inoculation of cowpea and soybean in ghana
TRANSCRIPT
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Research achievements on
inoculation and partnership for the
dissemination of the technology in
Ghana: AGRA & Africa-Brazil
partnership
Mathias Fosu, R. M. Boddey, W. Atakora, G.R. Xavier, A.P. Guimaraes, B. Ahiabor
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Introduction: Soybean• Ghana produces 85,
000 mt of soybean annually
• Mean yield is 0.8 mt/ha
• Varieties are promiscuous
• Bred to nodulate with local rhizobia strains
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Cowpea
• Sub-Saharan Africa produces 5.3 million tonnes (over 70%) of world’s cowpea
• Ghana produces 150,000
mt annually
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• Grown mainly by smallholder farmers as food especially women
• Contains 25% protein and serves as protein source for rural poor and children
• Used for many home and street food in Africa-kose, Akara, red-red etc.
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Cowpea yield in some African countries
462
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Co
wp
ea
gr
ain
yie
ld (
kg
/ha)
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Reasons for low yield
•Low yielding varieties
•Low soil fertility (P & N deficiency)
•No fertilizer use production
• Absence of inoculants
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• Cowpea highly
promiscuous –i.e. non-specific• Large reservoir of indigenous and competitive population of rhizobia strains•Mixture of low & high efficacy strains
Inoculation–some challenges
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• Breeding programs had very limited focus on traits associated with efficient BNF• difficulties in developing markets for inoculants• expertise to produce inoculants• Low support for research on BNF
Challenges
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Inoculated un-inoculated
Time (Y)
Co
wp
ea y
ield
/no
du
le w
t.Conclusion from Ayanaba’s work on cowpea inoculation in Africa
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Recent work on
inoculation in Ghana
AGRA supported research on soybean inoculation 2010-2013
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Objectives
• Effect of inoculation on soybean yield
• Effect of inoculation on nodulation
• Effect of P & N on soybean yield
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Soybean +
no input
Soybean +
rhizobium
Soybean +
60
kgP2O5+30
kg K2O/ha
Soybean +
25 kg N+60
kgP2O5+30
kg K2O/ha
Soybean +
rhizobium
+60
kgP2O5+30
kg K2O/ha
Gra
in y
ield
kg
/ha
Treatment
95%142%
58% 81%
Lsd (5%)on-station
Lsd (5%)
on-farm:
7 dist.
Response of promiscuous soybean to inoculation in Ghana, 2010
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
On-station On-farm (7 districts)
Response of soybean to rhizobium inoculation and fertilization
Results 2011
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
No Fert Inoc PK NPK Inoc +PK
5WAP 8WAP
No
du
le n
um
ber
/pla
nt
Effect of inoculation and fertilization on nodulation
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0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
No Fert Inoc PK NPK Inoc +PK
5WAP 8WAP
No
du
le w
t/p
lan
t(m
g)
Effect of inoculation and fertilization on nodulation
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Effect of Rhizobium inoculation on
soybean nodulation
No inoculationInoculated
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August 16, 2011
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Project Objectives
• Tested 3 high-performance rhizobium strains from Brazil on local cowpea varieties
• Introduced rhizobium technology to farmers
• Trained one graduate level technician in inoculant production at EMBRAPA
• Built capacity of SARI laboratory to produce rhizobium inoculants
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Effect of inoculation on nodulation in
cowpea, Northern Ghana 2011
Treatment
DMS: 629
Num
ber n
odul
es p
lant
-1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
A A
B
BDMS: 4,3
Non Inoculated
40 Kg N ha-1
BR 3262
BR 3299
Number of nodules
A
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Treatment
Dry Biomass
Wei
gh
t (k
g h
a-1)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
A
B B
E
B
DMS: 561
Control
40 Kg N ha-1
Strain 3267
Strain 3299
Effect of inoculation and N application on total biomass on farm 2011
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Effect of inoculation on grain yield of cowpea, on-
farm in Northern Ghana in 2011
Treatment
DMS: 2578
Grain yield
We
igh
t (
kg
ha-1
)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
A
B
DC
DMS: 170
Non Inoculated
40 Kg N ha-1
Strain 3267
Strain 3299
Source: Africa Brazil Innovative Marketplace, 2011
C
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Effect of inoculation onTotal dry matter at final harvest
Site
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Dry
matt
er
yie
ld (
kg
ha
-1)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
Non-inoculated
40 kg N ha-1
Strain BR 3267
Strain BR 3299
2012
Source: Africa Brazil Innovative Marketplace, 2012
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Grain yield
Site
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Gra
in y
ield
(kg
ha
-1)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000Non-inoculated
40 kg N ha-1
Strain BR 3267
Strain BR 3299
On-Farm: Effect of inoculation on grain yield of cowpea in Northern Ghana, 2012
Source: Africa Brazil Innovative Marketplace report, 2012
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Treatment
DMS: 629
Grain Yield
Gra
in Y
ield
(k
g h
a-1
)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500Non Inoculated
40 Kg N ha-1
80 Kg N ha-1
Strain BR 3262
Strain BR 3267
Strain BR 3299
Mixture 3267/3299
A
A A
A
B
B
B
On-station-1: Effect of inoculation on cowpea grain
yield, N. Ghana 2012
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Nodule
weight
Shoot
Biomass
Shoot
Biomass
Grain Yield
--mg Plant-1 -----gPlant-1 --------kgha-1-------
Non
Inoculated 170 C 7.8 C 2255 CD 1368 CD
40 Kg N ha-1 156 C 19.2 A 1923 D 978 D
80 Kg N ha-1 90 C 16.6 B 1896 D 942 D
Strain 3262 530 A 6.8 C 3333 BC 1649 BC
Strain 3267 318 B 6.4 C 4788 AB 1829 ABC
Strain 3299 298 B 7.0 C 4083 ABC 2153 A
Mix 67/99 399 B 6.8 C 5852 A 1909 AB
CV % 35 19 25 23
Field station, second planting, 2012. Nodule weight and shoot biomass at 35 day after planting (DAP) and yield parameters at final harvest
Values are means of five replicates. Means within the same column followed by the same letter are not different at p< 0.05
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Field days and Farmer Field Schools
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Trainingin inoculantProduction
May 2013
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Next steps•Increase inoculantproduction for widespread testing•At least 2,000 farmers in 2013• Train 2 addition technicians at EMBRAPA
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Research
Education
Market
Private sector
production
Out/Up-scaling
Inoculanttechnology
Quality control
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Isolate introduced strains
and use for inoculant
production-adaptation &
resilience
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Local strains
•Need for identification of efficient local strains for use in the program
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Quality Control-
EMBRAPA and SARI
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MerciSamuel