INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION FOCUS GROUP ON FUTURE NETWORKS

TELECOMMUNICATIONSTANDARDIZATION SECTORSTUDY PERIOD 2009-2012

FG-FN OD - 55Original: English

6th FG-FN meeting: Geneva, 6-9 September 2010

OUTPUT DOCUMENT 55

Source: Editors

Title:

For:

Draft Deliverable on “Future Networks : Design Goals and Promising Technologies”

Output Document

This is a revised text of draft deliverable on “Future Networks: Design Goals and Promising Technologies” based on contributions and discussions of 6th FG-FN meeting in Geneva, 6-9 September 2010.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of

the source/author of this document.

Contact: Daisuke MatsubaraHitachi, Ltd.Japan

Tel: +81-42-323-1111Fax:Email: daisuke.matsubara[at]hitachi.com

Contact: Myung-Ki ShinETRIRepublic of Korea

Tel: +82-42-860-4847Fax: +82-42-861-5404Email: mkshin[at]etri.re.kr

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Future Networks : Design Goals and Promising TechnologiesSummary

This document describes the objectives, design goals, promising technologies, and target date of Future Networks.

Table of Contents

1. Scope

2. References

3. Definitions

4. Abbreviations and Acronyms

5. Convention

65. Introduction

76. Objectives

87. Design Goals 8.1. Energy Saving 8.2. Service Diversity8.3. Programmability for Service Awareness8.4. Data-Oriented Design8.5. Accessibility/Reduction of Digital Gap8.6. Economic Incentives8.7. Network Management8.8. Mobility8.9. Identification8.10. Reliability and Security

98. Promising Technologies98.1. Network Virtualization98.2. In-system Network Management98.3. Energy Saving of Networks98.4. Identification98.5. Mobility-enhanced Distributed NetworkingMobility98.6. Self-optimization Networking98.7. Data-centricoriented Networking 98.87. Programmable Network supporting Economic Incentives

109. Target Date

Bibliography

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Future Networks: Design Goals and Promising Technologies

1. Scope

This document describes

background information including social aspects to do research and standardization of Future Networks as ‘introduction’,

fundamental issues that are not paid enough attention in designing today’s networks and should be the objective of FNs as ‘objectives’,

capabilities that should be supported by future networks as ‘design goals’,

ideas and research topics of future networks that are important and may be relevant to future ITU-T standardization as ‘promising technologies’, and

target date of Future Networks.

2. References

Add normative references …

[Terminology]

[Network virtualization]

[Energy saving]

[ID]

[NGN]

3. Definition

Component network: A component network consists of a single homogeneous network, which by itself does not provide a single seamless end-to-end global telecommunication infrastructure.

Federation: Federation is a technology that enables a heterogeneous collection of component networks to be operated as a single seamless network that shares network resources with other networks, while the networks are geographically dispersed and managed by different providers. Note: A federation of networks is sometimes known as a “network of networks”.

Future Network (FN): A future network is a network which is able to provide revolutionary services, capabilities, and facilities that are hard to provide using existing network technologies.

A future network is either:

a) a new component network or an enhancement to an existing one;

or

b) a federation of new component networks or federation of new and existing component networks.

Notes:

1 A network of type b) may also include networks of type a).

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2 The label assigned to the final federation may or may not include the word “future” depending on its nature relative to any preceding network and similarities thereto.

Future Networks (FNs): Future Networks is a plurality of Future Network. It is usually used to express that there may be more than one network that fits in the definition of “Future Network”,

New: In the context of this document the word “new” component network means that the component network is able to provide revolutionary services, capabilities, and facilities that are difficult or impossible to provide using existing network technologies.

EdNote: Definition for term ‘data’ may be added.

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44. Abbreviations and AcronymsFG-FN Focus Group on Future Networks

FN Future Network

QoS Quality of Service

NGN Next Generation Network

EdNote: The list will be completed in the final draft.

5. Conventions

This document does not provide specific requirements. To avoid mandatory/optional aspect, ‘should’ is used to allow flexibilities.

6 5. Introduction

The requirements for the networks in total are always changing. There are requirements that do not change while new requirements arise, and the balance between them changes, which evolves the networks and their architecture.

As for the requirements for the networks of the future, traditional requirements such as reliability or “promote fair competition” [1], a requirement that reflect the value of our society, will remain as important as that of today.

At the same time, new requirements are emerging. Various research projects proposed requirements considering the society of the future [2][3], and though there are no consensus yet, it is obvious that sustainability or environmental issues will become a consideration of vital importance for the long-term future. Also new application areas such as machine-to-machine communications, smart grid, and cloud computing are emerging, and there are new implementation technologies such as new silicon process or optical fibre that will enable development of new network architectures. All these new factors will bring new requirements to networks.

The basic architecture of large-scale public networks such as telecommunication networks is difficult to change because they require enormous amount of resources to build, operate and maintain. Their architecture is therefore carefully designed to be flexible enough to satisfy ever-changing requirements. For instance, TCP/IP absorbs and hides the difference among transport layer, and with its simple addressing and other features it has succeeded to adapt to the enormous changes in scalability as well as QoS, security, etc.

However, it is not known if the current networks can continue to fulfil the changing requirements in the future. And the growing market of new application areas may have the potential to finance the enormous investment required to change the networks if the new architecture pays enough attention on backward compatibility and migration cost. Also research communities have long been working on various architectures and supporting technologies such as network virtualization, energy savings of networks, data-centric network, etc.

It is therefore reasonable to expect that some requirements can be realized by new network architecture and supporting technologies of ongoing research activities, and that they could be the foundation of networks of the future whose prototyping and phased deployment may fall roughly between 2015 and 2020. We call networks based on such new architecture Future Networks (FNs).

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Standardization of architecture of a network takes at least a few years, and more time is necessary for supporting standards, so it seems appropriate to start pre-standardization discussion of FN.

We ITU-T Focus Group on Future Networks (FG-FN) have conducted a survey of FNs related research activities, collected contributions and made discussions. As our survey results and initial rough consensus, in this document we will describe high-level FNs objectives that may differentiate FNs from existing networks, candidate design goals that FNs should satisfy, promising technologies that are potential technologies to achieve design goals, and target date of FNs.

Internet Protocol (IP) technology, and networks based on IP technology has shown enormous flexibility to meet users’ ever-changing requirements. It was first designed for text-based computer networks, and first applications of the Internet were delay-tolerant ones such as FTP or email for small group of researchers. Since then it has managed to adapt to the drastic requirements change on security, mobility, QoS, etc, and now realizes real-time applications such as VoIP and IPTV for general public on commercial basis.

Today, new requirements are emerging again, while traditional requirements still apply, and the balance between them is changing. From social point of view, telecommunication networks are one of the basic infrastructures of today, and must contribute to realize our value. Objectives such as “promote fair competition” [1] will be needed to be satisfied by networks of the future. At the same time we must tackle new social requirements such as environment. Networks must contribute to solve global environmental issues such as climate change and energy conservation, and at the same time, networks themselves must be environment friendly. From technical point of view, new application areas such as machine-to-machine communications, smart grid, and cloud computing are coming. These new application areas, as well as new implementation technologies such as new silicon process or optical fibre, brings new requirements to networks, or change the balance of existing requirements.

The basic architecture of huge telecommunication networks, in particular its network layer technology, is very difficult to change. Huge telecommunication network requires huge amount of human resources, time and money to build, operate and maintain. Enough attention to backward compatibility is necessary. Network layer technology is the key for global interconnectivity, and the difficulty to change it is outstanding because its change affects anything connected to networks..

However, considering the huge demand and market of machine-to-machine communications and others, they may have the potential to finance the enormous investment required to change huge telecommunication networks. And research communities have long been working for the day when IP and IP-based networks becomes insufficient by investigating various technologies such as network virtualization, energy saving networks, data-centric network, etc. Considering that some technologies are carefully designed to minimize the migration cost from traditional IP networks, and considering that the wide variety of new requirements or new balance of requirements, it seems reasonable to expect that some requirements can be realized by new network architecture based on the ongoing research activities for the day, and to expect that such new architecture could be the foundation of networks of the future, which the prototyping and phased deployment of may fall roughly between 2015 and 2020. We call networks based on such new architecture Future Networks.

76. ObjectivesAs described in the introduction, new requirements are emerging thanks to the new social environment, new application areas, etc. Considering these backgrounds, we selected the following four objectives as the ones that areis not considered or not satisfactory satisfied in current networks.

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These objectives can be the candidate characteristics that clearly differentiate FNs and motivate the development and investigation for FNs. Fig 1 illustrates the four objectives.

EdNote: Figure illustrating these four objectives will be reviewed for the next meeting 1 ..

Future networks should be designed with the following four high-level objectives:

EdNote: Proper naming for each objectives is needed.

(Environment awareness

) Future Networks should be environment friendly. The architecture design, the resulting implementation and operation of Future Networks should minimize its environmental footprint, e.g., to minimize the usage of materials, energy consumption and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. Future Networks should be designed and implemented so that it can easily be used to reduce other sector’s environmental footprint, e.g., by making it machine-to-machine ready.

(Service awareness

)Future Networks should provide services that are customized for users with the appropriate functionalities to meet the needs of applications under consideration. Service explosion, i.e., creation and distribution of enormous amount and wide range of services, will occur, and Future Networks should accommodate these services by enabling creation of multiple networks that has optimal or customized functions to realize these services efficiently.

