innovative design: the expanding use of wood in construction
DESCRIPTION
Design professionals are using wood to great effect in a growing number of commercial and multifamily buildings. Some applications are driven by wood's aesthetic and warmth while others cite its versatility or low carbon footprint. The increase in wood use has been made possible by building codes that increasingly recognize wood's structural and performance capabilities, and the continued evolution in the science and engineering of wood building systems and techniques. This presentation will challenge preconceptions about wood construction, while offering innovative solutions to current problems and provide a comprehensive background to move forward with taller, larger and more innovative wood structures.TRANSCRIPT
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EX101
June 20, 2013 – 10:30 AM
1 LU
Innovative Design: The Expanding Use of Wood in Construction
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This presentation is protected by U.S.
and international copyright laws.
Reproduction, distribution, display and
use of the presentation without written
permission of the speaker is prohibited.
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Acknowledgements/Credits
Speaker: Cheryl Ciecko, AIA, LEED AP, GGP Midwest Regional Director- WoodWorks
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This program is registered with AIA CES for continuing
professional education. As such, it does not include
content that may be deemed or construed to constitute
approval, sponsorship or endorsement by the AIA of any
method, product, service, enterprise or organization. The
statements expressed by speakers, panelists, and other
participants reflect their own views and do not
necessarily reflect the views or positions of The AIA or of
AIA components, or those of their respective officers,
directors, members, employees, or other organizations,
groups or individuals associated with them. Questions
related to specific products, publications, and services
may be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
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Course Description
• After a prolonged emphasis on concrete and steel for non-residential buildings, design professionals are using wood to great effect in a growing number of commercial and multi-family building types. Innovative applications for wood today include retail, schools, healthcare facilities, churches, bridges, industrial facilities, offices, student housing and more. Some applications are driven by wood's aesthetic and warmth while others cite its versatility or low carbon footprint. Their collective path has been made possible by building codes that increasingly recognize wood's structural and performance capabilities, and the continued evolution in the science and engineering of wood building systems and techniques.
• This session will challenge preconceptions about wood construction, while offering innovative solutions to current problems and providing attendees with a comprehensive background to move forward with taller, larger and more innovative wood structures.
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Course Description Continued 1. Why any material? Wood has been a sought-after material for centuries thanks to its
renewability, affordability, warmth and beauty. More recently, its carbon benefits in comparison to concrete and steel have placed it at the forefront of green building design. The speaker will discuss life cycle comparisons of wood versus other structural materials and how the use of wood reduces a building’s carbon footprint. Sustainable forestry will be examined, including a discussion of myths and facts. The session also will explore how wood performs in the areas of durability, fire and moisture.
2. Building codes: Learn how the International Building Code increased the possibilities for wood construction by recognizing additional fire protection techniques, consolidating the maximum allowable areas and heights from the three legacy codes into one and allowing the use of wood in a wider range of building types. The session will look even further to building projects that have pushed the boundaries of wood design and construction.
3. Innovation: From six-story mid-rise to 30-story wood composite structures to wood bridges with 100-year service lives, the world of wood today is an exciting display of creativity and invention. Innovative wood materials and building systems are reducing the carbon footprint of the built environment while allowing wood to reach new heights, create safe havens in seismic zones and maximize energy efficiency. The session will showcase diverse projects from around the world to demonstrate innovation and inspire collaboration of materials destined to influence building professionals for decades to come.
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Learning Objectives
• At the end of this program, participants will be able to:
1. Recognize the benefits of wood materials through evaluation of all materials using Life Cycle Assessment methodology.
• 2. Challenge preconceptions and myths related to forestry and the use of wood materials use in terms of sustainability, moisture, durability, and fire, through historical and contemporary project examples.
• 3. Make use of provisions in the International Building Code that allow designers to increase the allowable heights and areas of building projects beyond the stated tabular limits.
• 4. Utilize innovative wood materials and hybrid wood, steel, and concrete building systems that are being developed around the world today through exposure to a variety of project case study examples.
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Life Cycle Assessment
Sustainability
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Why wood?
Why choose any material?
Sustainability
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Life Cycle Assessment – 1960s
http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/std/lca/pdfs/600r06060.pdf
Consider system boundaries
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Product Use
or
consumption
Raw
Materials
Acquisition
Materials
Manufacture
Product
Manufacture
Final
deposition;
incineration;
landfill; recycle
or reuse
Waste
out
Em
issio
ns o
ut E
nerg
y In
Em
issio
ns o
ut E
nerg
y In
Em
issio
ns o
ut E
nerg
y In
Em
issio
ns o
ut E
nerg
y In
Em
issio
ns o
ut E
nerg
y In
Waste
out
Waste
out
Waste
out
Waste
out
Reuse & Recycle
From cradle to grave… or cradle to cradle.
