Innovation Policy Priorities in Chile

Drafted between September 2009 and March 2010 by the National Innovation

Council in Chile - CNIC(www.cnic.cl)

Eduardo Bitrán C.Former President of Innovation Council, Academic at Adolfo Ibañez University

LIST OF TOPICS

1. What is the objective? Productivity2. National Innovation Strategy 2007 3. Innovation and Competitiveness Agenda

(2010)

1. What is the Objective? Productivity

Growth Reduction due to Drop in Productivity

CUADRO 2 Contribución al crecimiento anual del PIB (1986-2008)

Cifras en porcentajes

Período PTF Capital Trabajo Total

1986-1991 2,1 1,8 2,8 6,7

1992-1997 2,2 3,6 2,1 7,9

1998-2003 - 0,7 2,2 1,2 2,7

2004-2008 0,0 3,1 1,6 4,7

•PTF Growth 86-97 structural change due to reforms •1998-2003 Cyclical Factors and Insufficient Micro Flexibility•Period from 2004-2008 affected by triple energy shock (0,5%)•Insufficient competition in basic services. •Effect of qualified human capital lower than in developed countries.•Trade barriers: "Logistical Costs of Transport and Bureaucracy."

Difficulty in competing with an economy based more on knowledge, innovation and qualified human capital

Why haven’t we been able to create an innovation Why haven’t we been able to create an innovation dynamic that will permit export diversification and dynamic that will permit export diversification and maintain productivity increases to achieve maintain productivity increases to achieve development?development?

•PTF Growth 86-97 structural change due to reforms •1998-2003 Cyclical Factors and Insufficient Micro Flexibility

•Period from 2004-2008 affected by triple energy shock (0,5%)

•Insufficient competition in basic services. •Effect of qualified human capital lower than in developed countries.

•Trade barriers: "Logistical Costs of Transport and Bureaucracy."

2. National Innovation Strategy for Competiveness (2007)

IMF:GDP per capita(Figures in dollars, ppp. 2007)

Estonia (17.802)Lithuania (15.443)Argentina (14.838)Latvia (13.875)Malaysia (11.915)

CHILECHILE

Singapore (29.743)Taiwan (29.244) Spain (27.542)New Zealand (25.655)Slovenia (23.159)Korea (21.887

US (43.236)Canada (35.779)Hong Kong (35.396)Finland (32.822)Australia (32.127)United Kingdom (31.585)Sweden (31.264)France (30.150)

Chile needs to grow quickly to achieve development by 2020

GOAL: Achieve $22,000 GDP per capita by 2020

A country should grow by an average of over 5% in a decade. Today, it does not exceed the 4% rate of potential growthIMF: GDP per capita

NATIONAL INNOVATION STRATEGY (2007)NATIONAL INNOVATION STRATEGY (2007)• Doing more of the same is not enough

• Knowledge, development and competitiveness depend increasingly on creating a virtuous circle between

productivity, business innovation and the accumulation of physical and human capital. INNOVATION STRATEGY

Quality Human CapitalQuality Human Capital

Basic science with strategic orientation

Basic science with strategic orientation

Business Innovation (value creation)

Business Innovation (value creation)

Efficient institutionality for innovation(Long-term vision, “accountability” in implementation)

S E L E C T I V I T Y Focus sectors with static and latent competitive advantages

COMPETITIVENESSCOMPETITIVENESS

• The National Innovation Council suggested organizing public performance around these three pillars of innovation, and renewing institutionality to perform these tasks in a timely, harmonious fashion.

Selectivity: focus on clustersSelectivity: focus on clusters• Shift from static comparative Natural Resource advantages to a phase concentrating

on incorporating more knowledge into products and services (dynamic advantages). • In what direction should enchainment be developed? Towards the most attractive part

of the forest, rather than a “dead end.”• There is room for maturation and transformation on the basis of existing sectors.

• Key to selectivity

Resolve coordination flaws and create critical mass of resources to achieve a new equilibrium of greater value for society.

-Orient resource assignment to R&D.-Develop specific public goods for sectors. -Train specific human capital linked to more dynamic clusters.-Investment in physical infrastructure linked to clusters’ needs.-Common technological infrastructure. -Regulation /deregulation.

