institute of dentistry, cmh lahore medical college ... › ... › 2019 › 08 ›...

Institute of Dentistry,

CMH Lahore Medical College

Curriculum & Study Guide

First Year BDS

[email protected]

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION TO STUDY GUIDE ................................................................................................. 1

VISION STATEMENT ............................................................................................................................ 2

MISSION STATEMENT ......................................................................................................................... 2

Rationale of Curriculum .......................................................................................................................... 3

Introduction to Curricular Framework.................................................................................................. 4

4 Years Curricular Framework ................................................................................................................ 5

BDS Curriculum Map ............................................................................................................................. 6

BDS Programme Curricular Outcomes ................................................................................................... 7

Undergraduate Competencies for Dental Graduates ............................................................................... 8

Co-ordinators First Year BDS 2018-2019 .............................................................................................. 9

Class Representatives ............................................................................................................................ 10

Hours of Teaching for Year 1 BDS for the Session .............................................................................. 11

ORAL BIOLOGY & TOOTH MORPHOLOGY STUDY GUIDE ................................................... 12

Introduction to Oral Biology & Tooth Morphology ............................................................................. 13

Resources .............................................................................................................................................. 14

Teaching Resources ........................................................................................................................... 14

Supporting Staff ................................................................................................................................. 15

Infrastructure Resources .................................................................................................................... 15

Teaching and Learning Strategies ......................................................................................................... 16

Learning Methodologies ....................................................................................................................... 17

Curriculum Implementation .................................................................................................................. 19

Personnel involved in teaching and facilitation ................................................................................. 19

Time Frame........................................................................................................................................ 20

Course Outline....................................................................................................................................... 21

Table of Specifications for Teaching and Learning Outcomes ............................................................. 23

Learning Resources ............................................................................................................................... 44

Other Learning Resources ................................................................................................................. 45

Study Models and Lab Supplies ........................................................................................................ 46

Summative Assessment Methods and Policies ..................................................................................... 47

Table of Specification (TOS) for Annual Examination ........................................................................ 50

Sample Theory Paper Questions ........................................................................................................... 52

Curriculum Map Oral Biology & Tooth Morphology .......................................................................... 54

ANATOMY STUDY GUIDE ................................................................................................................. 55

Introduction to Anatomy ....................................................................................................................... 56

Resources .............................................................................................................................................. 57

Teaching Resources ........................................................................................................................... 57

Supporting Staff ................................................................................................................................. 57

Infrastructure Resources .................................................................................................................... 58

Teaching and Learning Strategies ......................................................................................................... 59

Learning Methodologies ....................................................................................................................... 60

Curriculum Implementation .................................................................................................................. 61

Personnel involved in teaching and facilitation ................................................................................. 61

Time Frame........................................................................................................................................ 62

Course Outline....................................................................................................................................... 63

Table of Specification for Teaching and Learning Objectives ............................................................. 64

Learning Resources ............................................................................................................................... 92

Other Learning Resources ................................................................................................................. 94

Cadavers and Specimens in Anatomy Department ........................................................................... 94

List of Study Models in Anatomy Museum ...................................................................................... 95

Histological Slides, Equipment and Facilities in Histology Lab ....................................................... 97

Summative Assessment Methods and Policies ..................................................................................... 98

Table of Specification (TOS) for Annual Examination ...................................................................... 101

Curriculum Map Anatomy .................................................................................................................. 103

PHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE ......................................................................................................... 104

Introduction to Physiology Department .............................................................................................. 105

Aim ...................................................................................................................................................... 105

Resources ............................................................................................................................................ 106

Teaching Resources ......................................................................................................................... 106

Supporting Staff ............................................................................................................................... 106

Infrastructure Resources .................................................................................................................. 107

Teaching and Learning Strategies ....................................................................................................... 108

Learning Methodologies ..................................................................................................................... 109

Curriculum Implementation ................................................................................................................ 110

Personnel involved in teaching and facilitation ............................................................................... 110

Time Frame...................................................................................................................................... 111

Learning Objectives ............................................................................................................................ 112

List of Practical ................................................................................................................................ 120

Learning Resources ............................................................................................................................. 121

Other Learning Resources ............................................................................................................... 121

