innovations in soy for aquaculture · 2019. 9. 19. · soy genome sequence in 2008 a complete draft...
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Innovations in Soy
for Aquaculture
Michael C. Cremer, Ph.D.
Aquaculture Utilization Director
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Challenge: Identify economically viable
and sustainable alternatives
to fishmeal and fish oil
Forecast: Need to double aquaculture
production in a decade
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Soy-Based Aquafeeds
All-plant protein diets using dehulled soybean meal as the primary protein source have been developed and are in use globally to culture the more than 30 mmt of freshwater omnivores produced annually
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Future Aquaculture Growth
● Much of aquaculture growth is forecast to be in the marine sector
● Limited fresh water for industry expansion
● High demand for cultured marine fish and shrimp in response to reduced ocean capture landings
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Soy Protein Concentrate (SPC)
Good performance with SPC replacement for
fishmeal in diets for many species being researched by U.S. soybean industry
Gilthead Sea bream European Sea bass
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Example: Cobia
High soy diets performed as well as 64% fishmeal diet
●3% fishmeal - with 40% SPC + 30% SBM
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Advances in Soybean Research New research makes soy an even more viable option for
sustainable aquafeeds
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Soy Genome Sequence ● In 2008 a complete draft assembly of the soybean (Glycine max)
genetic code was publicly released, making it widely available to the research community to advance new breeding strategies
● Ordered and localized about 5,500 genetic markers on the sequence that promise to be of particular importance to researchers seeking to optimize certain qualities in soybean
● Enabled resequencing of the 20,000 soybean lines that are stored in the National Plant Germplasm System to identify desired gene variances that are not currently captured by domesticated soybean lines
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New Research Technologies
Molecular Lab with cutting edge technology
● Analytical techniques allow for rapid new trait discovery and screening
● Reduces analytical costs from $100’s to pennies
● Discovery of genetic markers
● ID markers for key nutritional factors
● Accelerates release of new products
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●High protein soybean meals….. 57-64% CP
●Ultra-low oligosaccharidesa….. < 1%
●Ultra-low trypsin inhibitorsb…. < 10,000 TIU
Generous Genetic Variation in Soybeans
Fishmeal Replacement
aoligosaccharides - carbohydrates that inhibit digestion or cause allergic reaction in intestine
btrypsin inhibitors - proteins that inhibit digestion
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New Soybean Varieties have Attributes
Beneficial to Aquaculture
●Potential to replace higher levels of fishmeal in aquafeeds
●Provide more flexibility in feed formulating
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High-Protein Genetic Lines without: ● Oligosaccharides: stachyose, raffinose ● Trypsin inhibitor activity, TIU/g ● P34 allergen ● Lipoxygenase ● Lectins, mg/kg ● Phytate
Soybean Development for Aquafeeds Genetic Improvement
All non-GMO
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Low Oligosaccharides
● Oligosaccharides – carbohy-drates that inhibit digestion
● Poorly digested in mono-gastric animals - including fish
● Allergic reaction - enteritis is some fish species (salmon)
● Poor energy utilization
Raffinose
Stachyose
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● Fishmeal replacement (50%) with high-protein-low oligosaccharide soybean meal in salmon fry results in
● Equal weight gain as with fishmeal
● No salmon fry mortality
● No enteritis-marker molecules in the blood
● Improved amino acid digestibility
● Reduced output of metabolites = preserves water quality
● Increased pellet durability and increased oil absorption in pellets
● Attributes similar to Soy Protein Concentrate (SPC), but in a meal that is less expensive
Advantages: High-Protein + Low
Oligosaccharide Soybean Meal
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1. Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, Norway
2. Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss – USDA ARS, Bozeman, MT
3. Cobia, Rachycentron canadum – VCF, Saltville, VA
4. Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei – AU, Auburn, AL
5. European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax – CTA, Cadiz, Spain
6. Yellowtail Kona Kampachi, Seriola rivoliana – KF, Kailua Kona, HI
7. Red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus – TAMU, College Station, TX
2011 Ongoing Trials High Protein + Ultra-Low Oligosaccharides
U.S. Qualified State Soybean Boards
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● TI – proteins that inhibit digestion
