insect doc - [ 0 ] pradatori naturali

8/12/2019 Insect Doc - [ 0 ] Pradatori Naturali

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De la WIKIPEDIA, enciclopedia liber

De la WIKIPEDIA, enciclopedia liber

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Pe!t Proble"!

http://www.buglogical.com/pest-problems/

Home > Pest Problems

Ants

Beneficial Nematodes

JapaneseBeetles


Aphids

ad!bugs " #reenacewings " Aphidoletes "Aphidius "

Pra!ing $antis " %rius &$inutePirate Bugs' " #arden (ariet! Pac)

June

Beetles



http://www.buglogical.com/index.php?p=home


http://www.buglogical.com/beneficial-nematodes/





http://www.buglogical.com/garden-ladybugs/


http://www.buglogical.com/green-lacewing/


http://www.buglogical.com/aphidoletes/

http://www.buglogical.com/aphidius/

http://www.buglogical.com/praying-mantis/

http://www.buglogical.com/orius/


http://www.buglogical.com/garden-ladybugs/garden-insects-variety-pack/
































Arm!

*orms

BeneficialNematodes " +richogramma " %rius

&$inute Pirate Bugs' " #reenacewings eaf

Beetles


Bar) Beetles


eafhopper

s

BeneficialNematodes " ad!bugs

Beetles


eafworms

ad!bugs " +richogramma " %ri

us &$inute PirateBugs' " #reen acewings

Billbugs


$eal! Bugs

,r!ptolaemus " ad!bugs " #re

en acewings

Blac) l!

arae

$osuito 0un)s " Pra!ing $antis

$ole

,ric)et


Bollworms

+richogramma " ad!bugs " %rius

&$inute Pirate Bugs' " #reenacewings $ormon

,ric)et


,aterpillars

+richogramma " %rius &$inutePirate Bugs' "#reen acewings

$osuitoes

$osuito 0un)s " Pra!ing$antis

,inch Bugs


Natural

Pollination

Bumblebees &Bombus

impatiens'

http://www.buglogical.com/trichogramma/






























http://www.buglogical.com/mealybug-destroyer-cryptolaemus/





http://www.buglogical.com/mosquito-dunks/mosquito-dunks-bacillus-thuringiensis-israelensis-bti/






















http://www.buglogical.com/mosquito-dunks/mosquito-dunks/






http://www.buglogical.com/bumble-bees-natural-pollination/bumblebees-natural-pollination/

























































































,odling

$oths

Beneficial

Nematodes " +richogramma " %rius&$inute Pirate Bugs' " #reen

acewings Pine Beetle


,olorado

PotatoBeetle


1oot

*eeils


,ucumber

Beetles


1ootworm


,utworms

+richogramma " Beneficial

Nematodes " %rius &$inute Pirate

Bugs' " #reen acewings 2cale

3nsects

ad!bugs " #reen

acewings " Pra!ing $antis

lea Beetles


2nails and2lugs

0ecollate 2nails

leas


2oil0welling

Pests


lies

Beneficial Nematodes " l! Parasite

Predators 2pider

$ites

P. persimilis" $. longipes" N.californicus "#reen

acewings " Pra!ing$antis "#arden (ariet! Pac)







































http://www.buglogical.com/decollate-snails/decollate-snails-rumina-decollata/


http://www.buglogical.com/decollate-snails/







http://www.buglogical.com/flies/




http://www.buglogical.com/spider-mites/



















































































ruit-*orms

+richogramma " %rius &$inute

Pirate Bugs' "#reen acewings 2uash

Bugs


ungus

#nats

H!poaspis " Beneficial Nematodes

+ermites


#all #nats

H!poaspis " Beneficial Nematodes

+hrips

Ambl!seius ,ucumeris " %rius

&$inute PirateBugs' " H!poaspis " ad!bugs "

#arden (ariet! Pac)

#rasshoppers

Nosema 3ocustae bait

(ine

*eeils


#reen Peach Aphid

Aphidius " ad!bugs

*hite#rubs


#rubs


*hitefl!

4ncarsiaormosa " 0elphastus " #reen

acewings " %rius &$inutePirate Bugs'

Delp#a!t$! p$!ill$!

Delphastus

Home > Biological 2olutions > 0elphastus









http://www.buglogical.com/hypoaspis-miles/









http://www.buglogical.com/thrips/








http://www.buglogical.com/nosema-locustae-grasshopper-bait/















http://www.buglogical.com/whitefly-control/encarsia-formosa/



http://www.buglogical.com/delphastus/whitefly-predatory-beetle-delphastus-pusillus/






http://www.buglogical.com/biological-solutions/

http://www.buglogical.com/delphastus/



































































+his tin! predaceous beetle is being deeloped for whitefl! control. 3t wor)s best at high

population leels of whitefl!" higher than most growers would find acceptable within a crop.+he adults must feed on at least 56 whitefl! eggs per da! in order to continue their own egg

production. Both the adult and laral stages feed on whiteflies. 3ntroduction rates rangefrom 5 0elphastus per infested plant or 7-56 per 56 suare feet. 0elphastus alone will not

be able to reduce whitefl! populations to acceptable leels. A program inoling 4ncarsia aswell will li)el! be necessar!.

Whitefly Predatory Beetle -Delphastus pusillus

Product 30 : 0P56Price: $89.50

2elect the si8e

0elphastus pusillus is a small natie from lorida with a wide distribution across the centraland southern 9.2. 3t is also found in ,entral America" the ,aribbean and in 2outh America

as far south as Peru. 0. pusillus attac)s all species and stages of whiteflies" but prefers eggsand n!mphs. +he adults are small &5/5 inch'" shin!" blac) beetles. +he! are strong fliers

that will immigrate into areas that contain high densities of whiteflies. 0. pusillus respondsto odors emitted b! immature whiteflies" so it can find congregations of them easil! among

the foliage. +he beetles tend to fl! around more on oercast da!s. emale beetles lie forabout ; months" during which time the! la! < to = eggs per da!. &$ale beetles lie for 5

month.' +he! generall! la! their eggs within clusters of whitefl! eggs" which ma)es it easierfor the !oung larae to find a food source. +he eggs are 6.; mm long" clear and twice as

long as the! are wide. +he elongate larae are pale !ellow. 4ach instar lasts 5-< da!s. 0.pusillus pupates on lower leaes" in leaf litter" or in other protected locations" often in

groups. +he pupa stage lasts approimatel! da!s. Newl! emerged adults are pale-brown

to almost white. +he! eentuall! turn blac) with a brown head. 0eelopment from egg to

adult ta)es approimatel! < wee)s at ?6-?7-. Both larae and adults are actie predatorsthat can consume numerous eggs or n!mphs each da!. An adult 0elphastus ta)es no longer

than half a minute to handle a whitefl! egg" and deours up to 56 eggs or 5; largen!mphs dail!. A lara consumes 5666 whitefl! eggs &less if it also eats whitefl! n!mphs'

during its entire deelopment. Adults and larae feed b! piercing the insect with theirmouthparts and alternatel! suc)ing and regurgitating the internal contents to digest and

consume it. Adult females feed more on eggs and first instars than on later stages.0elphastus performs best at temperatures between 7 and @6- and when relatie humidit!

is aboe 6. Beetle searching" feeding" and egg la!ing ma! be inhibited b! plants with








dense trichomes &hairs'. +herefore this natural enem! ma! not be suitable for use againstwhiteflies on some plants" such as man! arieties of tomato. 3n addition" adult moement is

inhibited b! ecessie amounts of hone!dew produced b! the whiteflies. Beetles are sloweddown or trapped in the stic)! eudate. 0elphastus has the potential to decimate large

populations of whiteflies in the greenhouse since a single beetle can consume 56"666whitefl! eggs in its lifetime. Howeer" since adult female beetles must feed on oer ;66

eggs per da! in order to reproduceC these beetles are unli)el! to persist when whitefl!numbers are low. 0elphastus can be used in conDunction with other biological controlorganisms. Both adult and laral beetles aoid feeding on whitefl! n!mphs parasiti8ed b!

wasps such as 4ncarsia when the wasps are in later stages of deelopment. 3n some

eperiments whitefl! control was better when the beetle was released simultaneousl! with awasp" than when the natural enemies were released alone. 0elphastus" which is

commerciall! aailable" is normall! shipped as adults" often in a tube filled with shreddedpaper or other cushioning material. 9pon arrial" these predators should be released

immediatel!C although the beetle can be stored briefl! at 7@-?-. 1eleases should be madein the earl! morning or eening &dus)' near areas of high whitefl!

populations. 0elphastus is most effectie at high whitefl! densities" so it ma! be of limitedbenefit in greenhouses where whitefl! populations are )ept at low population leels b! other

means. But een in these situations it can be used as a rescue treatment to help suppress

Ehot spotsE where whitefl! colonies are increasing.

Decollate %nail!

Decollate Snails


Not aailable in ,alifornia north of the +ehachapi $ountains.

T! D!"#%T! S&%' 'S % P(!D%T#( #) S*+S %&D B(#W& +%(D!&S&%'S. ,ontrol infestations of small and medium brown garden snails with decollate

snails. 0ecollates also eat old leaf mulch" but the! do not eat health! plants. 0uring the da!0ecollates lie in the first few inches of moist top soil" leaf mulch or under roc)s. As the sun

goes down the! come out to hunt !our slugs and snails. 0ecollates moe about the gardenloo)ing for the egg masses of the slugs and snails" and attac)ing the smaller brown garden

snail. A 0ecollate snail lies for about ; !ears and la!s about ;66 eggs a !ear. %nce it isreleased and wor)ing it is most often the last time !ou will eer need to spend mone! to

fight the brown garden snail. %er a period of time !our slugs and snails will be brought





under control without the use of poisonous chemicals. +he snails will be dormant when !oureceie them.