Life Cycle Assessment
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BEES 4.0 • Developed by NIST –
National Institute of Science & Technology U.S. Dept. of Commerce
Life Cycle Assessment Tools
*Products
http://www.bfrl.nist.gov/oae/software/bees/
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Referenced calculators:
Athena Impact Estimator Athena EcoCalulator
GaBi
SimaPro
Life Cycle Assessment Tools - Assemblies
LEED v2009 – Whole Building Life Cycle Assessment
LEED v4 – Building Life-Cycle Impact Reduction
Green Globes
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Requirements for LCA: ISO 14040
Requirements for EPDs: ISO 14025
Report LCA data…
GHG Emissions Water Pollution Acid Rain Resource Depletion Energy Use Solid Waste
The next wave of ‘eco-labeling’….
Environmental Facts
Environmental Product Declarations
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Environmental Product Declarations
Resources Acid rain
Water Climate chg Air
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Life Cycle Assessment – Steel
www.steel.org
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Life Cycle Assessment – Concrete
www.cement.org/basics/howmade.asps
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Life Cycle Assessment – Wood
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Material
Net Carbon Emissions
(kg C/metric ton)
Net Carbon Emissions Including Carbon Storage
Within Material (kg C/metric ton)
Framing lumber 50 -457
Medium density fiberboard (virgin fiber)
100 -382
Brick 80 80
Glass 150 150
Recycled steel (100% from scrap)
210 210
Concrete 240 240
Concrete block 264 264
Recycled aluminum (100% recycled content)
300 300
Steel (virgin) 660 660
Plastic 580 237
Aluminum (virgin) 4,260 4,260
Source: USEPA (2006). Values are based on life cycle assessment and include gathering and processing of raw materials, primary and secondary processing, and transportation. A carbon content of 49% is assumed for wood.
Net Carbon Emissions
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Carbon Absorbed and Sequestered
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Wood Products Store Carbon – 50%
New Genesis Apartments Los Angeles, CA
Killefer Flammang Architects Photos: naturallywood.com,
KC Kim, GB Construction
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Volume of wood used 3,088 m3
Carbon sequestered and stored (CO2e)
2,340 metric tons
Avoided greenhouse gases (CO2e)
4,970 metric tons
Total potential carbon benefit (CO2e)
7,310 metric tons
Library Square
Kamloops, BC JM Architecture
Carbon savings from the choice of wood in this one building are equivalent to:
1,390 passenger vehicles off road for a year
Enough energy to operate 62 homes for 100 years
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What is makes a forest sustainable?
Challenge preconceptions…Forests
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Is this sustainable forest management?
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Forestry Practices
Clear-cutting
Deforestation
Scientific practice to
accelerate forest
regeneration.
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1940
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1945 (+ 5 years )
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1950 1950 (+ 10 years )
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1955 1955 (+ 15 years )
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1961 1961 (+ 21 years )
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1971 1971 (+ 31 years )
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1974 1974 (+ 34 years )
Photos:
Dovetail Partners
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Natural Disruptions – Fire, Wind, Insects
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Mountain Pine Beetle Epidemic
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Glacier National Park 2011
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Richmond Oval – Vancouver Olympics
Architects: Cannon Design Engineer: Fast & Epp Builder: StructureCraft
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Deforestation
Cattle Ranching 65-70%
Agriculture 25-35%
Logging 2-3%
Causes - Brazilian Amazon 2000-2005
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Sustainable Forest Certification
Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom ,United States
FSC PEFC Forest Stewardship
Council Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification
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Sustainable Forest Certification
FSC PEFC Forest Stewardship
Council Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification
SFI CSA ATFS
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Inclusive vs. Exclusive
LEED
FSC only
LCA NOT considered
Wood NOT renewable
LEED Accredited professional
required for entire process
Expensive
GREEN GLOBES
FSC, CSA, SFI, ATFS
LCA
Wood is renewable
Web Based, accessible format
Inexpensive
ANSI Standard (2009)
Commercial Green Building
Rating Systems
GREEN GLOBES
FSC PEFC
ATF
CSA
SFI
LEED U.S.
FSC FSC
BREEAM
FSC PEFC
SFI
ATF
CSA
USGBC is the ONLY certifier in the WORLD that does NOT accept PEFC
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Note: Standards endorsed by PEFC include those in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and the United States (SFI and ATFS).