● TI also cause pancreatic hypertrophy and hyperplasia (excessive development)
● Requires either heating (current method - high energy) or genetic removal
Low Trypsin Inhibitors (TI)
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● Paradigm shift in soy processing less heat required = energy savings
● Improved protein quality (less denaturing)
● Improved amino acid digestibility
Advantages: High Protein + Low TI
Pompano and yellowtail can be raised on soy-based, low fishmeal diets
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● Stack high protein, ultra-low oligosaccharides and low trypsin all in a single soybean
Traits Can be Combined
Research to test yield consistency and competitiveness of soybeans with combined traits
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● Lipoxygensase (LOX) – enzyme that destroys essential fatty acids
●Off-flavors – beany flavor that impacts palatability
Low Lipoxygenase
Development of Alternative Soybean Products 8.2011 Soy-based feeds with good palatability
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● Lectins – protein-based molecules with a ‘sweet tooth’ - attach to carbohydrates, mainly sugars – “low-grade toxins”
● Immunosuppressive ability
● Sticky - binding powers can lead them to attach to the intestinal lining - interfere with nutrient absorption and damage the intestine
Low Lectins
Development of Alternative Soybean Products 8.2011
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● Phytate – antioxidant compound that reduces the utilization of phosphorus, minerals, and dietary proteins
● Objective to decrease phosphorus pollution from feeds
● Two genetic approaches
● Low phytate soybeans – increased P uptake by fish
● High phytase soybeans – P in more available form to fish
Low Phytate
Maintenance of water quality is critical to fish culturists using multi-purpose ocean waters
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● Increase in key amino acids methionine limiting in soybeans
● Increase in α-tocopherol (preferred form of Vit E – preferentially absorbed and accumulated in humans)
● Reduction in saponins (can cause histological changes in intestine – enteritis)
Other New Traits Being Evaluated
Better soy for aquaculture
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Fish Oil Replacement
Alternative feed lipid regimes ● Use of a combination of vegetable oils, with no fish oil, for
most of the production cycle, followed by a finishing diet with fish oil to allow accumulation of the very long chain omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA
● Collaborative research between Hubbs SeaWorld Research Institute and Southern Illinois University
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Fish Oil Replacement
Soy Oils ● Blending of fish oil with either commodity soybean oil or
high stearidonic acid (STA) soybean oil - no reduction in accumulation of the very long chain omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA
● Kampachi (yellowtail) - blending of STA soybean oil with fish oil produces more total omega-3 fatty acids in the flesh than 100% fish oil in the diet
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Soy Oil
● Increasing displacement of fish oil with STA soybean oil up to 10:90 fish oil:STA soybean oil
● Current testing with Kona Kampachi™ will identify how much EPA/DHA is required in the diet of Kona Kampachi™ to ensure total omega-3 fatty acids in the flesh of the fish at harvest are not compromised
● Improving STA soybean - generated soybean with up to 3.5% of the very long chain omega-3 fatty acid, EPA, in the oil
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Carotenoids
● Successfully stacked novel omega-3 fatty acid genes with high value carotenoid genes (astaxanthin and beta-carotene) into one soybean
● Applications for species where coloration is important, e.g. salmon
High value carotenoids in soybean
carotenoid astaxanthin up to 25 ug/g seed along with beta-carotene up to 980 ug/g seed.
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Taurine
● Yellowtail fed 40% SPC replacement for fishmeal, with the addition of taurine, showing higher growth rate than fishmeal control diet
SPC + taurine Fishmeal Control
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Taurine from Algae
● China currently only source for taurine
● Univ. Nebraska - designing and testing strategies for production of taurine in algal cells
● Testing algae cell inclusion rates to allow for down-stream incorporation of a taurine producing algal feedstock
Taurine production in algal cells
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U.S. Soy - committed to assisting the
global aquaculture industry to be
environmentally friendly, profitable
and sustainable
Soybeans Soy Oil & Lecithin
SBM and SPC
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U.S. Soybeans
● Renewable
● Scalable
● Responsibly and sustainably produced
A Better Soybean
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Acknowledgements
● Schillinger Genetics
● United Soybean Board
● U.S. Soybean Export Council
● University of Nebraska
● Many U.S. and international R&D partners