(!!%S'&+ '&ST(*"T'#&S....3f the 0ecollate snails are dormant and not moing around" then place them in a pan or

buc)et and run cool water oer them for ;-< minutes. 0rain off the water and place them ina moist" shad! area where brown snails are present. 0ecollate snails will burrow into the soil

for the winter. Allow time for them to wor)C it ma! ta)e up to ; !ears for hea! brown snailproblems to be eradicated. %biousl! this is a long term inestment reuiring patience anddiligence" but the reward is a permanent depression of the snail population. 3n time it will

nearl! eliminate the brown snail population. +o facilitate the process" disperse the decollate

snails in seeral locations where organic matter is plentiful. 9se about 566 per normal si8e!ard or 5666 per acre.Decollate Snails -(u,ina decollata

Product is out of stoc)

&arden Lad'b$(!

+arden adyus

Home > Biological 2olutions > #arden ad!bugs

http://www.buglogical.com/garden-lad!bugs/

adyus for controllin pests in your arden are the ,ost popular and /idelyused eneficial insects for co,,ercial and ho,e use. adyus are capale of

consu,in up to 50 to 0 aphids per day ut /ill also eat a 1ariety of other insectsand lar1ae includin scales2 ,ealy us2 leaf hoppers2 ,ites2 and 1arious types of

soft-odied insects. adyus2 also called lady eetles or ladyird eetles2 are a1ery eneficial roup of insects. adyus are natural ene,ies of ,any insect

pests and it has een de,onstrated that a sinle ladyu ,ay consu,e as ,any

as 52000 aphids in its lifeti,e.

adyus






http://www.buglogical.com/ladybugs.html










+arden 'nsects 3ariety Pac4

Product 30 : BP56Price: $9.65

The +arden 3ariety 5766 ad!bugs" and 5"666 #reen lacewing eggs" and +wo Pra!ingmantis egg cases.+arden Delu7e 3ariety 5766 ad!bugs" 5"666 #reen lacewing eggs" +wo Pra!ing mantisegg cases" and 7 $il. HB F 2, Nematodes mied.

ad!bugs will feed on other pests" but are best )nown to eliminate aphid populations" andare one of the most actie predators. +he! search all da! from dawn to dus) for food.

ad!bugs are shipped in the adult stage and is one of the most effectie economicall!important insect predator )nown.

When you buy ladybugs from almost any other source they have been hauled all around the

United States from 2 to 3 different companies. It is best to order fresh healthy ladybugs andhave them delivered directly to you from a reliable source. This stresses out the ladybugs,

robbing them of their vigor, aphid eating and reproduction capabilities. Other ladybugs maytravel an etra !"" to #,""" miles over 3 to $ days or more before they reach you% Our

ladybugs are shipped &ed' net day delivery or &ed' second day delivery, your choice.







ad!bug eggs are football-shaped and orange in color and laid in circular clusters of <-;6 onthe underside of leaes. 4ach female can la! 56-76 eggs dail!. +he lare consume up to =66

aphids at a rate of 76-6 aphids a da! in later stages. 3f food supplies are short the! willcannibali8e each other. arae lie for three wee)s before pupating.

After ;-7 da!s adults emerge and continue to feed. Pollen and nectar are necessar! for

maturation of newl! emerged lad! bug adults" particularl! before a winter hibernationseason. Adults can surie on pollen and nectar for limited periods" but a suppl! of aphidsor other pre! is necessar! for egg production.

Pests Attac)ed$ost lad! beetles found on crops and in gardens are aphid predators. 2ome species prefer

onl! certain aphid species while others will attac) man! aphid species on a ariet! of crops.2ome prefer mite or scale species. 3f aphids are scarce" lad! beetle adults and larae ma!

feed on the eggs of moths and beetles" and mites" thrips" and other small insects" as well aspollen and nectar. +he! ma! also be cannibalistic. Because of their abilit! to surie on

other pre! when aphids are in short suppl!" lad! beetles are particularl! aluable naturalenemies.

ife ,!cle

*ithin a !ear" there can be as man! as 7- generations of lad!bugs as the aerage timefrom egg to adult onl! ta)es about <-= wee)s. 3n the spring" adults find food and then thefemales la! an!where from 76-<66 eggs. +he tin! eggs are !ellow F oal shaped and are

usuall! found in clusters of 56-76" near aphid colonies. +he eggs ta)e <-7 da!s to hatch andthe larae oraciousl! feed on aphids for ;-< wee)s before the! pupate into adults.

3n the fall" adults hibernate in plant refuse and creices. +he! often do this in mass whereseeral hundred adults will gather at the base of a tree" along a fence row or under a roc).

+he! especiall! li)e areas where leaes protect them from cold winter temperatures. i)e allbeetles" the lad! beetles hae a complete metamorphosis with distinct egg" laral" pupal"

and adult stages. Adults of one common species" the ,onergent ad! Beetle &Hippodamiaconergens'" spend the winter in protected hiding places such as logs" bui3dings" ground

coering egetation" and the li)e" where man! hundreds of indiiduals ma! cluster together.

*ith the onset of spring the adults leae their winter homes and fl! to fields and !ardswhere mating ta)es place. +he females deposit the eggs in clusters of up to a do8en per

mass. +he larae hatch from the eggs in about a wee) and immediatel! start to consumeaphids or other appropriate food. 3n a little less than a month the! pupate and the pupal

period lasts onl! about one wee). *hen the adults emerge the! too feed on aphids" but asfall approaches the! ma! eat some pollen which supplies fat for winter hibernation.

Attracting ad!bugs in the #arden

Apart from aphids" lad!bugs also reuire a source of pollen for food and are attracted tospecific t!pes of plants. +he most popular ones hae umbrella shaped flowers such as

fennel" dill" cilantro" carawa!" angelica" tans!" wild carrot F !arrow. %ther plants that alsoattract lad!bugs include cosmos &especiall! the white ones'" coreopsis" and scented

geraniums" dandelions.

*hen !ou are home" put the bag in a cool place &refrigerator' until late in the da! or earl!morning. 0o not release the lad!bugs during the heat of the da! or while the sun is shining.

2prin)le or irrigate the area before releasing" so the lad!bugs will hae a drin) of waterafter their Dourne!.

Being wild creatures" lad!bugs will leae if the! donGt li)e their new home. ou ma! hae toeperiment to proide the right enironment for them. As 3 mention aboe" it is important

to release the lad!bugs in the eening or later because the! will not fl! at night and need asettling down period after being handled.



*hen releasing" gentl! scatter or spread them out so each lad!bug can find foodimmediatel!. +o help ensure the success of !our program" there are man! wa!s !ou can

improe the habitat for beneficial insects. %ne of these is to )eep moisture leels high" asman! beneficials reuire high humidit! or read! access to free water droplets. High

humidit! is more easil! maintained b! haing plants close together. +he garden or fieldshould hae arious lowering plants to proide nectar and pollen for adult beneficial insects.

3n general" a miture of closel!-growing plants and flowers will greatl! benefit both natieand beneficial insects. +his should result in higher productiit! for !our organic garden orfarm.

ad!bugs are also called lad! beetles or lad!bird beetles" are natural enemies of man!

insect pests and it has been demonstrated that a single lad! beetle ma! consume as man!as 7"666 aphids in its lifetime.

Apart from planting attractie plants in the garden" !ou can also promote lad!bugpopulations b! elimination of spra!ing insecticides. Not onl! are lad!bugs sensitie to most

s!nthetic insecticides" but if the maDorit! of their food source is gone" the! wonGt la! theireggs in !our garden. As difficult as it ma! be" allowing aphids to lie on certain plants is

necessar! to ensure that there is enough food for lad!bugs. 3n addition" resist the urge to

suish bugs F eggs in the garden" unless !ouGre certain that the! are not beneficial.

144A24 3N2+19,+3%N2:

*hen !ou are home" put the bag in a cool place &refrigerator' until late in the da! or earl!morning. 0o not release the lad!bugs during the heat of the da! or while the sun is shining.

2prin)le or irrigate the area before releasing" so the lad!bugs will hae a drin) of waterafter their Dourne!.

Being wild creatures" lad!bugs will leae if the! donGt li)e their new home. ou ma! hae toeperiment to proide the right enironment for them. As 3 mention aboe" it is important

to release the lad!bugs in the eening or later because the! will not fl! at night and need asettling down period after being handled.

*hen releasing" gentl! scatter or spread them out so each lad!bug can find food

immediatel!. +o help ensure the success of !our program" there are man! wa!s !ou canimproe the habitat for beneficial insects. %ne of these is to )eep moisture leels high" as

man! beneficials reuire high humidit! or read! access to free water droplets. Highhumidit! is more easil! maintained b! haing plants close together. +he garden or field

should hae arious lowering plants to proide nectar and pollen for adult beneficial insects.3n general" a miture of closel!-growing plants and flowers will greatl! benefit both natie

and beneficial insects. +his should result in higher productiit! for !our organic garden or

farm.ad!bugs are also called lad! beetles or lad!bird beetles" are natural enemies of man!

insect pests and it has been demonstrated that a single lad! beetle ma! consume as man!as 7"666 aphids in its lifetime.

)eneficial *e"atode!

Beneficial &e,atodes

Home > Biological 2olutions > Beneficial Nematodes










Beneficial Nematodes -or Pest 3nsects

Beneficial nematodes see) out and )ill all stages of harmful soil-dwelling insects. +he! canbe used to control a broad range of soil-inhabiting insects and aboe-ground insects in their

soil-inhabiting stage of life. $ore than ;66 species of insect pests from 566 insect familiesare susceptible to these insect predators.