(Data awareness)

Future Networks should have architecture that is optimized to handling enormous amount of data. Main objective of the current networks are to establish connection between terminals, and so the architectures were designed as location base network. The essential demand of the users of the network, however, is to retrieve desired information or data from the network. Therefore, Future Networks should be designed so that the user can easily retrieve data regardless of its location.

(Social-economic awareness)

Future Networks should have social-economic incentives to reduce barriers to entry for the various participants of telecommunication sector. Also, each participant should be able to receive proper return according to their contribution.

(Energy awareness) Future Networks should be environmental friendly. Architecture and implementation design for Future Networks must be considered with decreasing of its energy consumption.

(Service awareness) Future Networks should be dynamically composed of networks of services. Multiple networks of which architecture is optimal to realize one of wide range of network services should be established over single physical network or concatenation of multiple physical networks.

(Contents awareness) Future Networks should be content-centric. Future Networks should change its function or behavior depending on contents that stream through the network.

(Social-economic awareness) Future Networks should have social-economic incentives to reduce barriers to entry for the various participants of telecommunication sector. Also, each participant should be able to receive proper return according to their contribution.

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87. Design Goals

FN should support capabilities described below to realize the objectives mentioned in Chapter 6. A single FN may support all of the capabilities, or it may support some of the capabilities. It should be noted that some of the capabilities are extremely difficult to support in a single network. Whether these capabilities are mandatory or optional is for further study.

8.1X. Energy Saving

FN should have device, system, and network level technologies low-power devices, energypower-controllable systems, and network-wide traffic manipulation power-aware routing mechanisms in order to improve power efficiency and. FN should have packet-handling processing (e.g., filtering, caching, etc.) systems (e.g., filtering, cache, etc.), and network-wide packet-handlingflow processing (e.g., CDN, job schedulingredirect, etc.) mechanisms in order to reduce uselessunnecessary traffic. These Ttechnologyies on each level does notdo not stand alone, but cooperates each other as a total solution for energypower saving of networks.

The design goals should be generalized, e.g, not the use of ‘low-power device’, but ‘minimize power consumption’ or something. Then details may come next.

Explanation: FN should provide a solution for environmental issues. Among environmental issues, here we should focus on energypower saving of networks themselves on threevarious technology levels described above, that is, ’of future networks’, because our primary interest resides in network-related technologies. .

In the future, the maximum bandwidth of user used will be increased with the appearance of various new services and applications. In the future, network has the possibility that cannot offer services because the transmission capacity of networks exceeds the physical limit which includes capacity of optical fibre, operation frequency of electrical devices and power consumption especially.

From the view of power reduction of devices, we can use the process integration of electrical devices, but this approach has some problem such as high standby power and physical limit of operation frequency. Therefore not only devices level approach, such as power reduction of electrical and optical devices, but also system level and network (architecture) level approaches are indispensable.

Networking nodes such as switches and routers should be designed considering smart sleep mechanism like existing mobile phones. This is an example of system level approaches. As for network (architecture) level approaches, energy effective traffic control should be considered. Routing method which reduces peak amount of traffic, caching and filtering which prevent uselessunnecessary data transmission are typical examples of them.

These devices level, system level and network level energy saving considering both improving power efficiency and reducing uselessunnecessary traffic are the key of energy saving of future networks.

87.2. Service DiversityFuture NetworkFN should accommodate a wide variety of traffic and support diversified network services and applications. Future NetworkFN should support a huge number and wide variety of terminal devices.FN should accommodate a wide variety of traffic and support diversified network services and applications that require various QoS (service qualities) specifications. Future Networks should support a huge number and wide variety of terminal devices.

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Explanation: In the future, network services and applications will become diversified with the appearance of various new services and applications that have quite different characteristics such as bandwidth, latency, and security level. Future network services will include those ranging from mission-critical ones to less important data transmission ones. Therefore, future networks should support various services that require a wide variety of QoS specifications, including security, reliability, and availability levels.In addition, FN will need to support a huge number and a wide variety of terminal devices and have flexible mobility to achieve an all-encompassing communication environment. Especially in the field of ubiquitous sensor networks, there will be a huge number of networked devices such as sensors and IC tag readers that communicate using very small bandwidth.Figure XX shows the required diversity of characteristics of communication services in Future Networks. These networks will need to accommodate a wide variety of traffic and support widely diversified network services and applications.

Narrow

Number of networked terminals

Communication Bandwidth

WideSmall

HugeRFID TagsSensorsActuatorsetc.Digitization of various events in the real world.

Interactive Video Communication,Circulation of CGM, Cloud-Computing etc.

Huge Data Center, High quality communication with realistic sensation, CDN etc.

Current network services(VoI P, Web, P2P etc.)

Service Diversity

In the future, network services and applications will become diversified with the appearance of various new services and applications that have quite different characteristics such as bandwidth, latency, and security level. Future network services will include those ranging from mission-critical ones to less important data transmission ones. Therefore, future networks should support various services that require a wide variety of QoS, security, reliability, and availability levels.In addition, Future NetworkFN will need to support a huge number and a wide variety of terminal devices and have flexible mobility to achieve an all-encompassing communication environment. Especially in the field of ubiquitous sensor networks, there will be a huge number of networked devices such as sensors and IC tag readers that communicate using very small bandwidth. On the other hand, there will be some high-end application such as high quality video conference application with high realistic sensation. These terminal systems may be not so many, however huge bandwidth will be required for the communication. Major network services and applications of current Internet will obviously grow in the future.

8.3X. Programmability for Service Awareness

EdNote: “Design goals” are capabilities that should be supported by Future Networks.

EdNote: Some of these design goal overlaps with C-77 design goals. Contribution is invited.

EdNote: This design goal is related to (service awareness) objective.

EdNote: This design goal is related to “Self-optimizing Network” and “Mobility”.

FN should support wide range of bandwidth from narrow to ultra-wide ones and wide range of latency to adapt to application/service characteristics. FN should also support huge number and wide variety of terminal devices and flexible mobility to achieve ubiquitous/pervasive communication environment.

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FN should have capability to support and sustain new technologies derived from future user demands. For this, FN should have programmable network architecture that enables implementation of any various types of network service.

Explanation: FN should be able to accommodate both in-serviceestablished and experimental technologies and should enable migration between different types of network services. These technologies should be laid on the single Future network infrastructure without any affectinterferences between each other. Future network is expected to have environment to operate various network services. For example, video trans-coding and/or aggregation of sensor data in network processing could be possible. Moreover, nNew protocol implementation for new type of service may also be required.

7.X. Service Diversity

Future Networks should accommodate a wide variety of traffic and support diversified network services and applications that require various QoS specifications. Future Networks should support a huge number and wide variety of terminal devices.

Explanation: In the future, network services and applications will become diversified with the appearance of various new services and applications that have quite different characteristics such as bandwidth, latency, and security level. Future network services will include those ranging from mission-critical ones to less important data transmission ones. Therefore, future networks should support various services that require a wide variety of QoS specifications, including security, reliability, and availability levels.In addition, Future Networks will need to support a huge number and a wide variety of terminal devices and have flexible mobility to achieve an all-encompassing communication environment. Especially in the field of ubiquitous sensor networks, there will be a huge number of networked devices such as sensors and IC tag readers that communicate using very small bandwidth.Figure XX shows the required diversity of characteristics of communication services in Future Networks. These networks will need to accommodate a wide variety of traffic and support widely diversified network services and applications.

Narrow

Number of networked terminals

Communication Bandwidth

WideSmall

HugeRFID TagsSensorsActuatorsetc.Digitization of various events in the real world.

Interactive Video Communication,Circulation of CGM, Cloud-Computing etc.

Huge Data Center, High quality communication with realistic sensation, CDN etc.

Current network services(VoI P, Web, P2P etc.)

Service Diversity

EdNote: We need motivation for this design goal.EdNote: This design goal is related to (service awareness) objective.

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EdNote: This design goal is related to “Network Virtualization”.FN should have capability to support and sustain new technologies derived from future user demands. For this, FN should have programmable network architecture that enables implementation of any type of network service. FN should be able to accommodate both in-service and experimental technologies and should enable migration between different types of network services.8.4X. Data- Oriented DesignEdNote: Candidates for the title are: information, media, data, content, knowledge.

EdNote: This design goal is related to (content awareness) objective.EdNote: This design goal is not related to any promising technology.FN should enable users to distribute new contents, data, or service. Furthermore, FN should also allow users to easily find and access the contents, data, or services, and the user should be able to rely on the security and authenticity of the content, data, or service.FN should enable users to access desired data easily, quickly, and accurately. Future NetworkFN should handle enormous amounts of data or contents effectively efficiently and safely. Future Networks should enable users to access desired data easily and quickly.FNExplanation: The main purpose of legacy telephone networks was to connect two or more subscribers to enable them to communicate. The Internet as well as TCP/IP based packet networks, were designed for transmitting data between specified locations such as those of clients and servers. Currently, various network applications are provided as Web services. Most Internet users search for desired digital contents or services by using certain keywords at the beginning of the search. Then they access the data or contents by making use of appropriate Web services. In general, it can be said that networks will be used mainly as a tool for accessing certain data or contents. In the future, network users should be able to access desired data easily without tremendous and difficult procedure. FN should provide quick data search and transmission. In addition, accuracy and correctness of the data itself is also important.The future will see explosive growth in the amount of digital content accessed, e.g., CGM (Consumer Generated Media). Some quasi-real-time messaging applications provided by SNS (Social Networking Services) Novel communication services such as ‘Twitter’will create huge volumes of blog articles instantaneously. In addition, ubiquitous sensor networks will continuously generate huge amounts of digital data second-by-second. When we get some data through the current Internet, we need to find address and port number of the host which can provide the target data. More simple and efficient networking technology dedicated for data handling will be expected in the future. Some of this data and content related to privacy or digital assets will require high-performance security mechanisms. In order to handle these data safely, security issues will be essential in FN.(?)