Basis of ProposalBasis of Proposal

Institutional ChallengeInstitutional Challenge• The aim is to reinforce an arrangement that will make it possible to:

Ensure coherent policies

Define strategic objectives

• Dado el carácter sistémico de la innovación.

Define agents’

roles

Assign resources

in line with strategy

• Se requiere traer el futuro al presente, porque “el tiempo importa”.

• La actuación del Estado cumple un rol: corregir fallas del mercado (incentivos) y de coordinación. Implica selectividad.

• The Council proposes consolidating a “division of labor” model by ensuring its implementation from the highest state level by a MINISTERS' COMMISSION and by forming sub-systems of Education and Science, and Business Innovation and

Entrepreneurship under the supervision of this Council.

• Role of Innovation Council for Competitiveness– Define a national innovation strategy with a 12-year horizon (check every 4 years)– Define criteria for strategic priorities– Generate dialogue and agreement regarding strategy – Ensure continuous improvement of institutionality– Evaluate consistency of policies with strategy– Evaluate resource assignment according to strategic priorities– Evaluate impact of policies and institutions in system

For which the Council requires: - Long-term vision: beyond the horizon of a government - Vision of innovation system - Independence from corporate interests - Expert members (appointed in a similar way to Central Bank) and with the minority

participation of universities, entrepreneurs and workers.

The Ministers’ Commission for Innovation and Competitiveness: - Defines policies, instruments and priorities and approves the national strategy - Inter-Ministerial Coordination, with Regional Governments - Assigns responsibilities to Agencies and carries out management control

• Institutional ChallengeInstitutional Challenge

3. INNOVATION AND COMPETITIVENESS AGENDA (2010)

Innovation and Competitiveness Agenda 2010-2020

1. Reinforce business innovation - Bring firms closer to the technological border - Develop an ecosystem for business innovation - Develop genuine innovation clusters

2. Develop human capital at all levels

3. Create basic science skills with a strategic orientation

4. Reinforce the development of the Third Mission at universities

5. Consolidate institutionality for innovation

1. Reinforce business innovation - Bring firms closer to the technological border - Develop an ecosystem for business innovation - Develop genuine innovation clusters

2. Develop human capital at all levels

3. Create basic science skills with a strategic orientation

4. Reinforce the development of the Third Mission at universities

5. Consolidate institutionality for innovation

1. Strengthen business innovation: I. Bring firms closer to the technology frontier

The aim is to increase the dissemination of best practices and technologies in firms: Integrated approach to develop supply and boost demand. • Create subsidy mechanisms that will combine support for supply and demand for dissemination and technological outreach focusing on significant gaps in productivity that have been identified.

• Sector- based programs that combine dissemination of best practices, work skills and financial guarantees.

• Boost technological centers or institutes with capacity for transfer, adaptation and broad dissemination of technology with technological antennae linked to leading world institutions and associative participation of beneficiaries in corporate governments.

• Establish baseline for productivity and measurement of increases in productivity and impact of programs (World Bank Program).

Reducing intra-sector heterogeneity and

incorporating international best practices would

permit a significant increase in productivity

over the next few years

(McKinsey estimated

+ 1% PTF)

Reducing intra-sector heterogeneity and

incorporating international best practices would

permit a significant increase in productivity

over the next few years

(McKinsey estimated

+ 1% PTF)

1. Strengthen business innovation: II. Develop an ecosystem that encourages innovation

• Strengthen innovative entrepreneurship

- Improve support for business angels, seed capital and technological and/or early stage technological risk capital. - Develop skills and mechanisms that will encourage the emergence of businessmen in universities; expand support for mentoring and advice and "corporate ventures." - Improve times for setting up and closing down firms; reduce stigma and costs of failure and facilitate starting up business again.

• Strengthen science-business relationship

- Encourage development and attraction of technological intermediaries to promote creation of new firms, brokers and associative transfer offices between universities.- Implement National System of Technological Institutes and Centers (SNITec) and promote incipient projects for scientific and technological parks.

1. Strengthen business innovation: II. Develop an ecosystem that encourages innovation

• Strengthen development of critical mass of firms with innovation routines.