+he! are a natural and effectie alternatie to chemical pesticides" and hae no detrimentalaffect on non-target species such as lad!bugs" earth worms and other helpful garden

insects.inall!" there is no eidence that parasitic nematodes or their s!mbiotic bacteria can

deelop in ertebrates. +his ma)es nematode use for insect pest control safe andenironmentall! friendl!. +he 9nited 2tates 4nironmental Protection Agenc! &4PA' has

ruled that nematodes are eempt from registration because the! occur naturall! and reuireno genetic modification b! man.

Beneficial nematodes can be applied an!time during the !ear when soil-dwelling insects are

present and soil tempertures are aboe =7- during the da!. Beneficial nematodes see) outand )ill oer ;66 pest insects in the soil.+he! are a natural effectie alternatie to chemical

pesticides. Beneficial nematodes are formulated and applied as infectie Dueniles" theenironmentall! tolerant free liing stage that attac)s the insect. +her are seeral species

and strains that are speciali8ed for particular host insects. 3t is important to choose the rightspecies for the Dob. Please reiew these nematode t!pes for !our selection. 2teinernema

carpocapsae" and eltiae uses an EambushE strateg! as the! wait for an insect host to moeb!" and therefore wor)s well against pests that are moing around the soil surface. +he

Heterorhabditids bacteriophora do well against soil pests that are not as mobile becausethese nematodes are EcruisersE" the! actiel! search for hosts deeper in the soil.

56 $illion nematodes" #arden 2i8e: will treat up to <";66 s.ft.76 $illion nematodes will treat up to 5/; acre.566 million nematodes will treat up to an acre.

&reen Lace+in(

+reen ace/in





Home > Biological 2olutions > #reen acewing


#reen acewing - ,hr!soperia carnea+he green lacewing is another one of the most effectie predator! insect )nown.

T! %P'D '#& After a few da!s" the eggs hatch and tin! larae emerge which arealso )nown as(aphid lions( because of their oracious appetite. +here is no other better

predator )nown to consume ast uantities of eggs and the soft bodies of aphids" meal!-bugs" spider mites" leafhopper n!mphs" caterpillar eggs" scales" thrips" and white-flies. +he

lacewing larae attac) the eggs of most pests and" if the bodies are not to hard and fastmoing" will attac) the adult pest stage as well.

9se lacewing eggs/larae for greenhouses and gardens. arae will onl! feed for 5-< wee)sbefore the! become adults &eating onl! nectar and hone!dew'. 9se approimatel! 56

lacewing eggs/larae per plant or 5666 eggs per ;66 suare feet. After a few da!s" the eggshatch and tin! larae emerge. +he larae are gra!-brown in color and newl! hatch are er!

tin!. 2imilar in appearance to an alligator with pincers" the lacewing larae igorousl!attac)s its pre!" inDects a paral!8ing enom" and draws out the bod! fluids of its helpless

ictim. 0epending on climate conditions" the adults will lie for about four to si wee)s"

feeding onl! on nectar" pollen and hone!dew. 3f these food sources are not aalable" it willsimpl! leae the area and la! its eggs elsewhere.

#reen lacewing eggs are shipped in bran or rice hulls and pac)ed with moth eggs for food.

+he best time to release is earl! morning or later afternoon. Neer release in the heat of theda!. or best results" immediate use is adised howeer" when release is inconenient" the!

can be stored in the refrigerator for up to =? hours. *armer temperatures will speed uptheir emergence and newl! hatched lacewing larae are hungr! and will cannibali8e each

other if the! are not released uic)l!.3f the infestation has not been arrested after 7 to da!s" additional releases ma! be

necessar!. *hen releasing on a regular schedule" change the release sites within the targetarea to get maimum coerage.

+reen ace/in - "hrysoperia carnea





http://www.buglogical.com/green-lacewing/green-lacewing-chrysoperia-carnea/








Product 30 : #(P56Price: $.95

%pider "ite predator!

http://www.buglogical.com/spider-mite-predator/

spider ,ite predators

Home > Biological 2olutions > 2pider $ite Predator

Spider ,ite lar1ae2 ny,phs and adults feed on the underside of the leaes and cause!ellow spots"later een !ellow leaes. Plant cells turn !ellow" which can be seen on the

upper surface of the leaf as small !ellow spots. +his reduces the photos!nthetic area of theleaf and the plant gets out of the ph!siological balance. +his results in decreased plant

growth and production. inall! the crop ma! die from the infestation. N!mphs and adultsproduce webbing that can cause cosmetic damage to the crop. 3f large numbers of spider

mites are present" plants ma! be completel! coered with webs.

Biological Control 2pider mites hae man! natural enemies" which limit their numbers in man! landscapes and

gardens" especiall! when undisturbed b! pesticide spra!s. 2ome of the most important arethe predator! mites" including the )alendromus &I*etaseiulus+ occidentalis, and persimilis

species. Predator! mites are about the same si8e as plant-feeding mites but hae longer

legs and are more actie. +he purchase and release of predator! mites can be useful in

establishing populations in large plantings or orchards" but the best results are obtained b!creating faorable conditions for naturall! occurring predatorsfor instance" b! aoidingdust! conditions and pesticide spra!s. +he maDor predator mites commerciall! aailable for

release are the western predator! mite and hytoseiulus. +he western predator! mite ismore effectie under hot" dr! conditions. +hese predators do not feed on foliage or become

pestsC thus if pest mites are not aailable when predator! mites are released" the predatorsstare or migrate elsewhere. 3f !ou wish to establish predators in a heail! infested orchard

or garden that has few predators" use a soap spra! to bring pest mites to a lower leel andthen release predator! mites. A good guideline is that one predator is needed for eer! ten












spider mites to proide control. $ore than one application of predator! mites ma! bereuired if !ou want to reduce pest populations rapidl!. ,oncentrate releases in hot spots

where spider mite numbers are highest. %nce established on perennials" predator! mitesma! reproduce and proide biological control indefinitel! without further augmentation

unless nonselectie insecticides are applied that )ill the predators.1elease rates:

- or tomatoes and cucumbers" 5 predator per plant plus 5-; per infested leaf.- or other greenhouse crops" tropical plants" and outdoor gardens" ;"666 per <"666 s. ft.- or bedding plants" 5"666 per 56"666 s. ft.

- or large agri-business" 7"666 - ;6"666 per acre depending on infestation.

Triple Blend Predatory Spider ;ites

Product 30 : P,56Price: $68.50

Spider ;ite "ontrol - onipes

Product 30 : $56Price: $6<.50

Spider ;ite "ontrol - #ccidentalis

Product 30 : #%56Price: $6<.50

Spider ;ite "ontrol - Persi,ilis

Product 30 : PP56

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Price: $6<.50

Spider ;ite Predator- %,lyseius californicus

Product 30 : NAB7

Price: $59.85

Ph!toseiulus persimilis +his bright orange predator is natie to the tropics of 2outh America.

3t does best in a humid enironment of 6 to @6 relatie humidit!. 0oes best where

tempertures remain below @6 degrees . Persimilis is sensitie to high tempertures and low

relatie humidit!. A humidit! of 6 or lower has a negatie effet on the hatching of theeggs and the deelopment of Persimilis. 3f spider mite problems occur in a hot and dr!enironment" ongipes or ,alifornicus will proide better control than Persimilis. Persimilis

can reduce spider mite population to er! low numbers in two to three wee)s. 2incePersimilis are faster and stronger than their pre! the! easil! catch and eat them. *hen

released the! smell their pre!" then moe uic)l! throughout the plant. Persimilis wor) bestfrom tempertures of 76 t6 @6 degrees . +he! then die from lac) of food. 3n situations

where the pest reinfest the plants" we suggest introducing persimilis eer! < to 7 wee)s orintroducing either %ccidentalis or ,alifornicus in combination with Persimilis.

#alendromus occidentalis is a er! ersatile mite predator and tolerates high temperatureslow and high humidit! &=6-?7' well" both indoors and out. 0oes best in warm weather

&?6K to 556K '. +olerates low humidit! of inland alle!s. 0oes not do well in cool coastalareas. #oes into diapause &hibernation' in colder temperatures. 1ecommended for

greenhouses onl! if plants are maintained as low as =6 relatie humidit!. 3t is natie to,alifornia and has ben researched for spider mite control in almonds" grapes" and man!

other ornamentals and plants. +his predator is well adapted for outdoor use and canperform in hot situations where humidit! remains aboe =6. 9se ). occidentalis to control

spider mites" two spotted mites" 1usset mites" and others on gardens" greenhouses" andorchards of all t!pes. Adults eat 5-< pest adults or up to pest eggs/da!. 1elease rates

indoors" ;-</s. ft. bi-wee)l!" 5-; applicationsC outdoors" 7"666-;6"666/acre" bi-wee)l!" 5-; applications.

Neoseiulus californicus predator! mites consume their pre! at a more leisurel! pace than do

their friends *esoseiulus longipes and hytoseiulus persimilis" one adult or a few eggs per

da!" the! can surie longer under staration conditions and can also lie on a diet ofpollen. 3n plants where it is er! hard to detect the first spider mites" -alifornicus ma! be

introduced preentatiel!" ,ompletes a generation in one to two wee)s depending on

temperature &5; da!s at =L " = da!s at @6L '. +he female la!s about < eggs per da! fortwo wee)s and lies about ;6 da!s. At L the female can consume 7.< spidermite eggs

per da!. 0oes best in warm humid conditions" but will also tolerate low humidit! &=6 -?6 1H at 76K - 567K'. %ccurs along coast and inland alle!s of ,alifornia. ,alifornicus is

more resistant to chemical pesticide. Aoid using an! pesticide one wee) prior or one wee)after releasing predators. 2+%1A#4: Highl! perishable" should be used immediatel! upon

delier!. 3f storage is absolutel! necessar!" refrigerate at =6K-76K . &K-56K ,'. Not toeceed ; da!s" to minimi8e mortalit!. +he! are not canabalistic and surie shipping er!