Departmental Library ...................................................................................................................... 122

Technical Equipment and Lab Supplies .......................................................................................... 123

Summative Assessment Methods and Policies ................................................................................... 126


Curriculum Map Physiology ............................................................................................................... 131

BIOCHEMISTRY STUDY GUIDE .................................................................................................... 132

Introduction to Biochemistry Department........................................................................................... 133

Aim ...................................................................................................................................................... 133

Resources ............................................................................................................................................ 134

Teaching Resources ......................................................................................................................... 134

Supporting Staff ............................................................................................................................... 134

Infrastructure Resources .................................................................................................................. 135

Teaching and Learning Strategies ....................................................................................................... 136

Learning Methodologies ..................................................................................................................... 137

Curriculum Implementation ................................................................................................................ 138

Personnel involved in teaching and facilitation ............................................................................... 138

Time Frame...................................................................................................................................... 139

Learning Objectives ............................................................................................................................ 140

Learning Resources ............................................................................................................................. 144

Other Learning Resources ............................................................................................................... 145

Technical Items in Biochemistry Lab .............................................................................................. 146

Summative Assessment Methods and Policies ................................................................................... 149


Curriculum Map Biochemistry ........................................................................................................... 155

1

INTRODUCTION TO STUDY GUIDE

This study guide book is designed for Dental undergraduates by consolidated effort of all subjects across

the year to provide Dental students of IOD CMH Lahore Medical College a resource material which would

highlight important aspects of curriculum. The study guide aims to promote self-regulated lifelong

learning among students by giving them the control over their learning.

The pervasive curriculum aspects of undergraduates’ competencies, assessment policies and curriculum

coordinators are mapped in his guide book. Horizontal integration across the year better conceptual

understanding while vertical integration promotes clinically relevant understanding. IOD CMH aims to

improve health indicates of society by improvement of students and doctors in preventive health service

provision and health education provision to society through community programs.

The study guide gives an overview of intended course outcomes and objectives in relation to the course

content. The assessment methodology tailored to intuitional strategy is provided.

This study guide has been carefully designed keeping in view PMDC and NUMS curriculum and guide

lining dedicated effort by faculty is done to make this guide tailored to student’s needs. Students feedback

has been seeded and incorporated at all stages during study guide development. Curriculum is a living

dynamic entity. Our aim to improve it by every passing day. This humble effort of all faculty acts as a

guiding light for our dear students.

2

VISION STATEMENT

To ensure the development of internationally acclaimed quality standards and

practices for NUMS Higher Education that benefits and lives up to the

stakeholder’s needs and expectations.

MISSION STATEMENT To provide an excellent learning and teaching environment, inculcating ethical

values and social responsibilities in undergraduate and postgraduate medical &

dental students and nursing and allied health sciences students to enhance the

level of comprehensive healthcare in the Army/Country

3

Rationale of Curriculum

The curriculum is designed to address both local and international needs. The curriculum is focused to

prepare students for the international licencing exams and training abroad as well as empowering them to

treat local patients with safety and efficiency. Dentists work as a healer in the community. A dentist should

have evidence based and update knowledge about the epidemiology of the practicing area. The curriculum

of IOD CMH LMC is planned with a collaboration of clinical and basic sciences faculty in addition to

students and family medicine department to ensure that the prevailing health conditions of the society are

treated and dealt with effectively. The emergence of new techniques in preservation of existing dentition

and restoration of the lost dentition and oral structures has led to changes in the curriculum with more

emphasis on new and advanced techniques, procedures and evolution of new and advanced technology

(e.g. CADCAM & Implants).

4

Introduction to Curricular Framework

This study guide is developed as resource assistance to the students and faculty. The study guide

development process included representation from teaching faculty, management, leadership of college

and students. The study guide is made to achieve and alignment between societies’ needs, institutional

needs, patient needs & student’s needs.

The curriculum implemented is a hybrid type of curriculum which has both horizontal and vertical

integration. Spiral integration is introduced as an adjunct to horizontal and vertical integration. The

curriculum spans over 3 phases

PHASE 1 (Year 1&2): Includes basic sciences Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, Oral Biology &

Tooth Morphology, Sciences of Dental Materials, Pharmacology and Community Dentistry, General

Pathology, Islamiyat and Pakistan Studies. It also includes preclinical Prosthodontics and Operative

Dentistry.

