. It was not found electronic waste in the waste

stream collected during waste characterization. Meanwhile, there is steady number ofcitizen who uses mobile phone, television, radio and other electronics materials. Moreover,

it was not found in the waste stream bulky waste such as old bed which was found in the

dumpsite. Furthermore, the ash in the waste stream is likely to be mixed to other waste

fraction, meaning that the ash content in the waste stream could be affected. However,

considering the strong willingness manifested by the population upon the project, it can be

undoubtedly concluded that, the collection efficiency was very high.


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Chapter 3 Waste master plan for Ktao

Planning of waste management for Ktao is developed based on the waste data collected

from the waste characterization projects in Ktao. The waste plan deals with waste storage

at the source, collection and transport as well as processing and final disposal.

3.1 Waste storage and collectionFirst priority for planning waste management system in Ktao is to control waste at the

source by introducing proper waste storage facilities. It ensures efficient and sanitation

management of solid waste (Holmes, 1984).

3.1.1 General conditions of a waste binThe primary reason explaining the reflex of throwing waste in the street in developing

countries is unavailability of garbage bins or other disposal options in the street (Al-Khatib,

2009). It means that, the supply of waste facilities affects significantly waste disposal choice

(Tadesse et al., 2008). Therefore, the first innovation is to introduce waste bin in Ktao. The

waste bins should fulfill the following conditions. The surface of the metal drum and other

waste bins made out of metal should be painted as the wastes are corrosive and abrasive

especially in the rainy season (Diaz et al., 1996). The waste bins should be water-tight,

durable and have a tight-fitting lid to keep down insect, flies and to avoid scavenging

animals. The design and placement of the waste bins should ease the waste collection,

reduce workers direct contact with waste, and prevent them from being stolen. Thus, the

waste bin can have a notice of the owners name.

3.1.2 Household waste bin

Each household should have a waste bin to dispose of their waste. The waste bin should be

placed in secure place, easy to access by waste workers and not interfere with their

privacy. The household must be persuaded to maintain and clean the waste bin to avoid

dev

innovation in togo - cleaning the area of ketao

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