103 global ha certified to
FSC
210 global ha certified to
PEFC
PEFC North America (66%)
FSC North America (35%)
World-Wide Sustainable Forestry
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Certified Forests around the World
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Deforestation in the U.S.?
7% Hydro
3% Renewables
2009 Electric Sector Generation
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M
“Dryers help protect the environment. They save trees from being used…”
Think About the Messages…
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Biophilia
What is the difference between a ‘philia’ and a ‘phobia’?
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“The connections that human beings subconsciously seek with
the rest of life”
Biophilia = “love of living systems”
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Is there an emotional connection…
when people see and touch wood?
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Study: Wood and Health
Herrington Recovery Center Wisconsin Architect: TWP Architecture Photo: Curtis Waltz
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Wood in Schools
Rosa Parks Elementary School Washington
Architect: Mahlum Architects Photo: Benjamin Benschneider
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Challenge preconceptions …Moisture
Moisture
What building materials are immune to moisture damage or mold?
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What material is mold-proof?
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Dust/Dirt Moisture + = Mold
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Challenge preconceptions…Durability
Durability
Do structural materials impact durability & useful life?
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Fulton County Stadium, Atlanta, GA
1965-
Horyuji Temple, Ikaruga, Nara, Japan 607-711
12th Century, 1374, 1603
Materials = Long Life Span?
500+ years!
32 years!
1997
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Prentice Women’s Hospital - Chicago
Architect: Bertrand Goldberg 1975 Useful life: 37 years???
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Built - 1915
Many Glacier Hotel, Montana
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1915 - ?
Many Glacier Hotel Glacier National Park, MT Architect: McMahon,Thomas D.; Et al. Photos: Cheryl Ciecko
Five-Story Wood Structure
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Built 1906 500,000 s.f.
Butler Brothers Building – 9 Stories
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Butler Square today…
St. Louis, MO Architect: Harry W. Jones Renovated 1974
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Structural System = Long Useful Life?
• No Relationship!
Reasons for demolition
•Changing Land values
•Lack of suitability
•Lack of maintenance
http://www.cwc.ca/NR/rdonlyres/67D42613-BF5D-4573-BD43-C430B0B72C08/0/Service_Life_E.pdf
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Challenge preconceptions... Fire
Sustainability
Moisture
Durability
Fire
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Performance in Fire
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http://www.awc.org/pdf/tr10.pdf
CHAR !
Char protects the inner core.
Cold wood
Cold wood
Heated wood Char Layer
Timber Fire Design
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Fire Resistive Construction Resources
• AITC Technical Note 7
http://www.aitc-glulam.org
• AWC Technical Report 10 http://www.awc.org/pdf/tr10.pdf
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IBC Provisions influence wood use
How high can you build with wood?
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4 stories wood – Type V
4 stories of residential over podium (parking or retail)
• 60-80 units/acre
Inman Park Condos, Atlanta, GA Davis & Church
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• Sprinkler systems
• Fire walls
• Mezzanines
• Fire-resistive materials
• Concrete Podium
5+ Stories with wood – Type IIIA
Marselle Seattle, WA Architect: PB Architects Photo: Matt Todd
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Increased Opportunities
Marselle Seattle, WA Architect: PB Architects Photo: Matt Todd
Mezzanine + $250K Increased value +$1M
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New Materials = Taller Wood Buildings
Bridport House, UK Karakusevic Carson Architects
Stadthaus, UK Andrew Waugh Architects
Alternative Means Engineered Solution Heavy Timber.
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Cross Laminated Timber (CLT)
Photos: by FPInnovations
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How does CLT work?
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Nine Story Building in UK
Saved 23 weeks
Sustainable?