8.5X. Accessibility/Reduction of Digital Gap (EdNote: Proper title is needed. (Reduction of Digital Gap?)

FN should facilitate and accelerate the provision of convergent facilities in various areas such as town or countryside, developed or developing countries.

FN should be designed to reduce its life-cycle costs of telecommunication service providers, in particular its deployment and management costs.

FN should have low-power devices, energypower-controllable systems, and network-wide traffic manipulation power-aware routing mechanisms in order to improve power efficiency. FN should

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have packet-handling processing (e.g., filtering, caching, etc.) systems (e.g., filtering, cache, etc.), and network-wide packet-handlingflow processing (e.g., CDN, job schedulingredirect, etc.) mechanisms in order to reduce useless traffic. These Ttechnologyies on each level does notdon't stand alone, but cooperates each other as a total solution for energypower saving of networks.

The design goals should be generalized, e.g, not the use of ‘low-power device’, but ‘minimize power consumption’ or something. Then details may come next.

Explanation: Future networks should provide a solution for environmental issues. Among environmental issues, here we should focus on energypower saving of networks themselves on threevarious technology levels described above, that is, ’of future networks’, because our primary interest resides in network-related technologies.

In the future, the maximum bandwidth of user used will be increased with the appearance of various new services and applications. In the future, network has the possibility that cannot offer services because the transmission capacity of networks exceeds the physical limit which includes capacity of optical fibre, operation frequency of electrical devices and power consumption especially.

From the view of power reduction of devices, we can use the process integration of electrical devices, but this approach has some problem such as high standby power and physical limit of operation frequency. Therefore not only devices level approach, such as power reduction of electrical and optical devices, but also system level and network (architecture) level approaches are indispensable.

Networking nodes such as switches and routers should be designed considering smart sleep mechanism like existing mobile phones. This is an example of system level approaches. As for network (architecture) level approaches, energy effective traffic control should be considered. Routing method which reduces peak amount of traffic, caching and filtering which prevent useless data transmission are typical examples of them.

These devices level, system level and network level energy saving considering both improving power efficiency and reducing useless traffic are the key of energy saving of future networks.

Design goal and explanation should be aligned, e.g., there is no explanation on packet processing ‘systems’ and flow processing ‘mechanisms’, ‘power control of systems’ and ‘system level approaches’, or ‘low-power device’ and ‘power reduction of devices’.

EdNote: This design goal is related to (content awareness) objective.EdNote: This design goal is not related to any promising technology.FN should enable users to distribute new contents, data, or service. Furthermore, FN should also allow users to easily find and access the contents, data, or services, and the user should be able to rely on the security and authenticity of the content, data, or service.

EdNote: We need motivation for this design goal.EdNote: This design goal is related to (service awareness) objective.EdNote: This design goal is not related to any promising technology.FN should provide the network services with high reliability, and should be equipped with advanced security mechanisms against distributed attacks, tapping, impersonation, etc. FN should be able to manage digital assets such as digital content copyrights.

EdNote: This part is extracted from SIST contribution (C-73), Brazil and contribution (C-81). EdNote: This design goal is related to (social-economic awareness) objective.EdNote: This design goal is related to “Incentive”.

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The existing network environments still impose high barriers to entry, both for manufacturers to develop equipment, and for operators to offer services, so that the telecommunications sector also has characteristics of what is called in economics as natural monopoly.

FN should support simple design in terms of provisioning, operation and management. Multi-owner, multi-layer and multi-technology principles should be substantially implemented.

Explanation: EdNote: Editors will check original contributor’s intention during the editing session. The detail explanation will be provided by original contributors.

FN should facilitate and accelerate the provision of convergent facilities in various areas such as (town or countryside), developed or developing countries. FN should be designed to reduce its life-cycle costs of telecommunication providers, in particular its deployment and management costs. FN should support simple design in terms of provisioning, operation and management. FN should be designed for easier development and manufacturing of infrastructure. support siand management. Multi-owner, multi-layer and mullogy prins shoantially implemented.

EdNote: The detail explanation will be provided by original contributors.

8.6X. Economic Incentives

FN should provide mechanisms to exchange incentives between various participants, e.g., users, telecommunication providers, governments, IPR holders.

The detail explanation will be provided by original contributors.

Explanation: Participants of FN could be grouped in terms of industrial fields and/or nations. Firstly, in terms of industrial fields, participants could include users, commercial ISPs, private sectors network providers, governments, intellectual property rights holders, and providers of content and/or higher level services.[1] Secondly, in terms of nations, participants could include the telecommunications sector in not only developed but also developing countries so that operation, provisioning and management capabilities of FN would be simple enough to be supported by all participants. This also means that FN should be deployable as well as operable even in a less economic attractive area. Barriers to entry for participants would be almost nonexistent in FN.

EdNote: The detail explanation will be provided by original contributors.

8.7X. Network Management

FN should be able to operate the complicated networks efficiently and economically for reducing the OpEx (Operation Expense) by designing the common interface of operation and management system. FN should be able to monitor and acquire accurate and real-time information of the network and service with complete, consistent, unambiguous, correlated, and filtered management data. FN should also support statistical intelligent learning mechanisms to process massive management data

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and information. FN should support network and service management automation such as self-stabilization and self-management functions.

Explanation: FN will be large-scaled and complicated for supporting various services with different characteristics. Therefore network infrastructure and network service management in the future will become more complicated and hard task. In previous network systems, operation, management and maintaining system has been designed and constructed in a manner specific to each other because of economical problems. Proliferation of management functionality increases complexity and operational cost. For this reason, integrated and unified in-built functionality will be needed. So FN should support false-positive and negative free fault detection, diagnosis, and isolation of network and service resources from the view point of self-stabilization. FN should support effective utilization of networked ICT resources by controlling the resources according to changes in demand from the view point of self-management. Furthermore, the dependency of the network operation and management to the skill of network manager, so how to make easy network management tasks and inherit to worker’s knowledge is large problem. However, in the process of network management and operation, there will remain the tasks which require human’s skill such as high-level decision based on accumulated know-how. For these tasks, it is important that even novice operator can manage large scale network easily without special skills. In addition, at the same time, effective inheritance of knowledge and know-how should be well considered.

8.8X. Mobility

FN should provide mobility architectures that facilitate dynamic control and management, and high levels of reliability, availability and quality for the dynamic nature of Future Networks environments, where a huge number of terminals can be dynamically moved across the heterogeneous networks.

Explanation: Mobile Networks are continuously evolving by incorporating new technologies. Thus, Future Mobile Networks are expected that it will consist of combination of heterogeneous networks which range from macro to micro, pico and even femtocell and diverse types of terminals with multiple interfaces, since a single access network cannot provide ubiquitous coverage and continuous high QoS level communications [4]. From the this prospective, seamless mobility over heterogeneous mobile networks and spectrum efficiency which equates to the maximum number of terminals per access network that can be provided while maintaining an acceptable QoS are considered as the requirements of Future Mobile Networks.

Therefore, considering mobility in the Future Networks, highly scalable architecture for distributed access nodes, a creating mechanism of operator manageable distributed network, and route optimization for application data and signalling data should be supported regardless of wireless system.

87.9. Identification

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Future Nnetworks should provide a new identity structure, which specifies how to identify/locate/ access communication objects, and communicating objects.is the most fundamental element for the revolutionary design of future network. We also need to note that most problems of current Internet come from Internet identity itself, i.e. IP address because it was designed under the very limited assumptions. Accordingly the design of new identities and relevant procedure should be the first step for the development of future networks.

Explanation: Internet was originally designed under limited assumptions, e.g. fixed-oriented, single interface, and IP address has been used as almost a single identity (or identifier) of Internet over most layers. Future networks are expected to have quite different features from the original assumptions of Internet. First of all, it will be mobile-oriented environment according to current ubiquitous trend. Also multi-homing will be a very common requirement. In addition, note that content-centric network is currently considered as promising candidate architecture for future Internet, in which communication is a matter of contents, not of nodes. The envisioned future network environments are a background why we should consider future Internet in revolutionary manner rather than evolutional one.

EdNote: Modifications for this section will be provided by the original contributor in next meeting.

8.10X. Reliability and Security

FN should support services that require extremely high reliability and accurate time and location information. FN should also be equipped with advanced security mechanisms that are effective against distributed attacks, tapping, impersonation, etc. FN should be able to manage digital assets such as digital content copyrights.

Explanation: FN should support any kind of mission critical services such as intelligent traffic (road-, air-, marine- and space traffic), smart-grid, e-health, e-security, etc. In these services, devices will communicate to ensure the safety of humans and to enable the automation of human activities (driving, flying, office-home control, medical inspection and supervision, etc.). This is extremely important in disaster situations (earthquake, military or other confrontations, natural disasters, mass traffic collisions, etc.) where a huge number of devices or humans are affected or by remote operation.