PHASE 2 (Year 3rd & Final Year): includes Periodontology, Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine, General

Medicine, General Surgery, Oral Surgery, Prosthodontics, Orthodontics, Operative Dentistry.

5

4 Years Curricular Framework

BDS SCHEME OF STUDIES

BASIC DENTAL SCIENCES / PRE-

CLINICAL YEAR

CLINICAL YEARS

1st YEAR 2nd Year 3rd Year Final Year

Anatomy Science of Dental

Material

Periodontology Prosthodontics

Physiology General Pathology Oral pathology Operative Dentistry

Biochemistry Pharmacology Oral Medicine Oral Surgery

Pak studies & Islamic

Studies

Community Dentistry Gen. Medicine Orthodontics

Oral Biology & Tooth

Morphology

Pre-Prosthodontics Gen. Surgery

Pre-Operative

Dentistry

Oral Surgery

Prosthodontics

Self-Directed Learning Sessions

6

BDS Curriculum Map

7

BDS Programme Curricular Outcomes

At the end of four years dental undergraduate program, the graduates should be able to:

1. Independently assess the patients, order relevant investigations, and formulate a treatment plan.

2. Render treatments in the domain of general dental practitioners to their patients in time efficient

and quality-controlled manner.

3. Practice evidence-based dentistry.

4. Correlate basic dental sciences knowledge and skills with clinical dental practice.

5. Modify dental treatments according to patient’s special needs, if any, in the form of medical

conditions, physical or mental disabilities etc.

6. Assess and refer the patients with case difficulty indices requiring consultation or treatment by

specialists.

7. Show empathy and respect in their attitude and behavior towards their patients.

8. Maintain high ethical and professional standards in their pursuit of clinical excellence.

9. Draw upon their existing knowledge and update it through continuing education programs.

10. Exercise infection control protocol guidelines laid out by their local health councils.

11. Exercise management qualities to maintain single or multiple unit private practices where

applicable.

12. Work in a team of other health care professionals including dentists, dental assistants, dental

hygienists, laboratory technicians, ceramists and dental nurses etc.

13. Maintain patient records with emphasis on legal and patient confidentiality aspects.

14. Provide basic life support to patients requiring critical care in or outside dental set up.

15. Manage dental emergencies in a dental set up.

16. Demonstrate clear verbal and written communication skills.

8

Undergraduate Competencies for Dental Graduates

IOD CMH Lahore medical College envisions to produce graduates who are proficient in following

competencies at the end of 4th year

Dental Expertise

Communication

Critical thinking

Management

Scholar

Professionalism

Evidence based practice providing holistic care

Empathetic

Providing Community service

9

Co-ordinators First Year BDS 2018-2019

Coordinator Name Department Tel Extension

Prof. Dr. Uzma Naseer

Professor

Anatomy 492

Prof. Dr. Tanzeela

Akram

Professor

Physiology 463

Dr. Saira Atif

Associate Professor

Oral Biology & Tooth

Morphology

335

Dr. Sahar Javed

Chawla

Assistant Professor

Bio Chemistry 501

10

Class Representatives

Name Designation

Saad Khakwani CR 1st Year BDS

Hafiza Eman GR 1st Year BDS

Muhammad Ahsan Fayyaz CR 2nd Year BDS

Alizay Fatima GR 2nd Year BDS

Rehan CR 3rd Year BDS

Arzoo Zulfiqra GR 3rd Year BDS

Ahmad Waheed CR Final Year BDS

Noor Fatima GR Final Year BDS

11

Hours of Teaching for Year 1 BDS for the Session

Sr.

No.