• Expand coverage and drastically reduce deadlines for the evaluation and delivery of subsidies to firms submitting innovation projects.• Establish guarantee mechanisms for the acquisition of technology in SMEs and process innovation; provide financing for intangible assets.• Combine innovation and R&D management skills in firms through subsidies for hiring highly specialized professionals.• Strengthen instruments designed to promote firms’ investment in R&D by incorporating the financing of intramural activities into the benefits of tax holidays for hiring R&D

1. Strengthen business innovation: III. Develop genuine innovation clusters

• Develop innovation dynamics linked to supply and demand of leading export sectors.

• Strengthen institutionality to deal with coordination flaws in clusters with a high development potential (Encourage road mapping with private leadership to identify coordination flaws; CMI agreement structuring, regions, ministries, sectors for skills creation and program development ). Boost institutionality to deal with coordination flaws in clusters

• Implement technological innovation programs in strategic sectors to go beyond the current fragmentation of the instrumental, TEKES-style approach.

• Promote productive transformation programs associated with the demand for sophisticated goods and services common to priority sectors.

• Attract foreign investment to key sectors focusing on areas that generate synergies and greater capacity in SNIC

• Support development of shared scientific and technological platforms (genomic services, mass computer services for bioinformatics and others, chemical and physical metrology).

2. Develop quality human capital

• Develop lifelong training system that will ensure access to, quality and relevance of training system.

• Develop Qualifications Framework

• International harmonization and modularization of various training levels. • Guarantee of quality of training supply.

• Coordination between System of Work Skills and Professional Qualification.

• Emphasis on basic and generic skills in secondary technical and professional education.

• Increase tertiary education coverage from 45% to 60% with more emphasis on technical-professional training and the participation of segments with the lowest income.

• Increase grants for the three quintiles with lower incomes and credit with state support for the four quintiles with lower incomes.

• Eliminate bias against technical-professional education in grants and credits.

3. Basic science and advanced human capital with a strategic orientation • Put forward from 2021 to 2017 the goal of raising public expenditure on R&D from

current rate of 0,4% to 0,7% of GDP to leverage private investment, which must increase from 0,25% to 1,2% in 2022.

• Support top-rate research and skills production in scientific and technological areas oriented by productive challenges, climate change and social changes. (Pertinence criteria in Conicyt).

• Need to restructure Advanced Human Capital Grants to increase graduate training in Chile, together with joint programs by national and foreign universities and support reinsertion into academia and firms (coherence with system's capacity for absorption).

• Increase resources for “Mission-oriented” basic science at a higher rate than GDP growth, focusing on :

• individual projects, especially for researchers beginning their careers (Fondecyt for initiation + post-doctorate)

• Collaborative research, especially intermediate size groups (rings and nuclei) with an emphasis on productive and social priorities.

• Rationalization and consolidation of centers of excellence to create critical masses and greater strategic orientation.

4. Reinforce the development of the Third Mission at universities

• Establish incentives for universities and their academics involving compliance with the Third Mission, including more appropriate impact indicators (not only publication of ISI papers).

• Boost strategic planning processes at universities to define their role in the system and in keeping with this, develop their efforts in training and research with the proper emphasis on the evaluation of knowledge and technology.

• Change corporate government of state universities, modify normative framework to facilitate their efficiency and define a new financing model based on performance agreements.

• Establish Technology Transfer Mechanisms through licensing or spin-offs (OTT).

5. Consolidate institutionality for innovation

• Consolidate Innovation Ministers' Committee to lend coherence to the definition of policies and their implementation, particularly in budgetary matters.

• Strengthen role of Economy Ministry in its role as CMI president.• Consolidate an Innovation Council to provide a long-term system view, not

dominated by private interests.• Strengthen management of the Higher Education and Science Subsystem

through an Under-Secretariat responsible for this sphere within the Ministry of Education.

• Boost governance of Corfo and Conicyt by improving the corporate governments of these institutions by establishing boards of directors led by the Ministers of Economy and Education, with the participation of independent representatives and the most important stakeholders for each agency.

