innovative technologies from brazil and the challenge for south-south co- operation jacques...
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Innovative Technologies from Brazil and the Challenge for South-South Co-
operation
Jacques Marcovitch
Universidade de São Paulo
Brazil
B A S I C
B A S I C
1. Technology and GHG Emissions Reduction Sugar and Alcohol
Sugarcane bagasse energy co-generation. Biofuels: ethanol production and distribution
Steel Industry Pig iron made from coal produced from certified
renewable forests Wood carbonization process in charcoal production to
mitigate methane emissions Co-generation of energy with recuperation of LDG
(Lindz-Donawitz Gas) gas Landfills
Biogas generation in landfill to flare and/or to produce electric energy
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2. The sugar and alcohol industry in Brazil (2004/2005)
Source: UNICA (2005), JORNALCANA (2005), FNP (2005) and SECEX (2005). B A S I C
Turn over: USD $18 billions
Wealth generation: 2.35% of Brazilian GDP
Employment generation: 3.6 million jobs (direct + indirect)
Production:
Area: 5.5 million hectares380 million tons of cane
26.6 million tons of sugar15.3 billion liters of alcohol
Exports:17 million tons of sugar2.8 billion liters of alcoholUSD $ 3.5 billions
Projected Expansion
Area : 805,000 hectares60 million tons of cane 3.6 million tons of sugar (+21%) 2.5 billion liters of alcohol (+27%)
USD$ 4.5 billions in five years (2005-2010).
3. Sugarcane bagasse for energy co-generation
Technology in use Conventional (cogeneration only during harvest)
USD $ 500 to 600 per installed kW Generation of 40 kW/ hour per ton of cane
Technology in development Condensation/extraction (co-generation the entire year)
US$ 600-800/kW installed 150 kWhour/t of cane
(BIG-GT – Biomass Integrated Gasifier/Gas Turbine) US$ 2500/kW installed 517kWhour/ton of cane
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3.1 . Co-generation of energy
Each ton of cane produces 140 kg of dry bagasse mass, 90% of which is used to produce energy at the mill.
Between 1980 and 2000, alcohol and sugar mills in Brazil evolved from a dependency on 40% - 50% purchased electrical energy to self-reliance.
Self-reliance, with a balance between bagasse availability and production energy needs and also an excess of up to 10kWh/t of cane.
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3.1. Co-generation of energy (cont)
Potential of 4.000 - 5.000 MW for 350 million tons (Mt) of cane per year. Itaipu – 18 turbines – individual capacity of 715 MW
Recent situation 184 self-reliant producers of the alcohol and sugar
sector In 2003, installed capacity of 1.582 MW, about 10% of
the Brazilian thermoelectric capacity In 2002, trade of an excess of 5.360 GWh (1,6% of the
consumption of electricity in Brazil)
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4. Ethanol as biofuel
Tecnology for Ethanol Production
Car Technology using Biofuels
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4.1 Ethanol Production
Technology has reached full maturity; Considerable progress made between 70’s and 90’s Productivity: 4,200 liters per hectare of cane (1980)
6,350 liters per hectare of cane (2003).
Efficiency in the conversion of saccharose to ethanol Extraction and treatment of the juice (grinding) Fermentation Distillation Consumption of energy and water.
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4.2. Car Technology using Biofuels
Chronology: 1975: Brazilian energy matrix diversification with
alcohol for transports 1988: Flex technology patented in Brazil 2003: Flex Fuel vehicle in Brazil
Alcohol + Flex-Fuel vehicle participation in total sales: 2003: 7.0% 2004: 26.0% 2005: 46.6% (through July)
4.3 Projected sales of ethanol and flex-fuel cars
Source: ANFAVEAElaboration: UNICA
Gasohol Alcohol Flex-fuel
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5. Green House Gases Emissions Reduction (CO2)
Short-term potential of renewable energy generation in Brazil
Source Power (MW) Energy (MWh/ year)Emissions Reduction
(tonCO2e/year)*
Cane bagasse 3,500 21,462,000 10,731,000
Rice waste 250 1,971,000 985,500
Wood splinter 850 6,701,400 3,350,700
Solar 50 65,700 32,850
Wind 350 1,226,400 613,200
Pulp and Paper 1,600 12,614,400 6,307,200
Small scale hydro 1,200 5,256,000 2,628,000
Total 7,800 49,296,900 24,648,450
Source: Cenbio/CEBDS*Baseline: Generation of electric energy using gas
(40% of efficiency).
5.1. Comparative Green House Gases emissions reduction (CO2)
Produced renewable energy/ consumed fossil energy relation (ratio kcal/ton of cane) 1,4 corn ethanol in US; 1,9 beet ethanol in Europe; 8,3 cane ethanol in Brazil.
Avoided emissions 2,6 - 2,7 t CO2 eq./m3 of anhydrous ethanol (added to
gasoline); 1,7 -1,9 t CO2eq./m3 of hydrated ethanol (pure use); Production of 14 million m3 per year, 50:50 anhydrous
and hydrated, reduction of 30,1 million tCO2e.
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6. Technology innovation and the South-South cooperation
Ethanol production technology: Main countries : India, Thailand etc….. Caribbean countries: reduction of taxes for access to
US market South-South technology co-operation
Sharing of information regarding the performance of ESTs in developing countries;
Joint R&D and demonstration programs; Promoting the development of human resources. Opening markets for ESTs from other developing
countries.
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7. Sugar Cane Agriculture in Brazil
Mid-South (80% area)
crop season:
april/ november
North-Northeast(20% area)
Crop season:sept/march
Global Ethanol Production 2004