Subject Lecture

&

Tutorial

hours

Practical/

Dissection hours

Self-study

hours

Total

hours at

IOD

Hours

required by

PMDC

1 Anatomy 116 336 - 452 400

2 Physiology 152 66 36 254 250

3 Biochemistry 132 66 - 198 170

4 Oral Biology & Tooth

Morphology

135 72 - 207 160

5 Islamiyat & Pakistan

Studies

36 - - 36 35

12

ORAL BIOLOGY & TOOTH MORPHOLOGY

STUDY GUIDE

13

Introduction to Oral Biology & Tooth Morphology

Oral Biology & Tooth Morphology is a basic science course taught during first year BDS. The subject

deals with the development, gross and histological structure, functions and interactions of oral and

craniofacial tissues. The subject of Oral Biology and Tooth Morphology includes the following main

topics taught in collaboration with Anatomy and Physiology Departments.

- Oral and Developmental Histology

- Tooth Morphology and Occlusion

- Oral Physiology

- General and Orofacial Embryology

- Oral Anatomy

14

Resources

A. Teaching resources

B. Supporting staff

C. Infrastructure resources

Teaching Resources

Faculty members

Department of Oral Biology & Tooth Morphology

1 Dr. Saira Associate

Professor BDS, M.Phil

2 Dr. Mustafa Qadeer Assistant

Professor BDS, MSc.

3 Dr. Naauman Zaheer Assistant


4 Dr. Hajira Arham Demonstrator BDS

5 Dr. Muhammad Usman Iqbal Demonstrator BDS

6 Dr. Kashish Liaqat Demonstrator BDS

7 Dr. Maryam Mumtaz Demonstrator BDS

8 Dr. Noor Ul Sabah Demonstrator BDS

15

Supporting Staff

• Computer operator/lecture hall attendant at appointed by Medical Education Dept.

Infrastructure Resources

Sr.

#.

Infrastructure Resources Quantity

1 Lecture hall

• Seating Capacity 140

• Multimedia

• Microphone

• Computer system

• White Board

1

2 Oral biology and tooth morphology lab

• Study models

• Microscopes

• Moulds for making plaster

models of teeth

• Oral histological slides

• Wax knives and carvers

1

3 Mini library 1

16

Teaching and Learning Strategies

Multiple educational methods will be used comprising of self-study, interactive lectures, group

discussions, practical, and manual dexterity skill sessions.

(i) Methods for achieving cognitive objectives

• Interactive lectures using audio visual aids on power point presentation

• Group discussions in form of large group and small group

• Collaborative learning

• Self-study and reading from learning resources

(ii) Methods for achieving psychomotor objectives

• Focusing the histological slides on microscope

• Identification of normal histological structures on slides under different magnification

• Drawing and labeling the histological slides on practical note books

(iii) Methods for achieving affective objectives

• Interaction with peers, group members, teachers, support staff etc.

• Group discussions (small and large)

• Oral presentations by students

17

Learning Methodologies

The following teaching /learning methods are used to promote better understanding:

• Interactive lectures

• Small group discussions

• Practical

• Skill sessions

• Self-directed learning

• Assignments


Interactive lectures

In large group, the lecturer introduces a topic which explains the underlying phenomena through

questions, pictures, exercise, etc. Students are actively involved in the learning process.

Small group discussions

This format helps students to clarify concepts and acquire skills and attitudes. Students exchange opinions

and apply knowledge gained from lectures and self-study. The facilitator role is to ask probing questions,

summarize, or rephrase to help clarify concepts.

Practical

In practical sessions students observe histological slides under microscope or on multimedia for better

understanding of the subject. They are also required to maintain practical manuals in which they draw and

label histological diagrams and different aspects/views of teeth for better understanding.

Skill session

Students are taught to accurately carve out tooth models from soap for better understanding of tooth

morphology.

18

Self- directed learning

Students' take responsibilities of their own learning through individual study, sharing and discussing with

peers, seeking information from Learning Resource Center, teachers and resource persons within and

outside the college. Students can utilize the time within the college scheduled hours or afterwards for self-

study.

Assignments

Students are given written formative assignments on designated topics. Revision of the topics already

covered by anatomy and physiology departments are given to students as oral presentations.

Oral presentations by students

Students are assigned topics during revision session to enhance their communication skills and group

learning.

19

Curriculum Implementation

Curriculum implementation refers to putting into practice the official document including course content,

objectives, learning and teaching strategies. Implementation process helps the learner to achieve

knowledge, skills and attitudes required of the learning tasks. Learners are a pertinent component of the

implementation process. Implementation occurs when the learner achieves the intended learning

experiences, knowledge, ideas, skills and attitudes which are aimed to make the learner an effective part

of the society. Curriculum implementation also refers to the stage at which curriculum is put into effect.