In conclusion: Policy Priorities for Innovation

• 1. Strengthen business innovation - Bring firms closer to the technological frontier - Develop an ecosystem for business innovation - Develop genuine innovation clusters

• 2. Develop human capital at all levels

• 3. Create basic science skills with a strategic orientation

• 4. Reinforce development of the Third Mission at universities

• 5. Consolidate institutionality for innovation with a long-term vision

• 1. Strengthen business innovation - Bring firms closer to the technological frontier - Develop an ecosystem for business innovation - Develop genuine innovation clusters

• 2. Develop human capital at all levels

• 3. Create basic science skills with a strategic orientation

• 4. Reinforce development of the Third Mission at universities

• 5. Consolidate institutionality for innovation with a long-term vision

Reassignment of resources to natural resource sectors with entry and exit of firms

GRAFICO 2 Descomposición de la PTF en Productividad intrafirmas

Tasa neta de entrada y reasignación de factores

El grafico anterior muestra, que en el período 1980-2001 en la industria manufacturera el principal factor aportante al crecimiento de la productividad provino del aporte de la entrada de firmas más eficientes y, por otro lado, de la salida de las menos eficientes. En dicho período las mejoras sucesivas de productividad al interior de las firmas (plantas) fue negativo, aunque no significativo; en tanto, las ganancias de productividad provenientes de reasignación de factores entre firmas fueron negativas.. Net entry of medium and large firms in Natural Resource sectors in which there was a

significant potential that had not been exploited. Through DFI and capital goods imports, it was quickly exploited, which accounts for the growth of PTF.

In the service sector, the growth of PTF in existing firms played a key role in explaining overall PTF growth (incorporation of TIC) but the effect was quickly reduced, probably due to the lack of competitive pressure.

Microeconomic inflexibility and the end of the benefits of structural change partly explain the drop in PTF from 1998-

2003 (in addition to the cycle).In shocks such as the Asian crisis, the lower microeconomic flexibility could explain up to 0,5% of the drop in productivity and growth for various years (Caballero, et al ( 2005)), Fuentes (2009))

Brasil Colombia Chile México Venezuela

Índice de Seguridad Laboral

0,69 0,31 0,62 0,71 0,64

Índice de flexibilidad microeconómica

0,701 0,722 0,724 0,981 0,539

Aumento de la tasa de crecimiento (%)

0,43 0,33 0,27 0,7 0,18GRAFICO 3

Productividad Total de Factores por tipo de planta

Total Factor Productivity by Type of Plant Crespi (2006)

Del gráfico se puede concluir que a partir de mediados de los ’90 cae en el sector manufacturero la contribución al aumento del PTF tanto de la salida y entrada de empresas, como la contribución del aumento de productividad de las empresas existentes. Fuente: Crespi (2006)

Commission on Growth andDevelopment concluye:que el insuficiente crecimiento de la productividad de lasempresas existentes, el nulocrecimiento de laparticipación de mercado de lasempresas más productivas, y el bajo emprendimiento innovador explicarían por qué una vezobtenidas las ganancias delcambio estructural se habríaestancado el crecimiento agregado de la PTF

Graph showing that in the late 1990s, there was a drop in the contribution to PTF of the net entry of firms and intra-firm productivity.

Effect of Petroleum Shock

Oil price shock

Alvarez et al. (2008), the Central Bank of Chile, shows that the energy shock explains between 20% and 60% of the drop in productivity of the Chilean manufacturing sector between 1992-1999 and 2000-2005.

Energy price shock explains significantproportion of decline inproductivity

34.6933.97

30.6529.4428.80

24.8323.5723.0222.72

20.8820.6820.5920.5320.0819.50

18.1017.8117.7017.3617.2216.7016.44

15.6315.6015.1214.99

13.3711.3911.27

10.688.45

Chile

Korea

Czech Republic

Mexico

Spain

Iceland

Canada

Germany

Luxembourg

Austria

Portugal

Australia

Norway

Hungary

J apan

Greece

United Kingdom

Poland

Netherlands

Switzerland

France

Belgium

Finland

Slovak Republic

New Zealand

United States

Ireland

Italy

Denmark

Sweden

Turkey

120.0843.03

110.42128.53

94.07111.12

96.3075.15

89.9580.4882.07

120.25152.68

64.3567.09

45.9955.76

104.79127.27

45.3472.74

68.5952.16

263.23144.88

139.95151.49

45.43113.85

43.04125.95

1 10 100 1000

Chile Korea

Czech RepublicMexico

SpainIcelandCanada

GermanyLuxembourg

AustriaPortugal

AustraliaNorw ayHungary

JapanGreece

United KingdomPoland

NetherlandsSw itzerland

FranceBelgiumFinlandSlovak

New ZealandUnited States

IrelandItaly

DenmarkSw eden

Turkey

Industrial Electricity Price (2008) March 2010 OECD Report

In Chile, there are rents due to Lack of competition (compare service margins with OECD) Lack of competition in financial services, health services, electricity, concessions, infrastructure.13 CHILE

Lack of Competition and Weaknesses in Regulation of Fundamental Services Price range of monthly subscription to Broadband Internet

Figures to September 2008 in PPP dollars

Pro-competition reforms in Telecommunications sector ended in 1999; dominant firm prevented disintegration of networks and greater competition in Internet Services.