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well. 1elease 5 - = per plant or 5 - ; per suare foot in greenhouses at the first sign ofspidermites. 9se ;7"666 per acre in field. ater releases will reuire much higher numbers

to be effectie. 1eleases of californicus can be made when 2pider mites are present andla!ing eggs. een if no spider mites hae been found !et. . californicus can tolerate low

humidit! and ideal temperatures 6-@6 degrees . ,an tolerate temperatures up to 567degrees . *or)s great in gardens" greenhouses and indoor potted plants.

$esoseiulus longipes is similar to . persimilis but can tolerate lower humidit! =6 at 6degrees . but reuires higher humidit! as tempertures increase. *. longipes are effectie intemperatures up to 566 degrees " although a comparable increase in humidit! is reuired.

Appl! these predators in warm greenhouses and interiorscapes with artificial lighting. +he

lifespan of the adults" the form in which the! are shipped" is <= da!s. 1elease rates indoors"</s. ft. bi-wee)l!" 5-; timesC outdoors" 7"666-;6"666/acre" bi-wee)l!" 5-; times.

Neoseiulus fallacis

. fallacis predator is similar to . -alifornicus but is more effectie in northern climates on$int" Hops and 2trawberries.

1eproduces at lower temperatures than other predator! mites &P.persimilis'

M 1esistant to more pesticides than most biological controls

M 2urie in the absence of mite pre! b! feeding on other small arthropods and pollenTaret Pests:Neoseiulus fallacis are )nown to control the 4uropean 1ed $ite &anonychus ulmi ' below

economic thresholds in fruit orchards. Also targets +wo-2potted 2pider $ite &Tetranychusurticae'" 2pruce 2pider $ite &Oligonychus ununguis' and 2outhern 1ed $ite &Oligonychus

ilicis'.

Description: Neoseiulus fallacis is a natie predator! mite that feeds on spider mites" rust mites and

small insects. 3t is one of the most important biological control agents in North Americanberr! and orchard crops. Adults hae pear-shaped bodies" 6.l7mm longC the! are tan to

light orange in color" shin!" with long legs. 3mmature predators are cream colored and

semi-transparent. +heir eggs are oal and 6.<mm long.

Ap#'ti! elin$! -ed %cale Para!ite

%phytis ;elinus (ed Scale Parasite

Home > Biological 2olutions > Aph!tis $elinus

1ed 2cale Parasite &Aph!tis melinus' ,alifornia red scale is the faorite pre! of theseparasitic wasps" although citrus red scale" oleander scale" 2an Jose scale" i! scale" and

citrus !ellow scale are other pre!. Aph!tis are shipped as adults" and the adult females la!their eggs in red scale. +he larae consume their host" and each A. melinus )ills more than

<6 scale insects. +he adult parasites lie approimatel! ; da!s and will also dine onhone!dew. 3deal conditions for control are -?7 degrees " relatie humidit! =6-76 percent

• 5 3tem&s'

• Page 5 of 5

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%phytis ,elinus red scale parasite

Product 30 : A$56-Aph!tis $elinusPrice: $9.95

•

0escription: Aph!tis melinus is a small light !ellow parasitic wasp about 5mm in si8e. +he

wasp parasiti8es arious t!pes of armored scale. +he wasp la!s eggs under the wa! scale

coering" created b! the scale. +he parasite larae deelop under the scale coering. +hewindow for female control is during the second and third instars of deelopment while she is

a irgin. +he maleGs window is during the second instar and pre-pupae deelopment. 3t is

during these deelopmental stages that the scale is not affied to host plant thus allowingthe parasites to get under the scale. 3n some cases the scale is )illed b! adult hosts feeding

on them. %nce the scale is parasiti8ed it loo)s dried out and when eamined closel! ma!hae dar) spots. ife ,!cle: At ?6K Aph!tis ta)e 5<-5? da!s to deelop from egg to adult.

Adults lie for approimatel! 56-5 da!s &up to ;7' and deposit -? eggs dail!. Product3nformation: Aph!tis melinus are shipped in cups. 3ntroduction 1ates: #eneral: 3t is best to

release Aph!tis melinus in 5-< wee) interals upon detection of scale until low scalenumbers are obsered. 2cale mergence usuall! occurs in spring. %ptimal release conditions

are between 6K-??K . %rchards: +he optimum time for augmentatie releases would bethe seen-wee) period from mid-$arch through the first wee) in $a!. 0uring this time the

scale population is still at an ebb after coming through the winter and !et weatherconditions are generall! warm enough to be conducie to releases of our insectar!-reared

parasites. 3n addition" at this time of !ear the Aph!tis should be able to produce threegenerations during one generation of scale deelopment. 5-; cups per acre is for moderate

infestations. 1elease on shaded side of tree during temperatures below @6K . 1eleaseparasites eer! fifth to sith tree eer! fifth to sith row starting at a different row each

release. An open cup ma! be left in a tree or applicator ma! wal) through the rowsreleasing at will for rapid dispersal. +he use of a summer oil spra! to reduce high number of

scale ;-< wee)s prior to parasite release is also helpful. 3nteriorscapes: %n established scalesites it can ta)e up to ;-< months for complete control. 1elease Aph!tis at 5-< wee)

interals until scale leels are low. %nce low leels are achieed 5-< releases per !earshould maintain control. +he release rates depend on the host plants. A simple guideline is

7-56 wasps per infested plant. Parasites should be released b! waiing cup around infestedplants ;-< times. 1elease at dus) or when windows are coered so that the Aph!tis will find

infested plants uic)er. 3f infestation leels are high appl! insecticidal soap ;-< wee)s prior

to release. *ash off Hone!dew from plants Dust before release. Ant control is of paramountimportance in all applicationsO or Best 1esults: 9se wasps within 5 da! of receiing !our

order. 3f necessar! store in a cool dar) place &6K.' until use. 0o not refrigerate. Aph!tisiabilit! decreases rapidl! with prolonged storage. 9sing Pesticides: 3nsecticidal soaps areharmful to all stages of Aph!tis" but hae no residual effect. %il spra!s Bacillus thuringiensis

and 2abadilla are compatible. 3f harsh toic pesticides must be used" Aph!tis should be reintroduced in = wee)s after application.

Pra'in( antid /enodera aridifolia !inen!i!

http://www.buglogical.com/aphytis-melinus/aphytis-melinus-red-scale-parasite/





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Prayin ;antid - Tenodera aridifolia sinensis

Home > Biological 2olutions > Pra!ing $antis

Prayin ;antis e cases $ 8.95. 5 Prayin ;antis e cases $ <.95.0 Prayin ;antis e cases $ .95. 5 Prayin ;antis e cases $ 6.0.

+his adored insect" pra!ing mantis is a general predator of most pest insects" mites" eggs"or an! insect in reach. 4ach egg case contains approimatel! ;66 bab! mantids. 9se <

cases per 7"666 suare feet or 56-566 cases per !ear per acre. Attract to twigs" leaes"

fences" and other egetation. Pra!ing mantis egg cases ma! also be placed in the crotch ofa bush or tree. 0o not place on ground" as the! become eas! pre! for ants. 1eleases can

begin after the last frost and continue through summer.+he Pra!ing mantis is a most interesting and enDo!able beneficial insect to hae around the

garden and farm. 3t is the onl! )nown insect that can turn its head and loo) oer itsshoulder. $antis lie in wait for their food and when close enough" snap it up with a lightning

moement of their strong forelegs. $easurements of their reflees show the! react morethan ; times uic)er than houseflies. $antis hae enormous appetites" eating arious

aphids" leafhoppers" mosuitoes" caterpillars and other soft-bodied insects when !oung.ater the! will eat larger insects" beetles" grasshoppers" cric)ets" and other pest insects.

+hese ferocious-loo)ing pra!ing mantises actuall! ma)e great pets. 2ome will een eat rawmeat and insects from !our fingers. *ith plent! to eat the! usuall! will not stra! far. 3f

handled properl! the! donGt bite.

Prayin ;antis - Tenodera aridifolia sinensis

Product 30 : P1$-65





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Price: $8.95

The praying mantis is named for its prominent front legs" which are bent and held together

at an angle that suggests the position of pra!er. +he larger group of these insects is moreproperl! called the pra!ing mantis. $antis refers to the genus mantis" to which onl! some

pra!ing mantis belong. B! an! name" these fascinating insects are formidable predators.+he! hae triangular heads poised on a long Enec)"E or elongated thora. $antis can turntheir heads 5?6 degrees to scan their surroundings with two large compound e!es and three

other simple e!es located between them. +!picall! green or brown and well camouflaged on

the plants among which the! lie" mantis lie in ambush or patientl! stal) their uarr!. +he!use their front legs to snare their pre! with reflees so uic) that the! are difficult to see

with the na)ed e!e. +heir legs are further euipped with spi)es for snaring pre! and pinningit in place. $oths" cric)ets" grasshoppers" flies" and other insects are usuall! the unfortunate

recipients of unwanted mantis attention. Howeer" the insects will also eat others of theirown )ind. +he most famous eample of this is the notorious mating behaior of the adult

female" who sometimes eats her mate Dust afteror een duringmating. et this behaiorseems not to deter males from reproduction. emales regularl! la! hundreds of eggs in a

small case" and n!mphs hatch loo)ing much li)e tin! ersions of their parents.