Emergency situation also requests time and location information with associated accuracy information (for time and location coordinates). This will dramatically improve the service in a disaster/emergency environment.

The privacy of human and machines/objects/devices (we still do not have a consistent policy for all of these) should be ensured with a multilayer identification scheme. For these reasons, FN should have information about network-device identification, location and time, including accuracy (“location stamp”) available for safety applications.

EdNote: The explanation regarding security needs to be added.EdNote: This part is extracted from SIST contribution (C-73).

EdNote: This design goal is related to (service awareness) objective.

EdNote: This design goal is not related to any promising technology.

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FN’s aim is to support any kind of “vertical” application as intelligent traffic (road-, air-, marine- and space traffic), smart-grid, e-health, e-security, etc. Devices will communicate to ensure the safety of humans and to assume the automation of many daily activities (driving, flying, office-home control, medical inspection and supervision, etc.) where people may be affected. This is extremely important in disaster situations (earthquake, military or other confrontations, natural disasters, mass traffic collisions, etc.) where a lot of devices or humans are affected or by remote operation. There will always need to be a balance between full-real-time and near-real-time network transparency. Bad or no-real-time network support (transparency, resiliency) will request, in the future, a large number of very complex, autonomous local controllers (and higher costs). Also, a cloud network approach will not be as effective as expected.

FN should fully support real-time services with defined QoS to support live and mission-critical applications.

EdNote: This part is extracted from SIST contribution (C-73).

EdNote: This design goal is related to (service/content awareness) objective.

EdNote: This design goal is not related to any promising technology.

Emergency situation request device/object known time and location information with associated accuracy information (for time and location coordinates). This is mandatory for a 911-type of service, but will dramatically improve the service in a disaster/emergency environment. The privacy of human and machines/objects/devices (we still do not have a consistent policy for all of these) should be ensured with a multilayer identification scheme.

FN should have information about network-device identification, location and time, including accuracy (“location stamp”) available for safety applications.

EdNote: This part is extracted from NTT contribution (C-70).EdNote: This design goal is related to (service awareness) objective.EdNote: This design goal is related to “In-system Management”.

FN will be large-scaled and complicated for supporting various services with different characteristics. Therefore network infrastructure and network service management in the future will become more complicated and hard task. In previous network systems, operation, management and maintaining system has been designed and constructed in a manner specific to each other because of economical problems. In the future, there is the possibility not to manage the networks due to increase of different management systems caused by increase of services, so new operation and management technologies are needed. Furthermore, the dependency of the network operation and management to the skill of network manager, so how to make easy network management tasks and inherit to worker’s knowledge is large problem.FN should be able to operate the complicated networks efficiently and economically for reducing

the OpEx (Operation Expense) by designing the common interface of operation and management system. FN should be able to monitor and acquire accurate and real-time information of the network and

service with complete, consistent, unambiguous, correlated, and filtered management data. FN should also support statistical intelligent learning mechanisms to process massive management data and information.FN should support network and service management automation such as self-stabilization and self-

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management functions. For self-stabilization, FN should support false-positive and negative free fault detection, diagnosis, and isolation of network and service resources. For self-management, FN should support effective utilization of networked ICT resources by controlling the resources according to changes in demand. However, in the process of network management and operation, there will remain the tasks which require human’s skill such as high-level decision based on accumulated know-how. For these tasks, it is important that even novice operator can manage large-scale network easily without special skills. In addition, at the same time, effective inheritance of knowledge and know-how should be well considered.

EdNote: This part is extracted from NTT contribution (C-71).EdNote: This design goal is related to (service) objective.EdNote: This design goal is related to “Self-optimization Network”.

In the future, the maximum bandwidth of user used will be increased with the appearance of various new services and applications which have quite different characteristics such as bandwidth, latency, security level and so on. Certainly an average bandwidth of user used will be increased, but also the differential of bandwidth used by each user, that is, the dynamic range of bandwidth among users will be expanded. Previous network was designed to meet maximum user needs, so equivalent is over specified for most services, this leads to high energy consumption of networks. From the view of power reduction of devices, we can use the process integration of electrical devices, but this approach has some problem such as high standby power and physical limit of operation frequency.

Furthermore, in the future, network has the possibility that cannot offer services because the transmission capacity of networks exceeds the physical limit which includes capacity of optical fibre, operation frequency of electrical devices, power consumption and so on.Future network should support the wide range of bandwidth from narrow to ultra-wide band ones

and wide range of latency to adapt to application/service characteristics. Future network provides the optimized network which can adapt the diversification of applications, service and user demands efficiently by cooperated with technologies from devices level such as optical and electrical, system level to network architecture level, which leads to high efficient use of energy. That is, self-optimizing network is `the proportional network` which can adapt the condition of user used bandwidth, application characteristics such as bandwidth and latency, and network resources. Techniques for the self-optimizing network can be categorized into device-level, system-level, and network-level optimization. The scope of self-optimization includes access networks, core networks, services, and terminals at user premises.

EdNote: This part is extracted from KDDI contribution (C-77).EdNote: This design goal is related to (service) objective.EdNote: This design goal is related to “Mobility”.

Mobile networks are continuously evolving by incorporating new technologies. With regard to the radio access network, a small and portable wireless access node has been drawing wide attention as an alternative access method especially for residential and enterprise deployment. In the case of the current network, main functions such as physical mobility management, authentication, and application servers are installed in the centralized system. Therefore, any data between end-user and application servers, and between end-users is exchanged through the centralized system, which is also known as the mobile core network.

The dynamic nature of Future Networks environments, where elements of virtualized network can be dynamically added or removed and end-users may move frequently, calls for dynamic mobility

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architectures that facilitate dynamic mobility control and high levels of reliability, availability and quality.

Considering physical mobility in the Future Networks, highly scalable architecture for distributed access nodes, a creating mechanism of operator manageable distributed network, and route optimization for application data and signalling data should be supported regardless of wireless system.

Considering logical/virtual mobility in the Future Networks, flexible resource allocation to any virtualized network, continuous and automatic optimization for virtualized networks and seamless movement such as predictive virtualized network movement before underperforming networks or failures between virtualized networks should be supported.

EdNote: This part is extracted from ETRI contribution (C-84).EdNote: This design goal is related to (service) objective.EdNote: This design goal is related to “Identification”.Internet was originally designed under limited assumptions, e.g. fixed-oriented, single interface,

and IP address has been used as almost a single identity (or identifier) of Internet over most layers. Future networks are expected to have quite different features from the original assumptions of Internet. First of all, it will be mobile-oriented environment according to current ubiquitous trend. Also multi-homing will be a very common requirement. In addition, note that content-centric network is currently considered as promising candidate architecture for future Internet, in which communication is a matter of contents, not of nodes. The envisioned future network environments are a background why we should consider future Internet in revolutionary manner rather than evolutional one.Future networks should provide a new identity structure, which specifies how to identify/locate

communication objects, is the most fundamental element for the revolutionary design of future network. We also need to note that most problems of current Internet come from Internet identity itself, i.e. IP address because it was designed under the very limited assumptions. Accordingly the design of new identities and relevant procedure should be the first step for the development of future networks.

98. Promising Technologies

EdNote: This section explains ideas or research topics of Future Networks that are important and may be relevant to future ITU-T standardization.

EdNote: The levels of abstraction/granularity of each technologies should be aligned with each FN technology documents such as “network virtualization” and “energy saving networks.

EdNote: The description of each technologies should be brief, about 1/2 to 1 page. Details of the technology should be explained in separate documents.

This section describes some of the promising technologies that are emerging in the recent research efforts. These technologies are likely to be used as an enabling technology for FNs and may play an important role in development of FN. It should be noted that most of the technologies are in their early research stage, and the success of these technologies cannot be accurately projected at this time.

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98.1. Network Virtualization

The FN should provide a broad range of applications, services, and network architectures and network virtualization is one of the key technologies to support diversity of applications, services and architectures. The logically isolated network partitions created by network virtualization are independently customizable and can utilize different applications, services, and architectures while sharing physical network infrastructures [1][2].

The definition and framework of network virtualization are described in [3]. Network virtualization is the technology that enables the creation of logically isolated network partitions over shared physical network infrastructures so that multiple heterogeneous virtual networks can simultaneously coexist over the shared infrastructures. Also, network virtualization allows the aggregation of multiple resources and makes the aggregated resources appear as a single resource.

Since The The logically isolated network partitions created by network virtualization can be completely isolated each other, so different LINPs can use different protocols and packet formats. When combined with programmability in network elements, users users of LINPs logically isolated network partitions can program the network elements on any layers from physical layer to application layer. They can even define new layering architecture without interfering the operation of other LINPs. by leveraging Pprogrammability that enables users to dynamically import and re-configure new invented technologies into virtualized equipments (e.g., routers/switches) in networks. In other words, each LINP can provide the corresponding user group with full network services similar to those provided by traditional non-virtualized networks. Also, network virtualization can reduce the total cost by sharing, aggregating and federating network resources. Another property of network virtualization is aggregation of multiple network elements in order to obtain increased capability and federation of networks so that multiple networks can Federation enables the networks to be operated as being part of a single network with sharing network resources, even though the networks are geographically dispersed and managed by different providers. In order to support programmability and federation, it is necessary to support dynamic movement of logical network elements, services and capabilities among the logically isolated network partitions. The dynamic movement of virtual entities is defined as virtual mobility [4] and is one of the In order to support federation and programmability in the Future Networks, network virtualization should support virtual mobility which is the dynamic movement of each service and element of LINPs [2], since virtualization, federation and programmability are the key features that enable the creation of LINPs logically isolated network partitions with sharing network resources which are not only physical resources but also virtual resources and allocating programmable functions. In other words, Therefore, it is possible to remove a service or an element in LINPs logically isolated network partitions and reoffer it in a different virtualized networknetwork partitions in order to provide the continued service or connection to the end users. By doing so, the end users are able to locate and access such remote services and elements.