Logistic cost of exports: Twice that of OECD countries

Costo Logístico como porcentaje del Valor del Producto

32,0%

27,0%

26,0%

23,0%

20,0%

18,0%

9,5%

9,0%

8,5%

0,0% 5,0% 10,0% 15,0% 20,0% 25,0% 30,0% 35,0%

Perú

Argentina

Brasil

Colombia

México

Chile

EE.UU.

OCDE

Singapur

Source: TIC’s Logistics Project, PUCV.

Source: Guasch and Kogan (2006).

Imbalanced Modal Participation: Concentration in trucks

In South Africa and Australia, distances between production plants and ports of exit are greater, meaning that maritime and rail transport are more efficient, which in turn is reflected in the greater participation of these modes of transport, measured in Ton-km. Nevertheless, in New Zealand, although the average distance from producer to port is less than in Chile, enormous differences can be observed in the market share of each mode.

88%

70% 69%

35%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Porcentaje

Chile Nueva Zelanda Sudáfrica Australia

País

Participación de Modos de Transporte (Ton-Km)

Carretera Ferrocarril Marítimo

Source: Compiled by the authors from various sources.

How the demand for skills has changedEconomy-wide measures of routine and non-routine

task input (US)

(Levy and Murnane)Mea

n ta

sk in

put a

s pe

rcen

tiles

of

the

1960

task

dis

trib

ution

Lower mastery of basic skills: reading comprehension, mathematics and science

2000 2003

20002003

2000

2000

2003

20002003

2000 2003

2000

2003

20002003

2000 2003

2000

2003

400

450

500

550

Pu

ntaj

e

5000 10000 15000 20000 25000

PIB per cápita PPC

Australia Canada Chile CoreaDinamarca Finlandia Letonia Nueva Zelanda

Suecia Tailandia Tendenciapromedio

Países intensivos en recursos naturales y de rápido crecimiento

PISA en Comprensión Lectora y PIB per cápita

Similar performance gaps observed in Mathematics and Science tests.

PISA and PIB test results per capita(Reading comprehension)

400

450

500

550

Points

5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000 25.000PIBper capita

CHILECHILE

Australia Canada Korea DenmarkFinland Latvia New Zealand SwedenThailand Mexico Average trend

Mexico

2000

2006

Ph.D. Graduates Per Year in Science and Engineering per million inhabitants

The Knowledge Economy Demands More Advanced Human Capital

62,1%

67,3%

37,9%

32,7%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

No Innovadoras Innovadoras

Empresas Innovadoras y No Innovadoras

2003-2004 2005-2006

Firms’ efforts at innovation fell from 1.6% of GDP in 2004 to 1.2% in 2006, a trend that was exacerbated in 2008

• Total spending on innovation in relation to firm size is far below international levels.

• More innovation in large firms, which incorporate advanced human capital and protect their intellectual property.

• Low and decreasing effort at innovation in existing firms. Low innovation in new firms.

• Linked to acquisition of capital goods and cooperation with suppliers and clients.

• Firms that spend more on training and upgrading machinery significantly increase their likelihood of innovation.

• Low collaboration with universities and institutes. Insignificant cooperation in explaining innovation.

• Firms that innovate have a large number of Ph. Ds and engineers (processes).

• Firms using public funds are less likely to innovate.

Business Innovation

Source: Innovation Surveys and ENIA

Distribución TFP en Manufactura

Structural collapse of long-term growth

Fuentes 2009, at request of CNIC

Export diversification and sophistication stagnate and growth rate of natural resource exports falls.

CUADRO 4 Evolución de la tasa de crecimiento de exportaciones (%)

Crecimiento

promedio 1996-2000 Crecimiento

promedio 2001-2004 Crecimiento

promedio 2005-2008

Cobre 11,3 5,7 -0,3

Sector primario

Frutícola 4,3 10,5 7,7

Silvícola n.d. n.d. n.d.

