1 Peter Morville, Internet Librarian 2013

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Design for Discovery

Peter Morville & Jeffery Callender

SearchPatterns

6 “I say we fight for and maintain our very long-term and hard-won connection to books and what they represent.” Joseph Janes

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The structural design of shared information environments.

The organization, labeling, search, and navigation systems in websites and intranets.

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Fragmentation Fragmentation into multiple sites, domains, and identities is clearly a major problem. Users don’t know which site to visit for which purpose.

Findability Users can’t find what they need from the home page, but most users don’t come through the front door. They enter via a web search or a deep link, and are confused by what they find. Even worse, most never use the Library, because its resources aren’t easily findable.

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1.  One Library

2.  Core Areas

3.  Network Intelligence

Web Strategy

Library

Web

Online Onsite

National Library

Congress(about/for)

Copyright

Hierarchytop-down

Networkbottom-up

+

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Interfaces •  Portal •  Search •  Object •  Set •  Page

Caveats •  Visual Design •  Starting Point

Wireframes

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15 Source: Search Patterns (2010)

EngineResults ContentQuery

CreatorsUsers

Interface

GoalsPsychologyBehavior

InteractionA!ordancesLanguage

FeaturesTechnologyAlgorithms

IndexingStructureMetadata

ToolsProcessIncentives

Search is a Complex, Adaptive System

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Search Objects

Portal

Find

About

Discov

ery

PathsPatterns

Incentives

Users

Brand

Findable Social

GoalGateway

CollectionAsk Browse

FederatedFaceted

Fast

“Give me a fulcrum and a place to stand, and I will move the world.”

—Archimedes

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Web Governance Board

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22 Technology + Pedagogy�

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“When I was playing baseball, most of the time I wasn’t playing full-scale, four bases, nine innings. I was playing

a perfectly suitable junior version of the game...But when I was studying those shards of math and history, I wasn’t playing a junior version of anything. It was like batting practice

without knowing the whole game. Why would anyone want to do that?”

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The MOOCs must first compete with nonconsumption by meeting demand outside the

schools (e.g., developing countries,

home-schooling) and then within (e.g., letting students take courses

not offered by their district).

Later, this self-paced, student-centered model may gain

sufficient momentum to become the dominant paradigm.

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The Architecture of a Class

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Regardless of all the time and effort libraries put into providing a variety of research tools and resources on their websites, the literature suggests that students still prefer to start their research using Google or some other form of search engine.

It is clear that there is an overwhelming preference for easy to use, familiar search tools that transcend education level, discipline of study, and student demographics.

Discovery Layers and the Distance Student Jessica Mussell (2012)

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Strengths •  Fast, easy, familiar •  Cross-disciplinary searching •  Links to citing and related articles

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Weaknesses •  No “advanced search” functionality •  Limited, inaccurate metadata •  Inconsistent coverage across disciplines •  No transparency (coverage, algorithms, usage, monetization)

•  Not customizable or interoperable

Information Literacy

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Employers claimed that college hires rarely conducted the thorough research required of them in the workplace.

At worst, some college hires solved problems with a lightning quick Google search, a scan of the first couple of pages of results, and a linear answer finding approach.

“I had a new graduate hire who only searched for papers on Google. I said, you’re missing things, you need to use PubMed, and he responded, ‘Well, I did this quick search, and that’s what I got.’ But that’s not good enough.”

Project Information Literacy: Learning Curve by Alison J. Head (2012)

32 Key Strategic Insights for Libraries, Publishers, and Societies by Roger C. Schonfeld (2010)

Faculty rate importance of library roles

“The academic library is increasingly being disintermediated from the discovery process, risking irrelevance in one of its core functional areas.”

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Federated “Bento Box”

NCSU Stanford

Dartmouth Virginia

Columbia

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Aggregated “Faceted”

Cornell Duke

McGill Northwestern

U. Washington

36 Face

ted

Nav

igat

ion

37 Ada

ptiv

e Fa

cets

Gross and Sheridan conducted a usability study that examined how Summon (“web-scale discovery”) was used for common library search tasks.

Summon was positioned as the primary search box on the library’s home page for the study.

They found that the single search box was employed for 80% of the assigned tasks.