The FNs should provide a broad range of applications, services, and network architectures and network virtualization is one of the key technologies to support diversity of applications, services and architectures. The logically isolated network partitions created by network virtualization are independently customizable and can utilize different applications, services, and architectures while sharing physical network infrastructures [3][4].

The definition and framework of network virtualization are described in [1]. Network virtualization is the technology that enables the creation of logically isolated network partitions over shared physical network infrastructures so that multiple heterogeneous virtual networks can simultaneously coexist over the shared infrastructures. Also, network virtualization allows the aggregation of multiple resources and makes the aggregated resources appear as a single resource.

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Since the logically isolated network partitions can be completely isolated each other, users of logically isolated network partitions can program the network elements on any layers by leveraging programmability that enables users to dynamically import and re-configure new invented technologies into virtualized equipments (e.g., routers/switches) in networks. Another property of network virtualization is aggregation of multiple network elements in order to obtain increased capability and federation of networks so that multiple networks can be operated as being part of a single network with sharing network resources, even though the networks are geographically dispersed and managed by different providers. In order to support programmability and federation, it is necessary to support dynamic movement of logical network elements, services and capabilities among the logically isolated network partitions. The dynamic movement of virtual entities is defined as virtual mobility [2] and is one of the key features that enable the creation of logically isolated network partitions with sharing network resources which are not only physical resources but also virtual resources and allocating programmable functions. In other words, it is possible to remove a service or an element in logically isolated network partitions and reoffer it in a different network partitions in order to provide the continued service or connection to the end users. By doing so, the end users are able to locate and access such remote services and elements.

The Future Networks should provide much better support for a broad range of applications, services, and network architectures. In the Future Networks, multiple isolated logical networks each with different applications, services, and architectures should share physical infrastructures and resources. Network virtualization is one of key features to support application, service and architecture diversity, and provides a powerful way to run multiple heterogeneous virtual networks, which are independently customizable to meet specific requirements in shared physical infrastructures.

The definition and framework of network virtualization are mainly discussed and described in [2]. Network virtualization is the technology that enables the creation of logically isolated network partitions over shared physical network infrastructures so that multiple heterogeneous virtual networks can simultaneously coexist over the shared infrastructures. Also, network virtualization allows the aggregation of multiple resources and makes the aggregated resources appear as a single resource [2].

The virtual networks are completed isolated each other, so different virtual networks may use different protocols and packet formats. When combined with programmability in network elements, users of virtual networks can program the network elements on any layers from physical layer to application layer. They can even define new layering architecture without interfering the operation of other virtual networks. In other words, each virtual network can provide the corresponding user group with full network services similar to those provided by a traditional non-virtualized network. The users of virtual networks may not be limited to the users of services or applications, but may include service providers. For example, a service provider can lease a virtual network and can provide emerging services or technologies such as cloud computing service, and so on. The service providers can realize the emerging services as if they own dedicated physical network infrastructures. In order to facilitate the deployment of network virtualization, it may be necessary to provide control procedures such as creating virtual networks, monitoring the status of virtual network, measuring the performance, and so on.

Network virtualization can reduce the total cost by sharing network resources. One of motivation of network virtualization is to achieve better utilization of infrastructures in terms of reusing a single physical or logical resource for multiple other network instances, or to aggregate multiples of these resources to obtain more functionality. These resources can be not only network components, such

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as routers, switches, hosts, virtual machines, but also service elements, such as, operation and measurement services, instrumental services, and so on.

Future Networks are also recommended to support federation and programmability with network virtualization technology. Federation enables the networks to be operated as being part of a single network with sharing network resources, even though the networks are geographically dispersed and managed by different providers. Programmability enables users to dynamically import and re-configure new invented technologies into virtualized equipments (e.g., routers/switches) in networks.

98.2. In-system Network Management (EdNote: proper title is needed.)

In the future, network will be large-scaled and complicated for supporting various services with different characteristics, so network infrastructure and network service management will become more complicated and hard task. Previously, various approaches have been proposed to standard the network management system by defining the common interface for operation system such as SOA (Service Oriented Architecture) concept and so on, but not operated due to various problems such as cost and so on. In the future, there is the possibility not to manage the networks due to increase of different management systems caused by increase of services, so new operation and management technologies are needed. Furthermore, the dependency of the network operation and management to the skill of network manager, so how to make easy network management tasks and inherit to worker’s knowledge is large problem.

[EdNote: Is this ] expert system to aid operation or , and sophisticated UI for novice operators? Original contributor needs to clarify this.

For resolving the above problems, FN should consider two functions.

First is ‘Unified operation and management system’ from the view point of high-efficient management, the other is ‘Sophisticated control interface and inheritance system of operator knowledge and know-how’ form the view point of skill free network.

FN has new function which is different from current networks mainly in the following points.

a. Unified operation and management system [1]This system provides the high-efficient operation for adapting all of network systems which provide different services. Unified: system? Interface?

b. Sophisticated control interface and inheritance system of operators knowledge and know-how [2][3]

In order to control and manage various networks and network services easily, operation system for FN should have autonomous control and self-stabilizing mechanisms at a certain level. In the future, even novice worker should be able to control and manage target network without special skill. For some network management tasks which should be done manually by human, sophisticated and friendly control interface should be designed. One of the reasonable approaches is ‘Visualization’ of various statuses of network as follows;

Visualization of system management (Software technology level)

Network visualizing technology supports the work of system administrator and improves the work efficiency by visualizing the state of network easily. Visualizing technology includes monitoring of networks, fault localization and network system automation. It will be important and necessary technology for managing and maintaining the FN which will be expected to become large-scaled and complicated more and more.

Visualization of infrastructure management (Hardware technology level)

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It is important to construct the network system configuration and the work’s environment in which the field workers can work efficiently. Hardware technology based on visualization includes monitoring of fibre and states of communications, fault localization and fibre identification without high level technical skill and experiences of field workers.

In addition, database construction technology for succeeding worker’s knowledge and know-how which based on knowledge and experience is needed.

Future network has new function which is different from current networks mainly in the following points.

•Unified operation and management system

Previously, various approaches have been proposed to standard the network management system by defining the common interface for operation system such as SOA (Service Oriented Architecture) concept and so on, but not operated due to various problems such as cost and so on. Unified management system provides the high-efficient operation for adapting all of network systems which provide different services.

•Sophisticated control interface and inheritance system of operators knowledge and know-how

In order to control and manage various networks and network services easily, operation system for FN should have autonomous control and self-stabilizing mechanisms at a certain level. In the future, even novice worker should be able to control and manage target network without special skill. For some network management tasks which should be done manually by human, sophisticated and friendly control interface should be designed. One of the reasonable approaches is ‘Visualization’ of various statuses of network as follows.

•Visualization of system management (Software technology level)

Network visualizing technology supports the work of system administrator and improves the work efficiency by visualizing the state of network easily. Visualizing technology includes monitoring of networks, fault localization and network system automation. It will be important and necessary technology for managing and maintaining the future networks which will be expected to become large-scaled and complicated more and more.

•Visualization of infrastructure management (Hardware technology level)

It is important to construct the network system configuration and the work’s environment in which the field workers can work efficiently. Hardware technology based on visualization includes monitoring of fibre and states of communications, fault localization and fibre identification without high level technical skill and experiences of field workers

In addition, database construction technology for succeeding worker’s knowledge and knowhow which based on knowledge and experience is needed.

98.3. Energy Saving of Networks

Ways of resolving environmental issues that include reduction of GHG (Greenhouse Gas) emissions are becoming increasingly important [1]. The use of networks is considered a prospective means to reduce GHG emissions in various fields, such as telework and supply chain management (SCM). However, as networks carry more traffic, their electric power consumption will increase [2]. Future Networks should provide technologies that contribute to environmental conservation from network perspective.

In this context, energy saving of networks means a set of technologies that reduce total power consumption of network equipments such as routers and switches systematically. It includes a

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variety of technologies: device level, system (equipment) level, and network level. Each technology does not stand alone, but cooperates each other among different levels as a total solution, in order to minimize total power consumption.

Energy saving of networks is distinguished from current networks mainly in the following three points:

Forward the traffic with less power

Conventional data transmission is usually carried out with power-consuming devices and systems. On the contrary, energy saving of networks will transmit data with less power, using low-power devices/systems, light protocol, and so on [3]. It reduces the necessary power to get unit data speed, that is, W/bps.

Control device/system operation for traffic dynamics

Conventional network devices or systems always operate at full spec and full speed. On the contrary, energy saving of networks will control the operation of them according to the traffic, using sleep control, dynamic voltage scaling (DVS), dynamic clock operation technique, and so on [4]. It reduces total power consumption needed.

Reduce or discard the useless traffic

Conventional network basically transmits all traffic as requested. On the contrary, energy saving of networks will transmit only necessary traffic. That is, it reduces or discards the useless traffic in networks, using filtering, caching, redirect, and so on. It reduces the maximum traffic, and then the total power consumption needed.