Sector industrial

Alimentos 1,0 14,0 6,3

Vinos 14,6 13,0 8,3

Forestal y muebles de madera 12,3 13,0 0,8

Salmón y Trucha 13,2 18,3 3,9

Servicios n.d. n.d. n.d.

Fuente:

• The Herfindahl-Hirschmann Index has remained nearly constant at around 0,26; the number of exported goods has declined. Chile’s export diversification is lower than that of Peru, Costa Rica, Uruguay, Guatemala, Senegal and Bangladesh.• Natural resource export sectors reduce growth rates due to supply restrictions, high participation in global market and hyper-competitiveness (they imitate us).

Machinery and capital goods

Sea products

Wood

Mining

Agriculture

Sectors in Chile are peripheral.Difficulty moving to more sophisticated sectors. (Chile, 2005)

• Chilean economy: productive positioningChilean economy: productive positioning

Low sophistication of exportsrelative to GDP

Chile

Mexico

Benefits and Benefits and obstacles obstacles of university-firm linkof university-firm link

Industrial System

Speeds up acquisition of new knowledge Increases capacity for innovation Improves innovation networks Enables human resources to gain access to science and technology

Education and Research System

Ensures and diversifies financing sources Provides elements to prioritize research Improves research tools and capacities Improves students’ job prospects

Unwillingness to innovate and weak capacity for technological absorptionLack of personnel specializing in technologyShort term horizon for investment in innovation (low R&D dda)

Non-aligned incentivesOver-specialization in research that is irrelevant to industry Regulatory barriers to research mobility and creation of spin-offs

Lack of specific support schemesLack of (effective) intermediariesDeficient institutional, regulatory and legal schemes

Source: OECD, 2007: OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy CHILE

ProductivityPatenting 7 : 1 (USA-Chile)

Permanent training system

- Boosting and validation of standards - Skills certification - Establishment of Sector-based

Organizations in conjunction with cluster Secretariats

- Production and management of reference framework for training

supply

National System of Work Skills Certification

Education Supply

-Accreditation of skills-based programs -Support for supply of skills-based programs

Support supply of skills-based training

Development of accreditation

system for training supply

Training Supply Systematization and increase of Productive Sector demand

Systematization of existing skills standards Identification of gaps in prioritized sectors

(clusters) Construction of model to identify future

demand for human capital

Challenges of a Permanent Skills-based Training System

Elements for developing a strategy at Chilean Elements for developing a strategy at Chilean universitiesuniversities

QUALITY UNIVERSITY FOR DEVELOPMENT

QUALITY UNIVERSITY FOR DEVELOPMENT

Organization

Setting

• Multidisciplinary, collaborative and world-class• Agenda linked to productive and social objectives (aligned with innovation strategy)• Institutional plan for improving level of researchers (PhD, post-docs, coursework, exchanges, reinsertion)

• Internationally homologated, quality education• Diverse, motivated student community• Student exchange with world-class universities• Graduate programs (Master’s, prof. and academic, PhD)

• Technology Commercialization Units• PI and conflict of interests policies• Bridges and networks with industry within institution• Specialized professionals

• Modern, efficient, effective and adaptive management• Financial sustainability plan• Top-rate professionals• Strategic project management

• Valuation of contribution to productive and social challenges • Stakeholder management• Management of world-class networks

Coherent strategy between Training and Research and Dissemination of Knowledge and IP evaluation

(1) Clear objectives(2) Action plan(3) Indicators(4) Budget

Research

Education

Transfer & Transfer & Commercializa-Commercializa-

tiontion

COHERENCECRITICAL MASSCOLLABORATIVE GROUPS

Definition of intellectual property policy at universities and scientific centers

Definition of policy on conflicts of interest

Hiring highly specialized professionals

Objective “Creation of units specializing in the commercialization of technologies, making it possible to create and strengthen bridges between scientific knowledge and the productive sector.

Scale Depending on the quality and quantity of R&D, institutions should form consortiums with other institutions.

Critical SuccessFactors

Commercialization of World-Class Technologies: a Commercialization of World-Class Technologies: a model for Chilemodel for Chile