instance theory and universal grammar in second language research team members : steve, jones, ines,...
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![Page 1: Instance Theory and Universal Grammar in Second Language research Team members : Steve, Jones, Ines, Trixie Teacher : Aya Okamato](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d765503460f94a580b3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Instance Theory and Universal Grammar in Second Language
research
Team members : Steve, Jones, Ines, Trixie
Teacher : Aya Okamato
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Instance theory Concepts and categorization
One important area in which instance theory has been developed is that of concepts and categorization (Medin and Schaffer, 1978; Smith and Medin, 1981; Nosofsky, 1986; Nosofsky et al., 1992; Estes, 1994).
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Classical idea
An item belongs to a given category if and only if it has the defining characteristics of that category.
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Prototype theory (Posner and Keele, 1970; Rosch, 1978; Smith and Medin, 1981)
Each category has a most representative case, abstracted from the various examples of it, and judgments about category membership are made primary by comparison with this prototype.
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Logan’s automatization theory
Learners initially rely on a generally procedure, or algorithm, but then gradually accumulate a store of case in which they have used the skill.
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Problems in applying instance theory to natural language
One type of problem lies in the interpretation of the approach’s important concepts.
Features Instances and learning tasks
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The need for organization of the instances
Two fundamental aspects of language point to an intricate organization of linguistic knowledge:
- Systematicity
- The Efficiency with linguistic knowledge is used
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UG approach
General considerations Proposes Principle and Parameters
theory of Chomsky(1981;1986;1995)as a way to learn.
In order to learn instances, we need to organize instances.
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Organization of instances
We organize the instances in relation to the language theory.
System of language=system of organization.
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Instances and learning tasks
UG is a good solution to learn instances.
No need for large amounts of constraints, only learn what is specific of the language.
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Features
Language theory provided the features
Each of these features are encoded
How do we possess these features?
- According to Principles and Parameters theory.
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Instances and algorithms
When you develop an algorithms, you gather instances.
This shift from rule to instance can happen in 2 ways:
1. Production, comprehension, judgment - that’s the right instance for the situation.
2. L2 learners have the advantage of a set of L1 skills to help with learning.
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Nature of the representations
The relationship between L1 and L2.
- Affection between L1 and L2
- Learner’s competence
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Similarity and performance
- The similarity between a target instance and a stored instance.
- Odd performance errors.
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Grammar judgments
Grammar judgments depend on two situations, which is the violation.
- Situation 1: If the sentence violates UG.
- Situation 2: If no such violation occurs.
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Production
How the learners would produce their instances?
- Learners’ algorithm and instance theory in UG.
- Algorithm, a way that the learner tries to use their knowledge of English to produce a sentence or an utterance.
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Processing
How the learners process?
- The use of implicational relations.
- Resembling the existing interlanguage.
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Some possible applications to language learning
Learning from noisy data
An advantage of this approach is that it directly accounts for the existence of good subjectless sentences (Truscott and Wexler,1989;Valian,1990).
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Undoing errors in the learning process
-The Uniqueness Principle
-The Subset Principle
Common observation regarding both L1 and L2 acquisition.
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The Uniqueness Principle
The principle has also been applied to L2 parameter setting (Rutherford,1989;Trahey and White,1993).
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The Subset Principle
The Principle constrains the order in which learners consider the possible values of a parameter (Berwick,1985; Manzini and Wexler,1987).
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Transfer and Fossilization
-It is probably uncontroversial (Transfer).
-In contexts that encourage a reliance on algorithms and discourage the natural (Fossilization).
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The nondiscrete character of language and learning
Nondiscreteness is not limited to the learning process. It seems to hold for L1 as well(Valian,1991).
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Abstraction in the UG-instance theory approach
The issue of storage and processing capacity:
- Massive parallel processing
- Pools, the storage sorts of the brain.
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Systematicity within acquired knowledge
The learners’ knowledge of forming sentences systematically.
- Some of the acquired knowledge can’t be readily attributed to UG.
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Historical change
Languages evolves, from time to time.
- SOV (earlier matrix clauses)
- SVO (the present day)
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Conclusion
Language is a big knowledge!
- Abstractions
- Pools
- Instances
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Thank you ^_^