According to the above characteristics, energy saving of networks can reduce total power consumption, and can be one solution to environmental issues from network perspective.

Ways of resolving environmental issues that include reduction of GHG (Greenhouse Gas) emissions are becoming increasingly important [1]. The use of networks is considered a prospective means to reduce GHG emissions in various fields, such as telework and supply chain management (SCM). However, as networks carry more traffic, their electric power consumption will increase [2]. Future Networks should provide technologyies that contribute to environmental conservation from network perspective.

In this context, energy saving of networks means a set of technologies that reduce total power consumption of network equipments such as routers and switches systematically. It includes a variety of technologies: device level, system (equipment) level, and network level. Each technology doesn't not stand alone, but cooperates each other among different levels as a total solution, in order to minimize total power consumption.

Energy saving of networks is distinguished from current networks mainly in the following two three points:

Forward the traffic with less powerConventional data transmission is usually carried out with power-consuming devices and systems on complex layered protocol. On the contrary, energy saving of networks will transmit data on simplified mechanismwith less power, using lower layerlow-power devices/systems, light protocol, and so on [43]. It reduces the necessary power to get unit data speed, that is, W/bps.

Control device/system operation for traffic dynamicsConventional network devices or systems always operate at full spec and full speed. On the contrary, energy saving of networks will control the operation of devices them according to the

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traffic, using sleep control, dynamic voltage scaling (DVS), dynamic clock operation technique, and so on [4]. It reduces total power consumption needed.

Reduce or discard the uselessunnecessary traffic : non-essential, non-user traffic? Conventional network basically transmits all traffic as requested. On the contrary, energy saving of networks will have a capability to reduce transmit only unnecessary traffic. That is, it can reduces or discards the uselessunnecessary traffic in networks such as excess keep alive messages and duplicate user messages on multicast, using filtering, caching, redirect, and so on . It reduces the maximum traffic, and then the total power consumption needed.

The term useless should not be used. User traffic is useful or not should not be decided by the network. More efficient protocol, less keep alive, … is OK. Regulatory issues about network neutrality should be taken into account. One or two examples seems useful.

Forward the traffic with less powerConventional data transmission is usually carried out on complex layered protocol. On the contrary, energy saving of networks will transmit data on simplified mechanism, using lower layer, light protocol, and so on [4]. It reduces the necessary power to get unit data speed, that is, W/bps.

Future Networks should provide services that contribute to environmental conservation, and energy saving of networks can provide this function. That is, According to the above characteristics, energy saving of networks can reduce GHG emissionstotal power consumption, and can be one solution to environmental issues from network perspective.

Ways of resolving environmental issues that include reduction of GHG (Greenhouse Gas) emissions are becoming increasingly important. The use of networks is considered a prospective means to reduce GHG emissions in various fields, such as telework and supply chain management (SCM). However, as networks carry more traffic, their electric power consumption will increase.

In this context, energy saving of networks means a set of technologies that reduce total power consumption of network equipments such as routers and switches systematically. It includes a variety of technologies: device level, system level, and network level. Each technology doesn't stand alone, but cooperates each other among different levels as a total solution, in order to minimize total power consumption.

Energy saving of networks is distinguished from current networks mainly in the following two points:

Control device operation for traffic dynamicsConventional network devices always operate at full spec and full speed. On the contrary, energy saving of networks will control the operation of devices according to the traffic, using sleep control, dynamic voltage scaling (DVS), dynamic clock operation technique, and so on. It reduces total power consumption needed.

Forward the traffic with less powerConventional data transmission is usually carried out on complex layered protocol. On the contrary, energy saving of networks will transmit data on simplified mechanism, using lower layer, light protocol, and so on. It reduces the necessary power to get unit data speed, that is, W/bps.

Future Networks should provide services that contribute to environmental conservation, and energy saving of networks can provide this function. That is, energy saving of networks can reduce GHG emissions, and can be one solution to environmental issues from network perspective.

98.4. Identification

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With growth of Internet, it’s facing many problems which come from the limited ID capability and new protocols to solve them are being proposed. ID/Locator separation protocols, e.g. HIP [1], LISP [2], HIMALIS [3], are typical examples. However, note that those are only temporary solutions which are still based on existing Internet concept so we cannot fundamentally meet the requirements for future networks. That would be the background why future networks need development of new identification architecture.

Identification means what objects should be identified and how to identify the objects for communication. Its scope includes structure of identifiers, their formats and relevant processes. In addition, note that identification should be a global issue to make global communication possible.

Identification in future networks is distinguished from existing Internet, especially in the following points:

EdNote: Needs to clarify the standpoint of view. Standpoint means e.g., difference from NGN or the Internet, providing particular service such as telephony, such and such. This will clarify the difference with existing technologies as well as the necessity/motivation of the new identification system.

[EdNote:] One way might be Alex’s comment (service is important in FN), and the other may be Keith’s last comment (current identification system is so limited, in FN we should expand the limitation)

Mobile-oriented network environment

Internet was basically designed on the assumption of fixed environment. It is expected that future networks will be mobile-oriented network [4] and identification architecture of future networks should efficiently support the envisioned future environment.

Multiple interfaces

Internet basically assumes single interface hosts. In future networks, multiple interfaces will be common. It means we need different approach from current Internet in which an IP address is allocated to a network interface rather than host itself.

Content-centric networking

Internet is basically node-based communication. Content-centric network is currently considered as promising candidate architecture for future Internet, in which communication is a matter of contents, not of nodes [5]. How to identify the contents is an important issue in future content-centric network.

The works on new identity structure for future networks will include following research issues;

• Considerations for new identity structure;

• Review on existing identity structures;

- Telecommunication systems such as ITU-T NGN and 3GPP SAE

- Internet (IPv4/v6, URI/URL, etc)

- New approaches for future networks such as 4WARD and AKARI.

• Requirements for new identity structure;

• General identity framework for future network;

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• Necessary actions for global standardization.

98.5. Mobility-enhanced Distributed Networking

Mobility

In the current network, main functions such as physical mobility management, authentication, and application servers are installed in the centralized system for supporting mobility. Therefore, any data between end-user and application servers, and between end-users is exchanged through the centralized system, which is also known as the mobile core network. In this architecture, however, scalability issue will arise due to higher-speed access network and increase in the number of terminals. To address this scalability issue, a small and portable wireless access node has been drawing wide attention as an alternative access method especially for residential and enterprise deployment [3].

EdNote: Explanation of what the technology is, is needed.

In this context, mobility refers to the physical movement of the end users while continuing to be reachable for incoming requests and maintaining ongoing connections.

By flexibly locating functionalities, which conventionally resided in the mobile core network, at any part of the network in a distributed fashion, a highly efficient and scalable mobile network can be realized. To achieve this goal, the Future Networks should provide at least the following points:

The Future Networks should support localization and optimization of the signalling and data paths.

The Future Networks should enable the network administrator to control the signalling and data path

The Future Networks should be able to locate the functional entities (e.g., mobility management) anywhere in the network (both in the mobile core and access networks).

The Future Networks should be able to provide the discovery function (network resources and devices) of the connected devices in both centralized and distributed fashions.

The Future Networks should be able to connect devices that are not fully capable of mobility and/or security without degradation of those features.

By supporting above functionalities, the Future Networks can provide always-on and always-best connected access with guaranteed end-to-end services.

[EdNote:] ‘Should’ is not appropriate for section 8 because this section is the one to describe candidate technology.

EdNote: Additional text will be provided. The Future Networks should support localization and optimization of the signaling and data

paths. The Future Networks should enable the network administrator to control the signaling and

data path The Future Networks should be able to locate the functional entities (e.g., mobility

management) anywhere in the network (both in the mobile core and access networks). The Future Networks should be able to provide the discovery function (network resources

and devices) of the connected devices in both centralized and distributed fashions.

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The Future Networks should be able to connect devices that are not fully capable of mobility and/or security without degradation of those features.

Mobility between virtualized networks

EdNote: These requirements are derived from “Mobility between virtualized networks” capability. Generalization of these requirements may be needed.

The Future Networks should be able to support for the user to move from one virtualized network (or LINP) to another.

98.6. Self-optimization Networking

Maximum bandwidth of user used will be increased with the appearance of various new services and applications in the future. Furthermore, the differential of bandwidth used by each user, that is, the dynamic range of bandwidth among users will be expanded. But previous network was designed to meet maximum user needs, so equipment is over specified for most services, this leads to high energy consumption of networks. In the future, network has the possibility that cannot offer services because the transmission capacity of networks exceeds the physical limit which includes capacity of optical fibre, operation frequency of electrical devices, power consumption and so on.

For resolving the above problems, FN should adapt the diversification of applications, services and user demands efficiently. FN has three optimization techniques for reducing the network power consumption, offering E2E huge bandwidth services and realizing high-efficient use of network resources.

First is ‘Device level optimization’, second is ‘System level optimization’ and third is ‘Network level optimization’.

FN self-optimization network is quite different form current networks which were designed to maximum need mainly in the following points such as device, system and network level.

a. Device level optimization [1]This can introduce drastically power reduction of networks against the previous networks which were designed to meet the maximum user need, so equipment used in networks are over-specified for most services. Operation rate optimization technique provides the minimum bandwidth which can offer services and applications by using optical layer, electrical layer and optical/electrical hybrid technique.

b. System level optimization [2]This can realize the energy saving and huge bandwidth services with performance of high security, low latency, which is target for far future E2E all optical services. System level optimization includes following two technologies.