%%0 AN0 14A13N#:Proiding food for a mantid can easil! be done b! trapping flies or other insects" and

releasing them into the mantidGs containerC a wide-mouth Dar coered with a net or screenon top and a twig or branch inside the Dar. 3nsects used for food must be alie and not much

bigger than the mantid. 3f the insect is too small" the mantid will consistentl! miss and beunable to grasp the pre!. $antids will eat insects dangled from twee8ers" and most mantids

will not ecept dead insects. $antids in captiit! do need additional water. #entl! place asmall wet sponge inside the container eer! wee). +he mantids will gather the water off the

sponge.

$antids in captiit! do need additional water. #entl! mist the container eer! wee)

depending on the humidit!. +he mantid will gather the water off the sides of the Dar and itsbod!. +a)ing ,are ,leaning 1emoe the dead insects from the bottom of the container.

ong forceps are best to minimi8e disturbance to the mantid. 3f the container needs to becleaned" gentl! remoe the mantid and stic) and place in spare" clean container while the

container is washed. Handling $antids are delicate. +he! can be carefull! handled b!allowing them to oluntaril! wal) onto !our hand or finger. $antids will sometimes stri)e

out and it can be er! startling. $a)e sure not to drop the insect with alarm. 1aising oung

2ome adult female mantids will la! egg cases in the container. ,ontinue to care for thefemale as described. 2he ma! la! additional egg cases. After a period of time &aries with

species and season' the immature mantids will emerge from the egg case. +he! will eateach other if additional pre! is not proided. 2mall fruit flies are ideal for small mantids. ou

can also remoe the mantids and set them up in other containers. %ther ,oncernsPrecautions $antids eat often and finding food for lots of immature mantids ma! get to be

ehausting if !ou do not hae a culture of fruit flies aailable. 0o not release mantidsoutside unless !ou are sure the! are a species that lies in !our area.

144A24 3N2+19,+3%N2:Best results will be achieed b! attaching the egg cases to a twig or a plant using a twistum

or wire tie" wrap around the egg case and tie it to a branch in warm location" filteredsunlight. A hanging" swinging egg case is safer from birds and other predators. 3t will ta)e

about 56 to 57 da!s of good continue warm weather for them to hatch.



*hen hatching the !oung will crawl from between the tin! flaps in the egg cases and hangfrom sil)en threads about ;E below the case. After dr!ing out the long legged !oung

disappear into the egetation around the area" leaing little if an! trace of their hatching.+his happens within an hour or two and it is difficult to )now hatching has occured unless

the elusie" well camouflaged !oung are found. 9se this aluable insect inAdult $ales and emales

emales usuall! hae heaier abdomen and are larger than males.3mmature &different stages'A distinct 2t!rofoam-li)e egg case protects $antis eggs throughout the winter. 9p to ;66 or

more n!mphs ma! emerge from the egg case. +he n!mphs loo) li)e adults ecept for si8e

and the seual definition. ,oloration and patterns in the n!mph stage ma! be different thanthe adult.

Natural Histor!ood

Pra!ing mantis are highl! predacious and feed on a ariet! of insects" including moths"cric)ets" grasshoppers and flies. +he! lie in wait with the front legs in an upraised position.

+he! intentl! watch and stal) their pre!. +he! will eat each other.Habitat

Pra!ing mantis are often protectiel! colored to the plants the! lie on. +his camouflage

facilitates their predaceous behaior. $antids are usuall! found on plants that hae otherinsects around. 2ome mantis lie in grass. *inged adults ma! be attracted to blac) lights inlate summer and earl! fall.

3nteresting Behaiors+he adult female usuall! eats the male after or during mating. $antiss grasping response is

incredibl! rapid" so that !ou see it before it catches the insect and when the insect is in itsfront legs. +he motion is barel! a blur if it is perceied at all.

+he compound e!es are capable of seeing images and colors. +he three simple e!es perhapstell the differences between light and dar).. +he simple e!es are arranged in a triangle

between the antennae. ,ompound e!es are made up of hundreds of facets constructed withtwo lenses. +hese focus the light down on a light sensitie structure &rhabdome' which is

connected to the optic nere.

W#itefl' Control

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Whitefly "ontrol

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!))!"T'3! "#&T(# #) W'T!)=4ncarsia was one of the first biological control agents deeloped. +his minute &Q 5mm" 5/;7

inch long' parasitic wasp is probabl! tropical in origin. 3t does not sting humans.*ith the eception of the adult" all stages of 4ncarsia occur within the whitefl! host. Adults

are tin! wasps that la! eggs inside ; wee) old whitfl! scales &second and third whitfl! laral

stages'. 4ach egg will )ill one whitefl! scale. Adults la! up to ;66 eggs. +he parasite thendeelops inside the whietfl! scale" and midwa! through the deelopment of 4ncarsia withinthe whitefl!" the scale turns dar). 3t becomes blac) for greenhouse whitefl!" and

transparent brown for sweet potato whitefl!.

+his occurs after 56 da!s at normal greenhouse temperatures. Another 56 da!s is reuiredbefore adults emerge. Adult 4ncarsia emerge from the parasiti8ed scale b! chewing a hole

in the top of the scale.Adults also )ill whitefl! scales b! direct feeding. %therwise" the! feed

on hone!dew secreted b! the whiteflies. Adults can lie for <6 da!s but normall! are actiefor about 56 da!s. +he complete life c!cle reuires nearl! ;? da!s in commercial

greenhouses.

!ncarsia for,osa

Product 30 : 456Price: $<.95

;!T#D #) %PP'"%T'#&4ncarsia are sold as blac) parasiti8ed scales that hae been fied onto cards. 4ach card

contains 576 deelopeing parasites. A strip of 56 cards contains 5"766 4ncarsia whitefl!

parasites. 3t is important to hang the cards from lower leaes in the shade" and aoidwetting them while watering. Appl! 5-7 4ncarsia per 56 suare feet or 5-7 per infestedplant B3 wee)l! or until control is achied. 0ouble rates are necessar! for the sweet potato

whitefl!. or greenhouse tomatoes or sweet peppers" 5 4ncarsia per = plants B3 wee)l!. orgreenhouse cucumbers use 5 4ncarsia per ; plants B3 wee)l!. %nce the percentage of dar)-

color" parasiti8ed whitefl! scales on leaes eceeds ?6" the numbers of 4ncarsia in thegreenhouse should limit further spread of greenhouse whitefl!.

0escription and ife ,!cle of *hitefl!






*hiteflies" both adults and eggs" are found on the underside of leaes. Adults are small gre!to white winged flies" measuring 5.;7 R;mm" and usuall! Dust lie for a month. 4ach female

adult will la! up to <00 es on the underside of leaes" often in neat circles. +hese eggsare initiall! white but dar)en to an almost blac) color before hatching into a n!mph" which

will crawl around the leaf surface before settling to feed. +he legs of the n!mph thendegenerate and the n!mph becomes an immobile scale" feeding for ; wee)s before

pupating. Adults emerge 56 da!s later and begin feeding immediatel!. +he deelopmentfrom egg to adult can be as rapid as < wee)s at warm temperatures" but will ta)e muchlonger at lower temperatures.

How to Snow if ou Hae *hitefl! R +he 2!mptoms

+he presence of the arious species of whitefl! is indicated b! large amounts of stic)!hone!dew and soot! molds on the upper surfaces of leaes" and b! a !ellow mottling where

the whitefl! hae fed. Whitefly can trans,it se1eral strains of plant 1iruses andinfested plants suffer fro, a lac4 of 1ior.

%f the greenhouse crops" tomatoes and cucumbers are usuall! most seerel! infested"although this pest will attac) man! other common glasshouse and houseplants. Also at ris)

are cabbages" brussel sprouts and other brassicas" rhododendrons and a8aleas.Biological ,ontrol F +reatment of *hitefl!

+he parasitic wasp" encarsia for,osa" has been used with great success to control

whitefl! populations since 5@;. 4ncarsia females la! eggs directl! into the immobilewhitefl! scales which remain white and deelop normall! until the encarsia pupates" turningthe scale blac).

Although it is technicall! a wasp" it is er! small and will not sting !ou.+he adult encarsia will emerge around 56 da!s later. +he presence of encarsia formosa is

indicated b! the blac) parasiti8ed whitefl! scales alongside the un-parasiti8ed white scales.eaes containing blac) scales are introduced to the greenhouse enironment" and under

ideal conditions the adults" when the! emerge" can la! between 5;-57 eggs per da!. 3t isimportant not to introduce an ecessie number of encarsia formosa as the! depend on the

whitefl! scales to continue their life c!cle.

/ric#o(ra""a


Trichora,,a

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+richogramma 4gg *asps -Trichogramma sp.

+richogramma $inutum" +.Platneri" +.Pretiosum" and +.brassicae on one card of <6 s.

5 card I 566"666 eggs.• T. minutum - or ornamentals" orchards" grapes and trees where the protectie 8one

is fie feet or more aboe ground leel.

• T. platneri - or aocados" ornamentals" orchards and grapes.

• T. brassicae - or use on egetable" orchards" gardens and field crops

T. pretiosum- Best in egetable gardens where the protectie 8one is fie feet or less

aboe ground leel.

+richogramma wasps are tin! parasites that attac) the eggs of oer ;66 species of mothsand caterpillars. +he! are etremel! small - = or 7 will fit on the head of a pin.

+richogramma la!s its eggs inside the eggs of moths preenting the moth egg fromhatching into a caterpillar. +his preents the damage caused b! the feeding caterpillars" and

also brea)s the life c!cle of the pest" effectiel! preenting the pest from reproducing. 3nsome species of moth up to 7 parasite eggs ma! be laid in each moth egg. As the parasite

deelops within the egg" it turns blac)" and after about 56 da!s" an adult +richogrammaemerges. Adult +richogramma can lie up to 5= da!s after emergence.