Stadthaus London
Andrew Waugh Architects
Carbon storage = 210 years of 10% reduction in CO2
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Forté
Melbourne Victoria Harbour at Docklands
Melbourne, Australia Architect and rendering: Lend Lease
10-Story CLT building
– 10 stories
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• ANSI/APA PRG 320 2012
• IBC 2015
CLT Codes and Standards
www.masstimber.com
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Innovation & Collaboration…
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Sentinal Structures
Credit Valley Hospital Prairie Island, MN
Credit Valley Hospital Convention Ctr, Vancouver
Using wood materials in new ways…
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Prairie Island, MN
Recreational Facilities
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Percy Norman Aquatic Centre Vancouver, BC Architect: Hughes Condon Marler LEED Gold
Solemar Saltwater Baths Bad Durreim, Germany
Aquatic Facilities
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Thunder Bay Regional Health Sciences Centre Thunder Bay, ON Architect: Salter Farrow Pilon Architect Inc. Photo: Peter Sellar
Healthcare
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Carlo Fidani Peel Regional Cancer Centre
Mississauga, ON Architect: Farrow Partnership
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Atlanta, GA Architect: Perkins & Will Photo: Jim Roof Creative Photography
Willson Hospice House
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Cultural Facilities
Blue Ridge Parkway Destination Center Asheville, NC Architect: Lord, Aeck & Sargent Architects Photos: Jonathan Hillyer LEED Gold
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Washington, DC Architect: Bing Thom Architects Structural engineer: Fast+Epp Fabricator: StructureCraft Builders Washington, D.C.
Arena Stage at the Mead Center
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Jackson Hole International Airport Jackson, WY
Architect: Gensler Photo: Cheryl Ciecko
Transportation
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Building Size: 115,578 s.f. Const. Cost: $30.6 million Photo: Cheryl Ciecko LEED Silver
Jackson Hole International Airport
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Fentress Architects Denver, CO
Raleigh Durham International Airport
Raleigh, NC Architect: Fentress Architects
Engineers: Stewart Engineering, Inc. ARUP Engineering
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Layton Petro Mart
Greenfield, WI Architect and photo: Arquitectura, Inc
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Unreinforced (0%) 1% GFRP 2% GFRP 3% GFRP
6.75" x 52-1/2" DF with 6.75" x 0.525" GFRP on tension face
6.75" x 45" DF with 6.75" x 0.9" GFRP on tension face
6.75" x 43-1/2" DF with 6.75" x 1.3" GFRP on tension face 6.75" x 66" DF
Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Glulam
AEWC
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• Tension reinforced glulam
• FRP reinforced shear walls
• Blast resistant technology
Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP)
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FRP use in Blast Resistant testing
Blast Testing Results
Before
After
AEWC
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•Moment connections for Heavy Timber
•Rapid erection
•Light weight
•Light carbon footprint
•Earthquake resistant
Post Tension Glulam
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Glulam with LVL Tension Lamination
LVL Tension Lam
•Full length- no finger joints
•Greater tensile strength = 3000 psi
•Glulam floor beams – EWS C415 & Y117
•Glulam design properties and layup combinations – EWS Y117
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University & School Facilities
Bethel University Arden Hills, MN
Roosevelt University California
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$40,000 savings for gym roof structure $2.7 million savings due to use of wood framing
El Dorado High School El Dorado, AR
Architect: CADM Architecture Photos: Dennis Ivy
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Inspirational Projects
Oakland, CA
Cathedral of Christ the Light Oakland, CA Architects: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill Architects & Engineers Kendall Heaton Architects
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Cathedral of Christ the Light
• 110 feet tall
• Designed for 1000 yr. earthquake event
• Building life of 300 years
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Belmont Abbey College Chapel
WGM Design, Inc. Lancaster County Timber Frame
Belmont, NC Architect: WGM Design, Inc.
Photos: Tim Buchman
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Industrial
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Panelized Roofs
Construction Savings:
• Batt insulation Savings
• Construction detail savings
• Construction Time savings
• Safer construction
Photo: Panelized Structures
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Panelized Roofs
Photos: Jerry Gregg, Hilbers Inc.
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What is Next?! .. Wood Skyscraper
20-Stories- CLT Building in Norway…
Sky is the limit!
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The Case for Tall Wood Buildings
Mass Timber – 30 stories
Architect: Michael Green
Engineer: Eric Karsh
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concrete jointed timber frame”
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill – Chicago Research
“Concrete jointed timber frame” Reduces carbon footprint by 60-75%
Prototype: 395 ft. tall/ 42 story
Images: SOM
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45450 kg
Sequesters 1 ton of GHGs
45450 kg -22% size Generated
2 tons of GHGs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YHbD_X456BA
Wood Cube vs. Concrete Cube
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• Cost
• Faster construction time
• Easy to work with
• Aesthetics
• Sustainability
• Carbon
• Renewable
The benefits of using wood…
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Renewable & provides
assurance of Environmental Responsibility regarding
production.
WOOD is the ONLY material:
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The Future???
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Contact Information
Cheryl A. Ciecko, AIA WoodWorks
Twitter: @Inspiredarcht
ReThink Wood Booth #1542 - Wood Pavilion
Thank you!