System performance optimizationThe power consumption of each node system is almost proportional to the number of in-service ports and the clock speed of processors within the node system. Moreover, the performance of the system is designed to support peak traffic demand, which is exaggerated specification under most of the time. In this optimization, the node system shuts off underutilized ports or reduces the operational clock speed of processors on the line cards in order to improve the efficiency of the system resources.Function level optimizationPrevious network has the problem which cannot realize both the low latency and high security level, which is one of network functions, because of using higher layer processing with lower speed. Security level optimization realizes the high secure level using lower layer processing, that is, physical layer processing technique, so coexistence of low latency and high security is possible.

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c. Network level optimization [3][4]This can solve the problem such as the physical limit which includes capacity of optical fibre, operation frequency of electrical devices. Furthermore, this technique has the possibility of high efficient use of network resources such as network path, equipments and so on.What’s new needs to be clarified.Path optimizationConventional network cannot offer the E2E all optical network services with high-speed, large capacity, and low latency and previous services such as voices, texts and so on by same network from the view point of economical, technical problems and so on. Path optimization technique provides the optimized path considering services characteristics and traffic conditions of transmission route. Furthermore, path optimization has the function of synchronizing the data, can offer the information which is consist of multiple data with different characteristics by using different path.Network topology optimizationA set of lower-layer (e.g., optical layer) paths forms a network topology to upper layer (e.g., packet layer). Upper-layer traffic is transported over the network topology, and the optimal topology can be determined by the geographical distribution of user’s traffic demand.Accommodation point optimizationIn previous networks, all of services are accommodated in same point of network. So the accommodation efficiency decreases because each service has different characteristics such as bandwidth, latency and different usability. This technique provides the high-efficient network architecture which realizes the flexible accommodation for adapting services using the advantage of the optical characteristics, which also leads to energy saving of networks.

Self-optimizing network is quite different from current networks which were designed to maximum need mainly in the following points such as device, system and network level.

1. Device level optimization

Device level optimization technique can introduce drastically power reduction of networks against the previous networks.

•Operation rate optimization

In general, conventional networks were designed to meet the maximum user need, so equipment used in networks are over-specified for most services and applications. In general, the power consumption is proportional to operation frequency, decrease of operation frequency introduces the that of energy consumption. Operation rate optimization technique provides the minimum bandwidth which can offer services and applications by using optical layer , electrical layer and optical/electrical hybrid technique. For example, optical layer technique is that the operation frequency is allocated to each wavelength, and wavelength is changed. Electrical technique is that the operation frequency of devices is changed. Hybrid technique is that cooperates optical with electrical technique. This technique also leads to drastic energy saving of networks.

2. System level optimization

System level optimization technique can realize the energy saving and huge bandwidth services with performance of high security, low latency, which is target for far future E2E all optical services.

•System performance optimization

The power consumption of each node system is almost proportional to the number of in-service ports and the clock speed of processors within the node system. Moreover, the performance of

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the system is designed to support peak traffic demand, which is exaggerated specification under most of the time. In the system performance optimization, the node system shuts off underutilized ports or reduces the operational clock speed of processors on the line cards in order to improve the efficiency of the system resources. This contributes to the energy saving of the node systems.

•Function level optimization

Previous network has the problem which cannot realize both the low latency and high security level, which is one of network functions, because of using higher layer processing with lower speed. For example, security level optimization realizes the high secure level using lower layer processing, that is, physical layer processing technique, so coexistence of low latency and high security is possible.

3. Network level optimization

Network level optimization technique can solve the problem such as the physical limit which includes capacity of optical fibre, operation frequency of electrical devices. Furthermore, this technique has the possibility of high efficient use of network resources such as network path, equipments, devices and so on, this provides the cost reduction of networks.

•Path optimization

Conventional network cannot offer the E2E (end-to-end) all optical network services with high-speed, large capacity, and low latency and previous services such as voices, texts and so on by same network from the view point of economical, technical problems and so on. Path optimization provides the optimized path considering services characteristics and traffic conditions of transmission route. Furthermore, path optimization has the function of synchronizing the data, can offer the information which is consist of multiple data with different characteristics by using different path.

•Network topology optimization

A set of lower-layer (e.g., optical layer) paths forms a network topology to upper layer (e.g., packet layer). Upper-layer traffic is transported over the network topology, and the optimal topology can be determined by the geographical distribution of user’s traffic demand. Thus, by optimizing the network topology in accordance with traffic demand variation, we can improve the efficiency of the total network resource utilization.

•Accommodation point optimization

In previous networks, all of services are accommodated in same point of network. So the accommodation efficiency decreases because each service has different characteristics such as bandwidth, latency and different usability. Accommodation point optimization provides the high-efficient network architecture which realizes the flexible accommodation for adapting services using the advantage of the optical characteristics, which also leads to energy saving of networks.

98.7. Data-oriented Networking

EdNote: Clarification of term ‘data’ is needed to avoid confusion with voice/data terminology.

EdNote: We should avoid to use specific projects names as much as possible, to align this other sections.

[Ed Note] - Check if specific research project name, e.g., 4WARD, is ok in ITU-T supplement.

The explosive growth of the World Wide Web in the Internet has caused a large volume of distribution of digital content such as texts, pictures, audio data, and video data. A large portion of

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Internet traffic is derived from this content. Therefore, several networking methods focusing on data/content distribution have been proposed. These include so-called Content Distribution Networks (CDNs) and Point-to-Point (P2P) networking for content sharing. In addition, some novel approaches specializing in data/content handling have been proposed. Content Centric Networking (CCN) is a new approach from the perspective of network usage [1][2]. It is distinguished from existing networks in the concepts of routing and security. Where the routing mechanism of current networks depends on ‘location’, routing of CCN is based on content name. CCN also proposes a network-wide caching mechanism. All CCN contents have a public-key signature and can prove their propriety by themselves (Content Based Security). Currently, CCN is evolving into Named Data Networking (NDN) that includes a wider range of networking concepts[3].

The Data Oriented Network Architecture (DONA) proposes data centric networking that emphasizes naming and name resolution of data in the network [4]. CCN assumes overlay implementation using existing IP networks. DONA assumes a new implementation base in a clean-slate manner.

The European FP7 4WORD project includes a research project for the future Internet named “Network of Information (NetInf)”[5][6]. This project takes a new approach based on an information centric paradigm that solves current Internet problems. The “PSIRP” project is another, related approach to information centric networking[7][8]. It focuses on data flow over networks and proposes a new paradigm called “publish/subscribe(pub/sub) networking”. In pub/sub networking, data senders “publish” what they want to send and receivers “subscribe” to the publications that they want to receive. The goal of these two research projects is creating new network architectures for the future based on contents/data centric paradigms.

The explosive growth of the World Wide Web in the Internet has caused a large volume of distribution of digital content such as texts, pictures, audio data, and video data. A large portion of Internet traffic is derived from this content. Therefore, several networking methods focusing on data/content distribution have been proposed. These include so-called Content Distribution Networks (CDNs) and Point-to-Point (P2P) networking for content sharing. In addition, some novel approaches specializing in data/content handling have been proposed. Content Centric Networking (CCN) is a new approach from the perspective of network usage []. It is distinguished from existing networks in the concepts of routing and security. Where the routing mechanism of current networks depends on ‘location’, routing of CCN is based on content name. CCN also proposes a network-wide caching mechanism. All CCN contents have a public-key signature and can prove their propriety by themselves (Content Based Security). Currently, CCN is evolving into Named Data Networking (NDN) that includes a wider range of networking concepts.

The Data Oriented Network Architecture (DONA) proposes data centric networking that emphasizes naming and name resolution of data in the network []. CCN assumes overlay implementation using existing IP networks. DONA assumes a new implementation base in a clean-slate manner.

The European FP7 4WORD project includes a research project for the future Internet named “Network of Information (NetInf)”. This project takes a new approach based on an information centric paradigm that solves current Internet problems. The “PSIRP” project is another, related approach to information centric networking. It focuses on data flow over networks and proposes a new paradigm called “publish/subscribe(pub/sub) networking”. In pub/sub networking, data senders “publish” what they want to send and receivers “subscribe” to the publications that they want to receive. The goal of these two research projects is creating new network architectures for the future based on contents/data centric paradigms.

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98.87. Programmable Network supporting Economic Iincentives (EdNote: Title may be changed.)

Ways of resolving economic tussles in cyberspace that include the economic reward for each participant’s contribution are becoming increasingly important [1]. The use of networks is considered a means to produce economic incentives in various fields as the Internet is growing and puts together diverse social functionalities. Different participants of the Internet are often pursuing interest that conflicts with others. These have led tussles over the Internet and international/domestic regulation issues are in a controversy. Future Networks should provide technology that supports ecosystem. However, as networks are ossified, economic value chain circulation is not supported technologically.

In this context, programmable network means a set of technologies that support network to be provided as users’ technical demand dynamically. It includes a variety of technologies: network virtualization, federation, programming interface, and network resource management. Each technology doesn't stand alone, but cooperates each other among different levels as a total solution, in order to program networks corresponding to diverse user demands.

Programmable network is distinguished from current networks mainly in the following points:

Programming InterfaceConventional network devices operate with fixed specification. On the contrary, programmable network will provide programming interface so that the network can be dynamically programmed according to the user’s demand.