2ome of the common pests +richogramma combat are: ,abbageworm" +omato Hornworm",orn 4arworm" ,odling $oth" ,utworm" Arm!worm" *ebworm" ,abbage ooper" ,orn

Borer" ruitworms" and ,ane Borers. 2ome of the popular hosts of +. brassicae mini-waspsare the eggs of: the #!ps! moth" codling moth" diamondbac) moth" %riental fruit moth"

tomato pinworms" cabbage loopers" imported cabbage worms" tent caterpillars" een thegrossl! damaging tobacco/tomato hornworms.

Trichora,,a rassicae /asps

Product 30 : +.B56

Price: $<8.95

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Trichora,,a ,inutu, /asps

Product 30 : +$56Price: $<9.85

Trichora,,a platneri /asps

Product 30 : +.PA+56

Price: $<9.85

Trichora,,a pretiosu, /asps

Product 30 : +P<6

Price: $<9.85

Trichora,,a pretiosu, /asps

Product 30 : +P56

Price: $<9.85

Nature is brutal" but er! effectie. +richogramma wasps are probabl! the most widel!released beneficial insect in the southwestern 9nited 2tates. 3t is used b! smart growers of

fruit" egetables and ornamentals to control caterpillar and worm pests on their crops. +hereal beaut! of this method of pest control is that the targeted pests can not deelop a

resistance to trichogramma li)e it could when a chemical pesticide is used.+richogramma eats the pests thereGs no defense against that. ,hemicals are as toic to !ou

as the! are to the pests" and often ineffectie against the targeted pest due to resistance.

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3nstead of coating the garden with toic substances" it seems logical to this goddess to haetrichogramma wor)ing round the cloc). +he bad gu!s donGt stand a chance. *hen releasing

trichogramma into !our garden" it is good to wait until the first signs of a caterpillar orworm doing their business. +his will ensure that !ou hae a food source for the wasps when

the! are released. 1eleasing trichogramma is er! simple. *hen !ou purchase the insects"the! come to !ou as parasiti8ed moth eggs. ou Dust hang the little strips on a branch in the

icinit! of !our caterpillar problem and forget about it. +richogramma is on the DobO +hewasp larae )ill pests before the! damage plants b! consuming their eggs. +he! are shippedwhile still parasiti8ed in the host egg. ou receie what loo)s li)e a small piece of sandpaper

that has been inoculated with approimatel! 7"666 eggs. +richogramma wasps protect

plants throughout the growing season. 3n general" regular releases of +richogrammaensures generations of mated females read! to attac) moth eggs" and improes leels of

control. 1eleases should be started when moths are first detected. Although the+richogramma is minute" it can seasrch for moth eggs oer considerable distances. 5;"666

+richogramma will treat up to 766 s. ft. or orchards" field crops" etc. use =6"666 -;66"666 per acre on a wee)l! basis for ;- wee)s during pea) seasons. 1elease at pea) egg

la!ing" when adult moths are seen fl!ing. (isual inspection are necessar! for maimumeffectieness. ,hoose the species that suits !our needs. Aailabilit! !ear-round.Description: +o describe +richogramma wasps with one word: tin!. +hese wasps are one of

the smallest insects on the planet. %ne closel! related genus" $egaphragma" is onl! 6.5?mm in length as a full!-grown adult. +o put this in perspectie" that is the si8e of somebacteriaO 4en though the! are small" the! still loo) li)e wasps" miniature !ellow Dac)ets.

+richogramma wasps hae constricted abdomens" short antennae and raspberr! colorede!es with few facets. As with all wasps" +richogramma wasps hae two pairs of wings and

an oipositor &stinger' on the females. +he wings are unusual because the! are short stal)swith long fringes of hair" instead of the t!pical membranous wing. 2ince these critters are so

small" not much is )nown to describe the eggs" larae or pupae.ife istory: ou might be as)ing now" T*ell" wh! are these things so small and wh! the

hec) are the! m! friends if 3 cant een see themUV +richogramma wasps are small becausethe! are parasitoids of other insect eggs. es" there is actuall! a wasp out there that full!

deelops to adulthood inside a thrips egg. Basicall!" here is a snapshot of the life of a

+richogramma wasp. Adult wasps search for a host egg b! smell. $ost cues to find the hostare found b! odors emitted b! the actual host egg. or eample" for +richogramma that

parasiti8es moth eggs" the adult wasps use odors from moth scales accidentall! )noc)ed offwhile the moth was la!ing the eggs. %nce the female has found a host egg" she probes it

with her oipositor to determine a few things. 2he decides that it is an acceptable host onl!if the host egg is fresh" health!" and not parasiti8ed b! another wasp. 3f the egg is suitable"

she deposits her own egg inside that of the deeloping host egg. +he wasp lara hatches

and begins to consume the egg !ol) and insect embr!o. After the egg is consumed and thewasp completes its laral deelopment" the lara pupates. $an! times when the larae of

+richogramma wasps pupate" the! cause the insect egg that the! are liing in to change incolor. 3n the case of +richogramma that parasiti8e moth eggs" the moth egg usuall! changes

to a dar) metallic blue. %nce the pupal stage is completed" the new adult chews a holethrough the egg and emerges. *hen the adult is out" the! immediatel! smell and inspect

the egg that the! came from. +his is how the! find out what )ind of cues or odors the!should be loo)ing for to find the net host egg.

Beneficial )eatures: +richogrammatids hae been used in agriculture for man! !ears tocontrol insect pests. %nce the! find an area where there are host eggs" the! are er! good

at parasiti8ing most of them. A tree right here in Bellingham" was infected seerel! with thecherr! bar) tortri. 3 obsered that once +richogramma wasps learned that there were a lot

of good eggs to eat on that tree" the! parasiti8ed @? of the eggs b! the end of the seasonO+he! are etremel! prolific under laborator! conditions and fairl! eas! to produce in large

uantities. 3n fact" the *29 and 9nited 2tates 0epartment of Agriculture hae produced



and released ;66"666 +richogramma wasps in North *estern *ashington to manage thecherr! bar) tortri.

(ecruit,ent: 3f !ou hae these gu!s wor)ing in !our !ard and gardens" !ou are blessedwith one the most uniue &and common' beneficial insects out there. +o )eep them in !our

!ard" reduce pesticide usage if !ou can. Also since these wasps are so small" proide er!small flowers as a nectar source. Although" 3 am not sure that the adult wasps een eat

nectar" it cannot hurt to hae these small flowers in !our garden during this transition tofall. $an! other beneficial insects will appreciate it too. $ostl! populations build in the lateseason &li)e now' but it is important to hae a population read! to go in earl! spring for

them to impact the pest populations. #et !our hand lens out and scout around.

o!$ito D$n!

;os>uito Dun4s

http:??///.uloical.co,?,os>uito-dun4s?

Home > Biological 2olutions > $osuito 0un)s

S32 $%2W93+%42 B4%14 +H4 B4,%$4 %0 4N%9#H +% B3+4:Sills mosuitoes for <6 da!s or longer when placed in standing water outdoors. ,an be used

in bird baths" rain barrels" old automobile tires" ponds" ditches" unused swimming pools"tree holes" flower pots" roof gutters or whereer water accumulates. +he mosuito eggs are

er! hard! and manage to lie under almost all conditions. *hen the water temperature isright" the eggs hatch and become mosuito larae which swim around eating and growing.

3n about a wee) the! become full-grown mosuitoes and fl! out of the water loo)ing forsomeone to bite. $osuito 0un) float on water and will )eep on wor)ing for <6 da!s or

longer and are completel! biodegradable. *hile floating" the! slowl! release a naturalmosuito-)illing biocontrol agent at the waters surface. +his agent graduall! settles in the

water where it is eaten b! mosuito larae growing there.

H%* $%2W93+% 09NS2 *%1S....$osuito 0un)s can be used in all t!pes of standing water sites where mosuito larae grow

before becoming adults. Alternate wetting and dr!ing will not reduce their effectieness. +o

preent dun)s from being washed awa!" anchor them using a string tied through the centerhole" or the! can be sta)ed in place. $osuito dun)s" a natural organic ingredient which )ills

mosuito larae feeding on it contain no poisonous chemicals and are harmless to other

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liing things. 4ach mosuito dun) treats 566 s.ft of water surface regardless of depth.$osuito larae will feed on them and will be )illed continuousl!. ou will then be rid of

biting adult mosuitoes for the entire season. $osuito dun)s" which dr! out will startwor)ing again when the! become wet. 9nused dun)s will remain actie indefinitel!.

;os>uito Dun4s

Product 30 : $,56-;555Price: $<.85

*o!e"a Loc$!tae &ra!!#opper )ait


&ose,a ocustae @+rasshopper BaitA

Home > Biological 2olutions > Nosema ocustae &#rasshopper Bait'

AN 4X+1A%103NA1 *A +% ,%N+1% #1A22H%PP412. +his single-celled proto8oaninfects and )ills oer @6 species of grasshoppers" locusts" and some species of cric)ets.

Nosema 3ocustae is non-toic to humans" liestoc)" wild animals" birds" fish" and pets.2hould be applied earl! in the season as oer-wintering hoppers emerge. Appl! 5-; pounds

per acre" broadcasting around entire infected area as well as outl!ing areas such as dr!inggrasses and fields. A second application ma! be necessar! to treat heail! infected areas =-

wee)s later. Nosema is applied to large fla)e wheat bran which seres as a bait.