How Users Search the Library from a Single Search Box Lown, Sierra, Boyer (2013)

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Use of full-text online content dramatically increased in the year following implementation.

Librarians found they could focus instruction less on choosing a database or catalog and more on refining a search, research as an iterative process, and other high level search skills.

The Impact of Serial Solutions’ Summon on Information Literacy Instruction

Stephanie Buck and Margaret Mellinger (2011)

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Google

Google Scholar

University Website

Library Portal

Individual Library

Subject (LibGuide)

Origin

Faculty (Profile, Publications)

Course (Course Pack, LMS)

Resource (Article, Book)

App

s vi

a A

PI

Source

Borrow Direct (Ivy League)

HathiTrust (Shared Repository)

Portal (Library Facilities, Services)

Catalog (Owned)

Databases (Licensed)

Institutional Repository

WorldCat (Libraries Worldwide)

Web (Free, Fee)

* source may be path or destination

Search as a Service

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63% didn’t use any Internet resources, other than the Guide, to complete their assignment.

Embedding LibGuides into Course Management Systems

Stephanie Brown (2012) GO

History of Science: Nature on Display

Search

Embeddable Search Widget

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Underlying Assumptions

Espoused Values

ArtifactsVisible organizational structures and processes (hard to decipher)

Strategies, goals, philosophies, justifications

Unconscious, taken for granted beliefs, perceptions, thoughts, feelings (source of values, action)

Three Levels of Culture

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Inquiry Learning

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Information Literacy

The ability the find,

evaluate, create, organize,

and use information from

myriad sources and media.

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INCOMEINCOME

INFO

RMATIO

NLIFE

LIFE

LITERACY

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“70 percent of humans experience severe back pain…and in the U.S. this results in tens of thousands of

surgeries each year.”

“There’s a secret about MRIs and back pain: the most common problems physicians see on MRI and attribute to back pain – herniated, ruptured, and bulging

discs – are seen almost as commonly on MRIs of healthy people without back pain.”

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Why is Medicine a Mess?

•  Our minds/bodies are complex.

•  Patients want a quick fix.

•  Doctors hate saying: “I don’t know.”

•  The AMA is an advocacy group.

•  Relentless and insidious advertising.

•  Industry-funded research.

•  $2.7 trillion per year.

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“There are a thousand hacking at the branches of evil to

one who is striking at the root.” Henry David Thoreau

“Our government is corrupt. Not corrupt in any criminal sense. But corrupt in a perfectly legal sense: special interests bend the levers of power to benefit them at the expense of the rest of us.”

50 The relationship between information and culture

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“It is now my suggestion that many people may not want information, and that they will avoid using a

system precisely because it gives them information…If you have information, you must first read it…You must then try to understand it…Understanding the information

may show that your work was wrong, or may show that your work was needless…Thus not having and not using information can often lead to less trouble and pain than

having and using it.”

Calvin Mooers (1959)

The limits of information

52 “We shape our buildings. Thereafter, they shape us.”

53 The order of food influences choice by as much as 25 percent.

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Some habits have

the power to start

a chain reaction. “Success doesn’t depend on getting every single thing right, but instead relies on identifying a few key priorities and fashioning

them into powerful levers.”

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“Willpower is the single most

important keystone habit for

individual success.”

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Paul O’Neil as CEO of Alcoa

“I want to talk to you about worker safety…I intend to make Alcoa the

safest company in America.

I intend to go for zero injuries.”

“We killed this man. It’s my failure of

leadership. I caused his death. And it’s the failure of all of you in the chain of command.”

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“A culture of generosity.” Josie Parker, Ann Arbor District Library

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“A library, like a national park, teaches us that we all benefit when our most valuable treasures are held in common.”

Peter Morville, Inspiration Architecture

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Keystone

A central stone at the summit of an arch locking the whole together.

62 Polar bears are a keystone species in the Arctic ecosystem.

The library is a keystone of culture.

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“A library outranks

any other one thing a

community can do to

benefit its people. It is

a never failing spring

in the desert.”

Andrew Carnegie

(1889)

65 “Too many people think that we don’t need libraries when we have the Internet.” John Palfrey, DPLA (2012)

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The library is an act of inspiration architecture.

67 IA Therefore I Am Inspiration Architecture by Peter Morville

“When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to

everything else in the universe.” John Muir