Network Resource Control/Management for Dedicated PerformanceConventional network resource control/management does not fully support resource isolation when users demand specific performance. On the contrary, programmable network will provide network resource control/management for dedicated performance.

[EdNote:] According to the above characteristics, programmability of networks can solve the economic incentive issues, and can support ecosystem from network perspective.Paragraph 1 and 2 does not flow. As for the Network resource Control/management bullet point, it needs to clarify who is the user of the programmability, and what is the relationship of it with economic incentives.

EdNote: We need to harmonize the text.

From the view of Future Networks, economic incentives should be considered from the stage of design as a solution for the tussles, which we have often witnessed in the internet. In Future Networks, each participant should be technically guaranteed proper economic incentives according to their contribution by its architecture based on virtualization, programmability, and federation. Participants of Future Networks can be grouped into users, network resource providers, network (resource) management/operation service providers, network resource programming platform providers, network resource programmers, private sectors network providers, governments, intellectual property rights (IPRs) holders, content/higher level service platform provides, and content/higher level service programmers.

EdNote: There are various providers mentioned here; the classification of these various participants necessary.

The concept of Economic incentives embedded in Future Network architecture resolve the economic tussles. Future Network architecture fulfils diverse participants’ interest of the Internet as an economic ecosystem.

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EdNote: This text was initially provided for the “Concept” section. The text may be used in other section such as “Objectives”.

In this sense, a vision of future networks should consider economic incentives to reduce the digital gap, thus facilitating the development and deployment of networks, as well as the provision of services at lower cost than the present technologies.

Thus, it is expected that research in future networks takes into consideration:

The need to facilitate and accelerate the provision of convergent facilities in areas of lower economic attractiveness, with a view to reducing the existing digital gap, especially in developing countries;

Allow a reduction in operating costs of telecommunications service providers, especially in the aspects of deployment and network management in order to allow a reduction of the service prices to end users;

The reduction of barriers to entry for new manufacturers, as well as the consolidation of existing vendors through cost reduction in the development and the manufacturing of infrastructure;

The reduction of barriers to entry for new service providers by encouraging the usage of standards oriented to competition, such as open networks and universal access terminals, enabling the use of infrastructure by any service provider, and consequently stimulate the emergence of a diversified offer, with more added value and competitive costs;

Allow the telecommunications industry to remain profitable with sustainable development, and acting as an engine of the economy, taking also into account the social and environmental aspects.

109. Target Date

The estimated target date for prototyping and phased deployment of Future Networks should roughly fall between 2015 and 2020. This estimate is based on two factors: First, the status of current and evolving technologies that would be employed in the experimentation and development of FNs. Second, any novel development that might take place well beyond that estimate is too speculative and is outside the mandate of this document.

Any global multi-service infrastructure comprises a number of networks and network technologies arranged in various vertical (stacked) and horizontal (peered) combinations.

The nature of such a federated network implies a mixture of networks at different stages of evolution. Some existing components may be replaced by a new network technology, some may be enhanced by a future technique, and completely new ones may be added. Additionally, the network components will vary dynamically from one telecommunication instance to another depending on the service under consideration, features invoked and related routing choices.

Various evolution and migration strategies may be employed to accommodate emerging and future network technologies. Each case will be to be examined on its merits and its relation to the role played by the network technology under consideration as part of the future global infrastructure.

Appropriate usage scenarios and deployment cases will need to be considered when the research has been completed for the area(s) under consideration, and appropriate conclusions reached and agreed.

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Bibliography

EdNote : The numbering of each items in this bibliography and the main body text will be corrected in the final version of this document.

[1] Recommendation ITU-T Y.2001 (2004), General overview of NGN.

[2] National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Vision and Technology Requirements for a New-generation Network, February 2009.

[3] European Comission, Future Internet 2020: Visions of an Industry Expert Group, May 2009.

[4] Olabisi E. Falowo and H. Anthony Chan, "Effect of mobile terminal heterogeneity on call blocking/dropping probability in cooperative heterogeneous cellular networks," Telecommunication Systems, June 2010.[2] D. Clark, J. Wroclawski, K. Sollins, and R. Braden, “Tussle in Cyberspace: Defining Tomorrow’s Internet,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, Vol. 13, No. 3, June 2005.

[1-1] Jeong, S. and H. Otsuki, "Framework of Network Virtualization", ITU-T Focus Group on Future Networks , FGFN-ODxx, December 2010.

[1-2] Oliver Bohl , Shakib Manouchehri , Udo Winand, "Mobile information systems for the private everyday life," Mobile Information Systems, December 2007

[2-1] “The NGOSS approach to Business Solutions,” Tele Management (TM) Forum, Release 1.0, 2005.

[2-2] D.C.Kilper et al.,”Optical Performance Monitoring,” J.Lightwave Technol., vol.22, pp.294-304, 2004.

[2-3] T.Kubo et al.,”In-line monitoring technique with visible light form 1.3m-band SHG module for optical access systems,” Optics Express, vol.18, no.3, 2010.

[3-1] International Telecommunication Union, "ICT and Climate Change", April 2008

[3-2] M. Gupta and S. Singh, "Greening of the Internet", Proc. ACM SIG-COMM '03, August 2003

[3-3] J.Baliga et al., "Photonic Switching and the Energy Bottleneck", Proc. IEEE Photonics in Switching, August 2007

[3-4] J. Chabarek et. al., "Power Awareness in Network Design and Routing", in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM '08, April 2008

[4-1] http://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/hip/

[4-2] http://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/lisp/

[4-3] Ved P. Kafle and Masugi Inoue, “HIMALIS; Heterogeneous Inclusion and Mobility Adaption through Locator ID Separation in New Generation Network,” IEICE Trans. Com., Vol. E93-B, March 2010

[4-4] Report of the Task Force on Interdisciplinary Research Activities applicable to the Future Internet, Version 4.1, July 2009

[4-5] http://www.ccnx.org/ (?)

[5-1] Olabisi E. Falowo and H. Anthony Chan, "Effect of mobile terminal heterogeneity on call blocking/dropping probability in cooperative heterogeneous cellular networks," Telecommunication Systems, June 2010

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[5-2] Oliver Bohl , Shakib Manouchehri , Udo Winand, "Mobile information systems for the private everyday life," Mobile Information Systems, December 2007

[5-3] Tsunehiko Chiba and Hidetoshi Yokota, "Efficient Route Optimization Methods for Femtocellbased All IP Networks," WiMob 09', Octerber 2009

[6-1] H.Kimura et al.,”A Dynamic Clock Operation Technique for Drastic Power Reduction in WDM-based Dynamic Optical Network Architecture,” in Proc. S07-3, World Telecommunication Congress (WTC), 2010.

[6-2] C.Gunaratne et al.,”Reducing the energy consumption of Ethernet with adaptive link rate (ALR),” IEEE Trans. Computers, vol.57, no.4, pp.448-461, Apr. 2008.

[6-3] Jayant Baliga et al.,”Energy Consumption in Access Networks,” OFC’2008, OThT6, 2008.

[6-4] N.Iiyama et al.,”A Novel WDM-based Optical Access Network with High Energy Efficiency Using Elastic OLT,” in Proc. ONDM’2010, 2.2, Feb.2010.

[7-1] Project CCN http://www.ccnx.org, Sep. 2009.

[7-2] V. Jacobson, D. K. Smetters, J. D. Thornton, M. F. Plass, N. H. Briggs, and R. L. Braynard (PARC) Networking Named Content, CoNEXT 2009, Rome, December, 2009.

[7-3] http://www.named-data.net/

[7-4] T. Koponen, M. Chawla, B. Chun, et al, “A data-oriented (and beyond) network architecture,” ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, Volume 37, Issue 4, pp 181-192, October 2007.

[7-5] http://www.netinf.org/home/home/

[7-6] C. Dannewitz, "NetInf: An Information-Centric Design for the Future Internet", In Proc. 3rd GI/ITG KuVS Workshop on The Future Internet, May 2009.

[7-7] M. Särelä, T. Rinta-aho, and S. Tarkoma. RTFM: Publish/Subscribe Internetworking Architecture. In ICT-MobileSummit, 2008.

[7-8]http://www.psirp.org/home[7-1] Project CCN http://www.ccnx.org, Sep. 2009.

[7-2] V. Jacobson, D. K. Smetters, J. D. Thornton, M. F. Plass, N. H. Briggs, and R. L. Braynard (PARC) Networking Named Content, CoNEXT 2009, Rome, December, 2009.

[7-3] T. Koponen, M. Chawla, B. Chun, et al, “A data-oriented (and beyond) network architecture,” ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, Volume 37, Issue 4, pp 181-192, October 2007.

[7-4] http://www.netinf.org/home/home/

[7-5] C. Dannewitz, "NetInf: An Information-Centric Design for the Future Internet", In Proc. 3rd GI/ITG KuVS Workshop on The Future Internet, May 2009.

[7-6] M. Särelä, T. Rinta-aho, and S. Tarkoma. RTFM: Publish/Subscribe Internetworking Architecture. In ICT-MobileSummit, 2008.

[7-7]http://www.psirp.org/home[8-1] D. Clark, J. Wroclawski, K. Sollins, and R. Braden, “Tussle in Cyberspace: Defining Tomorrow’s Internet,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, Vol. 13, No. 3, June 2005.

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