#rasshoppers are attracted to the bran because of its high protein content. After indigestingthe bait grasshoppers are infected with the Nosema. +he Nosema grows and reproduces in

the fat bodies inside the grasshoppers" then begins destro!ing cells causing grasshoppers to

become lethargic" greatl! reducing food consumption" and eentuall! death. 3n -56 da!s"














grasshoppers will begin to moe slowl! and their food consumption will begin to drop andman! ma! hae died or should begin to die. After this time at least 76-6 of the

remaining grasshoppers should be infected to the point that the! will not lie to reproduce"and ;7-76 of the suriors will be infected. +he disease is contagious and newl! hatched

grasshoppers become infected b! cannibali8ing diseased grasshoppers in the area. A c!cle isthen started and the disease continues throughout the fields and continue through new

hatches. 3dentified and deeloped b! the 9nited 2tates 0epartment of Agriculture during ;6!ears of research. Nosema was approed on large scale goernment grasshoppers controlprograms" and has been successfull! used on thousands of acres b! priate propert! owners

as well as count!" state" and goernment agencies throughout the 9nited 2tates. 3t has also

been approed for usage oerseas b! 9.2.A.3.0.

Bioloical +rasshopper Bait

Product 30 : N56Price: $9.95

A"bl'!ei$! C$c$"eri!

http://www.buglogical.com/ambl!seius-cucumeris/

%,lyseius "ucu,eris

Home > Biological 2olutions > Ambl!seius ,ucumeris

,ucumeris is the preferred predator for thrips control. +he! are tan colored mites found onthe underside of leaes along the iens or inside mature flowers.+hese mites are most

effectie at preenting thrips build-up when applied earl! in the growing season at the firstsign of thrips.

NA+91A ,%N+1% % +H13P2....

http://www.buglogical.com/nosema-locustae-grasshopper-bait/biological-grasshopper-bait/

http://www.buglogical.com/amblyseius-cucumeris/












+he life c!cle of ,ucumeris begins with small white eggs that can be seen attached to leafhairs along eins on the lower leaf surface. At ? degrees eggs hatch in about < da!s into

nonfeeding larae that molt to n!mphs after about ; da!s. +he ; n!mphal stages which last da!s" as well as the adult stage which lasts up to <6 da!s feed on immature stages of

thrips. +he adult female can la! up to <7 eggs in her lifetime. Adults can eat an aerage of 5thrips per da! and also feed on two-spotted mites and their eggs.

4stablishment of ,ucumeris reuires <-= wee)s" so the! should be applied before thripproblems deelop. Because cucumeris feed on immature thrip stages a decrease in adultthrip populations will not occur for about < wee)s.

%,lyseius "ucu,eris

Product 30 : A,+56Price: $69.85

9nit of pac)aging Neoseiulus cucumeris &predator! mite' Pac) si8e: 5"666 ml bottle" "666ml buc)et Bottle contains: ;7"666" 76"666" or 566"666 predator! mites &all stages' Y some

grain mites &all stages' mied with bran Buc)et contains: 566"666 predator! mites &allstages' Y a lot of grain mites &all stages' mied with bran Precautions 3nhalation of product

ma! cause sensiti8ation in case of mechanical application. 0ust mas) is recommended asprotection for operator and people wor)ing near place of application. +arget (arious thrips

species. Hatching eggs and the first laral stage. Predator! mites also eat spider mites &f.e.strawberr! mite" broad mite'" seeral other mites" hone!dew and pollen. +arget

Pests: *estern flower thrips &ran)liniella occidentalis'. %nion thrips &+hrips tabaci' also,!clamen" Broad and 1ust mites. Product information: About 6 are female. *ell-fed

females will la! up to < eggs per da! for <7 da!s. +heir eggs are round" transparent and6.5=mm &6.65 inch' in diameter and usuall! deposited on hairs on the underside of leaes.

,ucumeris adults and immatures are shipped with a bran carrier. +he! are aailable in twot!pes of pac)aging: 1elease 1ates: 1elatiel! high introduction rates are reuired because

thrips can reproduce nearl! twice as fast as ,ucumeris and ,ucumeris onl! feed onimmature thrips" not adults. 1ates will ar! depending on crop and leel of pest infestation.

+!pical rate is 7 predators per suare foot. 9sing bul) container 56-566 ,ucumeris per plantwee)l! as needed. As a starter culture for !oung plants" place ;7 ,ucumeris per plant at the

base of the stem ifespan of ,ucumeris: A complete life c!cle ta)es 56-5; da!s at ?K .

Newl! hatched larae do not feed until the! molt at ; da!s old. +he! feed for another da!s before becoming adults. Adults lie for up to <6 da!s. 0escription i)e most of the

Neoseiulus spp." N. cucumeris are tough" fleible predators. +hese happen to prefer thrips"

mostl! the immature stages. N. cucumeris are shipped as adults" immatures and eggs &thelatter are not part of the guaranteed count' in a loose bran-fla)e carrier. *ith this medium"

these predators are supplied three different wa!s: a bul) product for fast distribution andconsumptionC a pre-punched pac)et product for slow preentie releases oer an ? wee)

periodC and a pac)et which is not pre-punched that must be torn open and immediatel!distributed. +he latter is designed for etremel! small scale use. N. cucumeris" in either

form" can preent thrips from becoming intolerable. +he bul) unit and small uic) releasepac)et can proide control. 2ome of the species the! can deour include: the western flower

http://www.buglogical.com/amblyseius-cucumeris/amblyseius-cucumeris/





thrips &ran)liniella occidentalis'C the flower thrips or eastern flower thrips &. tritici'C theonion thrips &+hrips tabaci'C the greenhouse thrips &Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis'C and

possibl! the melon thrips &+hrips palmi'" too. %ther pests which can be impacted b! thesepredators include c!clamen mites &Pht!odromus I2teneotarsonemus pallidus'" broad mites

&Pol!phagotarsenomus IHemitarsonemus latus' and" to a slight degree" tomato russet mite&Aculops l!copersici'. And" as Neoseiulus spp." these predators ma! eat other pests as

well. ,ucumeris is a species of predator! mite that feeds on immature stages of thrips. 3talso feeds on pollen" two spotted mites and other species of mites. ,ucumeris adults arepear-shaped" tan colored mites" less than 6.7mm &5/76 inch' long.

Ap#idi$!


%phidius

Home > Biological 2olutions > Aphidius

Aphidius colemani is an ama8ing parasitic wasp that stings itGs aphid ictim and la!s its eggdirectel! inside the aphid. 3n a couple of da!s" the aphid die and begin to swell up" and as it

swells a new parasitic wasp is deeloped and will soon emerge. %nce the new parasitic waspemerges and is able to fl!" it will sting more aphids" la! more eggs" and continue the c!cle

again.

Aphidius is a good searcher" and can locate new aphid colonies when aphid populations are

low.Aphidius colemani is er! suited for preentie control. primaril! the green peach aphid"cotton aphid" tobacco aphid and closel! related species. +his species occurs naturall!

outdoors and freuentl! parasiti8es aphids in green houses. Aphidius is a good searcher"

and can locate new aphid colonies when aphid populations are low. +he Aphidius colemani isused for cucumbers" melon" suash" sweet peppers" tomatoes" potted flowers" bedding

plants and trees and shrubs.

Aphidius is a small parasitic wasp" natie to North America. About 566 eggs are laid inaphids which the larae subseentl! deelop. At degrees " 56 da!s are reuired from











egg to adult for Aphidius. At 6 degrees " two wee)s are reuired from deelopment on theparisite. 9p to ;66-<66 aphids are attac)ed be each female. ertili8ed eggs deelop into

females" nonfertili8ed eggs deelop into males. +here are usuall! twice as man! females asmales.

Aphidius is shipped as parasiti8ed aphid mummies from which adults will emerge" or asnewl! emerged adults. Appl! 766 to <"666 Aphidius per acre.

%phidius cole,ani

Product 30 : A$56

Price: $98.<5

ri$!


#riusHome > Biological 2olutions > %rius

Although pirate bugs &%rius' appear to hae preferences for particular pre!" the! are

general predators and will consume a ariet! of pests including mites" thrips" aphids" andsmall caterpillars.

+he pirate bug %rius seems the most oracious beneficial against thrips. 3t is the onl!predator that also attac)s adult thrips" %ften an %rius with thrips stuc) on its rostrum can

be seen wal)ing on a leaf.

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+he total gereration time for %rius in greenhouses &6 deg ' is approimatel! < wee)s.4ggs are laid in plant tissue &main stem" leaf eins" flowers or petioles' with the top of the

egg stic)ing out of the leaf. +he eggs hatch in =-7 da!s and grow through 7 stages.All stages moe uic)l! and adults are good fl!ers. +he! will moe efficientl! throughout the

greenhouse to locate pests. %rius )ills its pre! b! piercing them with its mouthparts" andsuc)ing out the bod! fluids. 3f pre! is abundant" %rius )ills more thrips than it needs to

surie. +he generation time is affected b! temperature and food sources. ,oolertemperatures slow deelopment" and the presence of pollen appears to hae a faorabeeffect on its deelopment.

1elease 566 to ;"666 %rius per acre. or greenhouse cucumbers" release 5 %rius per ;

plants for the whole greenhouse or 5 to = %rius per plant in hot spots" where thripspopulations are established. 3t is recommended to release a minimum of ;66 to 766 at one

time een for smaller areas.

