innovations in solar drying of the fine or flavour cocoa bean - sukha 2009
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean
Dr. Darin A. Sukha
The Cocoa Research Unit
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: http://sta i ed /cr /Website: http://sta.uwi.edu/cru/
“Cocoa Sector Technical Forum” Ki t & St M J iKingston & St. Mary, Jamaica
8 – 10th July 2009
![Page 2: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Outline of presentationpLinking post harvest processing to cocoa qualityqualityCocoa drying - general theory and objectivesInnovations in solar drying of cocoa beans
Solar dryers in various countriesSolar dryer concepts to considerWhat is right for Jamaica?g
Recommendations
![Page 3: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
All activities in cocoa production, t d i lti t lmanagement and processing ultimately
affect flavour developmentCocoa flavour development is influenced by the genetic composition of the bean (genetic flavour g p (gpotential)
Post harvest processing (fermentation and drying)
D i f t i ( ti illi dDuring manufacturing (roasting, milling and conching etc.).
![Page 4: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The responsibilities of cocoa producers and cocoa fermentary operatorsfermentary operators
Main aim:To provide fermented and dried cocoa beans of the highest quality for sale/export
Main task:Main task:To provide conditions during post harvest processing (fermentation and drying) that facilitate the necessary biochemical changes inside the cocoa beans to develop the characteristic aroma and flavour
![Page 5: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Drying theory applied to cocoaDrying is governed by two factors:
Transfer of heat into the cocoa bean to provide energyTransfer of heat into the cocoa bean to provide energy for evaporation of moisture
The movement of vaporised moisture from within the bean to the drying air
Drying rate is determined by whichever of these y g ytwo factors is slower
Dr ing can take place ia:Drying can take place via:ConvectionRadiationRadiationConduction
![Page 8: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The objectives of cocoa dryingTo reduce the moisture content of fermented cocoa beans (55%) to a level that is safe for storage and shipment (6-(55%) to a level that is safe for storage and shipment (6-7%)
To complete the oxidative chemical changes taking place within the bean during fermentation that reduce gbitterness and astringency and develops the chocolate brown colour of well fermented beans
To avoid off-flavours through faulty drying
![Page 9: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Possible defects due to dryingBurning
Fuel
![Page 10: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
If drying is too fast…
![Page 11: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Secondary mould infestation during shipping
![Page 12: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Inappropriate solar drying techniques
![Page 13: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Simple open floor solar dryingp p y g
On bamboo matsOn concrete floorsOn plastic sheetsOn plastic sheets
![Page 14: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Innovations in solar dryingInnovations in solar drying
Dryer designs found in different cocoa d i i d “d iproducing countries to demonstrate “drying
innovation”
![Page 16: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Dryer design in JamaicaDryer design in Jamaica
Sun drying trays at Morgan s Valley Central Fermentary (circa 1964)
![Page 17: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Dryer designs in EcuadorDryer designs in Ecuador
Nested solar drying traysM bil l d i tMobile solar drying traysCovered concrete floor drying
![Page 19: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Dryer designs in VenezuelaDryer designs in Venezuela
Solar drying facility with mobile roof
Nested solar drying trays
![Page 22: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Dryer design in Papua New GuineaDryer design in Papua New Guinea
Solar dryer with rock solar collectors and poly carbonate sheet roof
![Page 26: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Dryer designs in DominicanDryer designs in Dominican Republic and Hawaii
Tunnel type dryers
![Page 28: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Dryer design in Guyana
Combination of solar and artificial drying
![Page 32: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Dryers in Trinidad
Traditional wooden floor sliding roof Modern wooden floor sliding roof
![Page 35: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Dryer concepts in TrinidadDryer concepts in Trinidad
Convection cabinet dryerHybrid bed dryers with solar collectors
![Page 37: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Mobile sliding roof dryer
![Page 40: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Solar drying with passive and active drying assist systemsactive drying assist systems
![Page 42: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Exhaust fans Exhaust fansCocoa beans
![Page 46: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Infrared heat lamps
![Page 47: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
What is right for Jamaica?
General recommendations for solar dryingQuality of end productQuality of end product
Cost of operation
Volume of cocoa to dry (estate throughput)
Prevailing weather conditions during cocoa cropcrop
Direct solar drying should be the main mode of dryingDirect solar drying should be the main mode of drying only if it is feasible
![Page 48: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Recommendations if weather conditions are d d ll di l d itoo wet and do not allow direct solar drying
Tunnel solar dryers
Open solar drying with passive and active drying assist systemsactive drying assist systems
Initial solar drying (up to 20% MC) y g ( p )and then artificial drying with heat exchangers
![Page 49: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Impact of post harvest processing on Cocoa Quality
Cocoa, “quality” includes the all-important aspects of flavour and purity, and physical characteristics that have a direct bearing on manufacturing performance, especially yield of cocoa nib (Biscuit, Cake, Chocolate and C f i Alli (BCCCA) 1996)Confectionery Alliance (BCCCA), 1996).
Aspects or specifications of quality in cocoa include: FlavourFlavourPurity or wholesomenessConsistencyYield of edible materialCocoa butter characteristics
These criteria affect the value and price paid for a parcel of beans.
![Page 50: Innovations in Solar Drying of the Fine or Flavour Cocoa Bean - Sukha 2009](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012320/5537d8df4a7959c36e8b4619/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
The future of cocoa in Jamaica rests with all of the stakeholders and policy makers working together tostakeholders and policy makers working together to optimise cocoa quality, production costs and farmer
revenue…
Thank you!eve ue…
y