;inute Pirate Bus @#rius insidiosusA

Product 30 : $P55Price: $68.85

%rius is common on man! agricultural crops including" alfalfa" corn" pea" strawberr!" onpasture land" in orchards" and is successfull! used as a biological control agent in

greenhouses. 3t is often found in corn sil)s and is most common where there are spring andsummer flowering shrubs and weeds since it feeds on pollen and plant Duices when pre! are

not aailable. 3n greenhouses" %rius spp. are generalist predators" especiall! on cucumber

and bell pepper crops. Both immature stages &n!mphs' and adults feed on a ariet! of smallpre! including thrips" spider mites" insect eggs" aphids" and small caterpillars. %rius holdsits pre! with its front legs and inserts its bea) into the host bod!" generall! seeral times"

until the soft bod! is empt! and onl! the eos)eleton remains. 3t has been reported to bean important predator of the eggs and new larae of the bollworm and of spotted tobacco

aphid" but it is belieed that thrips and mites are the more basic part of an %rius diet. 3t canalso be an important predator of corn earworm eggs which are laid on the sil)s. %ther

reported pre! includes eggs and small 4uropean corn borers" corn leaf aphids" potatoaphids" and potato leafhopper n!mphs. emales la! tin! eggs ;-< da!s after mating in plant

tissues where the! are not easil! seen. +hese hatch into n!mphs which deelop through fien!mphal stages. 4gg incubation is generall! <-7 da!s" and deelopment from egg to adult

ta)es a minimum of ;6 da!s under optimum conditions. emales la! an aerage of 5;@ eggsduring their life spans" and adults lie about <7 da!s. 2eeral generations ma! occur during

a growing season.

eal'b$( De!tro'er Cr'ptolae"$!

http://www.buglogical.com/meal!bug-destro!er-cr!ptolaemus/

http://www.buglogical.com/orius/minute-pirate-bugs-orius-insidiosus/







;ealyu Destroyer @"ryptolae,usAHome > Biological 2olutions > $eal!bug 0estro!er &,r!ptolaemus'

+he most comonl! used natural enem! of meal!bugs are ,r!pts which are in the lad!bug

group of beetles. +he! are predators of meal!bugs.,r!pt eggs are laid among meal!bug colonies and hatch in 7- da!s at ?5 degrees . +he

four laral stages hae woll! appendages of wa and resemble meal!bugs. +rue legs arebarel! isible under the larae.

+he laral stages feed on meal!bugs and lie for a total of 5; - 5 da!s. +he last laralstage can be longer than 5.< cm &5/; inch'. ,r!pts pupate in sheltered places on stems or

on greenhouse structures. Adults emerge after -56 da!s and also feed on meal!bugs. Adult,r!pts are dar) brown with orange heads and tails" and are about =mm &5/ inch' long.

Adults mate" and within 7 da!s females will begin to la! eggs &a total of =66-766 eggs inthir 76-da! lifetime.' +he life c!cle reuires about <5 da!s at ?5 degrees and =7 da!s and

6 degrees .

Adults and !oung larae prefer to feed on meal!bug eggs" but the older larae will feed onan! meal!bug stage. +he adults can fl! and coer large areas to search for food. 3f food is

scarce" cr!pts will fl! off in search of other related insects such as aphids and soft scales. Asingle lara can consume ;76 small meal!bugs.

Appl! 7 ,r!pts per infested plant or ;-7 ,r!pts per suare !ard. 3n orchards release 5"666 -;"666 per acre for mature fruit trees. ,r!pts are most effectie when meal!bug populationsare high. 1epeated relaeases are adisable.

eal'b$( De!tro'er Cr'ptolae"$!

http:??///.uloical.co,?aphidoletes?

;ealyu Destroyer - "ryptolae,us

Product 30 : ,$?Price: $5<.95




http://www.buglogical.com/mealybug-destroyer-cryptolaemus/mealybug-destroyer-cryptolaemus/












Aphidoletes is a small midge &fl!' that feed on oer 6 species of aphids. +he adults are freeliing" and the laral stages feed on aphids. 3t feeds b! biting aphids in the leggs and

parali8ing them with a toin before suc)ing out the aphid bod! fluids. 3f aphid populationsare high" Aphidoletes will )ill more aphids than the! actuall! consume. +he! can be used in

a ariet! of cultiated crops" and is perhaps under utili8ed for biocontrol of a ariet! ofcropping s!stems.

Aphidoletes adults are not strong fl!ers" so the! fl! during the night when the air is calm.+he adults are ;-< mm &5/5 inch' long" and hae distinctie long legs.emales deposit 576-;66 eggs on leaes adDacent to aphid colonies. +he eggs are oal and

shin! orange-red. +he deeloping larae will be orange colored" but ma! be brownish or

gra!ish depending upon stomach contents. aral stages are maggots which crawl on theleaf surface in search of aphid pre!. arae ma! consume <-76 aphids per da!. *hen full!

grown" the larae are <.6 mm &5/56 inch' long" but can be easil! seen amoung the aphidpre! because of their color.

+otal generation time from egg to adult ta)es nearl! <-7 wee)s. %nl! the laral stage ispredaceous. 3t feeds b! biting aphids in the legs and parali8ing them with a toin before

suc)ing out the aphid bod! fluids. 3f aphid populations are high" Aphidoletes will )ill moreaphids that the! actuall! consume. Adult Aphidoletes feed on aphid hone!dew. Ants protect

aphids and should be controlled.

or home gardens appl! ;"666 Aphidoletes 5 time" < wee)s apart.or greenhouses appl! ; Aphidoletes per 5- plants.or orchards use 7-56 Aphidoletes per tree.

%phidoletes aphidi,ya

Product 30 : AA;666

Price: $6.50

5'poa!pi! ile!

ypoaspis ;iles

http:??///.uloical.co,?hypoaspis-,iles?

Home > Biological 2olutions > H!poaspis $iles

http://www.buglogical.com/aphidoletes/aphidoletes-aphidimyza/













ypoaspis ,iles feed upon small" soil inhabiting insects" mites" and all stages ofspringtails. 3s primar! a predator of fungus gnat larae in the soil" but it also consumes

thrips pupae on the floor and soil surface of the greenhouse. 3t is a scaenger and can feedon soil debris in the asence of thrips pupae and fungus gnat larae. +he! are a natie soil

mite and can adapt to a ariet! of different growth media and capillar! mats. +he! are lessthan 5 mm &5/;6 inch' in si8e" light brown in color" and can be seen moing uic)l! on the

soil surface and base of plants. H!poaspis are used primaril! for control of fungus gnats" butthe! also help with western flower thrips control.Populations of H!poaspis include both sees" but the males are much smaller and rarel!

seen. 9nder a hand lens most stages of this mite loo) similar. H!poaspis inhabit the top few

centimeters &inch' of soil onl!. 4ggs hatch in about ;-< da!s" and the life c!cle is completedin about 55 da!s. +hese predator! mites feeds upon the !oung larae of fungus gnats in the

soil" and are most effectie when applied to soil before fungus gnat populations areestablised. H!poaspis consume 5-7 pre! per da! and can surie as a scaenger b! feeding

on algae and plant degris. H!poaspis tolerate a ariet! of conditions ecept flooding. +he!can surie mild winters but are inactie below 7 degrees .

H!poaspis are for preentatie control onl!" before fungus gnat populations are high. +he!are supplied in a peat miture in one liter containters and should be aplied as soon as the!

are recieed" but can be held at room temperature for limited periods if absolutel!

necessar!. 3ntroduce 5-; litres per acre for greenhouse egetables and 5 liter per 5666suare feet for bedding plants.

)unus +nat and Thrips "ontrol - ypoaspis ,iles

Product 30 : HP56

Price: $9.95

6l' Control +it# Para!ite Predator! *a!onia 7itripenne!, $!cidif$ra8 9araptor

http://www.buglogical.com/fl!-control/

)ly "ontrol /ith Parasite Predators - &asonia 1itripennes2 ;uscidifura7 araptor

Home > l! ,ontrol

Buloical has desined a )ly"ontrol Prora, usin reularreleases of fly parasites and

eneficial ne,atodes.irst" use regular releases of fl!

predator parasites based upon theprescriptions to the right.

2econd" use beneficial nematodes once

or twice a !ear to treat manure piles or

Suested Prescription

No. HorsesNo.

Parasitesreuenc!

5-7 76"6664er! <*ee)s

7-56 76"6664er! ;

*ee)s

http://www.buglogical.com/hypoaspis-miles/fungus-gnat-and-thrips-control-hypoaspis-miles/

http://www.buglogical.com/fly-control/










an! areas where fl! larae populationsma! be abundant.

56-57 566"6664er! <*ee)s

57-;6 566"6664er! ;

*ee)s

;6-;7 566"666 *ee)l!

)= P(!D%T#(S )#( )= P#P*%T'#& "#&T(#)= P(!D%T#(S )#( "#&T(#'&+ )= P#P*%T'#&S

l! Parasites Predators are gnat-si8ed" nocturnal" burrowing insects which do not bite" or

sting humans and animals. Adaptable to all climates" these parasites reproduce in one totwo wee)s" thus constantl! replenishing the beneficial insect population. +he fl! Parasites

predators are the naturall! occurring enem! of all manure breeding pest flies. 3n naturethese tin! insect predators sere as a maDor chec) of fl! populations b! destro!ing flies in

the immature maggot and pupa stages. l! Parasite Predators are specific to flies" neerattac)ing an!thing else. 3tGs important to reali8e that these tin! wasps hae absolutel! no

effect on horses or humans. +he! sta! close to the manure and dirt where filth! pest" andeen if the! could reach !ou or !our horse" the fl! parasite predators are so small that the!

cannot sting. +heir main purpose in life is to act as a natural predator against filth! flies andthe! do a great Dob. l! Parasites Predators are a preferred alternatie to chemical

insecticides that are ha8ardous to human and animal life. &# %D3!(S! S'D! !))!"TS. AmaDor benefit of biological control is that it aoids completel! the aderse side effects of

chemical spra!s" such as poison residue in the enironment affecting not onl! the pests butalso non-target animals &songbirds" beneficial insects" etc.' and most importantl! !our

domestic stoc). +his is a serious problem as some of the common spra! residues areeffectie for up to < or = !ears" and remember that poisonous toic chemicals become less

effectie with repeated use.

http://www.buglogical.com/index.php?p=calc

http://www.buglogical.com/index.php?p=calc

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