There has to be an implementing agent as well. Teacher is an important part of this process and

implementation of the curriculum is the way the teacher selects and utilizes various components of the

curriculum. Implementation occurs when the teacher’s formulated course content, teacher’s personality

and teaching and learning environment interact with the learners. Therefore, curriculum implementation

is how the officially planned course of study is translated and reflected by the teacher into schemes of

work, lesson plans, syllabus and resources are effectively transferred to the learners. Curriculum

implementation can be affected by certain factors such as teachers, learners, learning environment,

resource materials and facilities, culture and ideology, instructional supervision and assessments.

Personnel involved in teaching and facilitation

(i) Lectures delivery by: Dr Saira Atif (Associate Professor & subject in-charge)

Dr Mustafa Qadeer (Assistant Professor)

Dr Naauman Zaheer (Assistant Professor)

(ii) Demonstrators for practical and small group discussion sessions:

Dr Hajira Arham, Dr Muhammad Usman Iqbal, Dr Kashish Liaqat, Dr Maryam Mumtaz,

Dr Noor Ul Sabah

(iii) Support staff: As nominated by the medical education department

20

Time Frame

Course duration: 36 weeks

Lectures: Monday & Wednesday (1:05 to 2:00 pm), Tuesday (11:15am to 12:10 pm), Friday

(10:00 to 110:00 am)

Practical: Monday & Wednesday (2:00 to 3:00 pm)

21

Course Outline

Section I Oral and Developmental Histology

This subject deals with the histological study of orofacial structures including teeth. It gives a detailed

information on the developmental and functional histology, of teeth and orofacial regions including

periodontium, bone, salivary glands, temporomandibular joint, oral mucosa, growth, eruption and

shedding of teeth. It is designed to relate the histological information to clinical significance. Part of this

section is taught in collaboration with Anatomy department. It also includes association developmental

anomalies.

Section II Tooth Morphology and Occlusion

This subject deals with the morphology and occlusion of permanent and deciduous teeth including

morphological anomalies. It provides the basis of the skills needed in all aspects of clinical dental sciences.

Without the correct knowledge of tooth morphology, it is impossible to restore or replace a tooth or part

of tooth in oral cavity.

Section III Oral Physiology

This subject deals with the study of functional basis of oro-faical structures during the process of speech,

mastication, deglutition, taste, saliva, pain and proprioception; and is taught in collaboration with

Physiology department and revised in oral biology session.

Section IV General and Orofacial Embryology

This subject deals with the development of embryo and development of components of head and neck

region such as tonsils, tongue, salivary glands, thyroid, parathyroid glands, palate, lips, face, nose,

paranasal sinuses, mandible and maxilla. Taught in collaboration with Anatomy department.

22

Section V Oral Anatomy

This subject deals with the anatomy of head and neck region including skeletal gross anatomy of skull and

mandible and glands, origin insertion action of muscles of mastication, muscles of facial expressions,

muscles of tongue and pharynx. It also incorporates study of blood vessels and nerves of orofacial region.

Taught in collaboration with Anatomy department.

23

Table of Specifications for Teaching and Learning Outcomes

SECTION I - ORAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL HISTOLOGY

Topic weightage: 44%

Time allocation: Approximately 16 weeks (110 hours)

Assessment items in Final Exam: 13 MCQs, 04 SEQ/SAQ, OSPE stations 10 out of 17

At the end of the session, first year BDS students should be able to:

DEVELOPMENT OF TOOTH

Lectures delivered by Dr. Saira Atif

Practical sessions facilitated by demonstrators

CPA Teaching/

Learning

Methods

Assessment

Methods

1 Describe sequence of developmental changes occurring in

maxillary and mandibular processes in areas of future dental

arches during 6th & 7th weeks of intra uterine life

C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

2 Define the following terms/structure: neural crest cells,

ectomesenchyme, primary epithelial band, dental lamina,

vestibular lamina, tooth bud, lateral lamina, successional

lamina, epithelial pearls/Rest cells of Serres, Enamel organ,

dental papilla, dental follicle, cervical loop, enamel knot,

enamel cord, enamel niche, enamel septum, enamel navel,

papillary layer, reduced enamel epithelium, pulp limiting

membrane, rest cells of Malassez

C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

3 Identify on a histological picture/slide the following

structures: Oral Epithelium, Mesenchyme, Dental lamina,

vestibular lamina, tooth bud also draw and label

C2

P3

Practical OSPE

4 Distinguish, in a table, between dental and vestibular lamina

on basis of development, location, histology, function, and

fate

C2 Lecture SEQ

5 Explain components/parts of dental lamina on basis of

developmental timings & their attachment to primary,

permanent and non-succedenous tooth buds

C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

6 Identify components of dental lamina in histological

pictures/slides (lateral lamina, successional lamina)

C2

P3

Practical OSPE

7 Explain the clinical significance of remnants of dental

lamina(epithelial pearls) i.e. eruption cysts, odontome,

supernumerary tooth

C2 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

8 Explain histological aspects of bud, cap and bell stages of

tooth development with emphasis on cell shapes, types of cell

layers and function of each cell layer (outer enamel

C1 Lecture SEQ/VIVA

24

epithelium, inner enamel epithelium, stratum intermedium,

stellate reticulum)

9 Identify draw and label enamel organ, dental papilla and

dental follicle along with stages of tooth development in

histological pictures (bud, early and late cap stage, early and

late bell stage)

C2

P3

Practical OSPE

10 Describe composition, location, histological appearance

(arrangement of fibers, condensation) & fate of dental papilla

and dental follicle/sac

C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

11 Describe location, histological appearance (cell shape) &

function of enamel knot, enamel cord and enamel niche

C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

12 Identify enamel knot, cord and niche in histological pictures.

C2

P3

Practical OSPE

13 Discuss importance and process of angiogenesis in relation

with the developing tooth germ with reference to location and

timings

C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

14 Discuss relation of developing nerve fibers with early tooth

germ with reference to location and timings

C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

15 Explain inductive influences of inner enamel epithelial cells

of enamel organ and peripheral cells of dental papilla on each

other

C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

16 Describe histodifferentiation, function and movement of

enamel and dentin forming cells (ameloblasts and

odontoblasts) in relation to each other

C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

17 Explain source of nourishment for ameloblasts and

odontoblasts during hard tissue formation

C1

Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

18 Describe the formation, histological structure, role and fate

(disintegration and rest cells of Malassez) of Hertwig

epithelial root sheath in formation of roots of single and

multi-rooted teeth

C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

19 Identify draw and label HERS, Rest cells of Malassez and

root formation in histological pictures

C2

P3

Practical OSPE

20 Describe clinical relevance of Hertwig epithelial root sheath

(lateral canals/accessory canals formation, cyst development)

C2 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

21 Explain relevance of root formation and root completion with

tooth eruption in oral cavity with emphasis on time required

for primary and permanent teeth

C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

22 Explain the abnormalities expected to occur during tooth

development in relation with tooth size and number

(microdontia, macrodontia, hypodontia, anodontia,

supernumery and supplemental teeth)

C2 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

25

ENAMEL AND AMELOGENESIS



CPA Teaching/

Learning

Methods

Assessment

Methods

1 Describe physical characteristics of enamel in terms of

anatomical location, hardness, thickness, permeability, color,

translucency and brittleness

C1 Lecture SEQ

2 Define the following terms/structure: rods, inter-rod, rod

sheath, amelogenesis, aprismatic enamel, papillary layer,

apoptosis, primary enamel cuticle, reduced enamel

epithelium, nasymyth’s membrane, neonatal line, striae of

retzius, cross striation, perikymata, hunter schreger bands,

dentinoenamel junction, enamel tufts, enamel lamellae,

enamel spindles, gnarled enamel, pits, enamel caps, focal

holes, enamel brochs, attrition, abrasion, erosion

C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

3 Describe embryological origin (from germ layer) and

functions of enamel

C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

4 Enlist chemical composition of enamel including percentage

of each content

C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ

5 Describe and identify key-hole/fish scale pattern of enamel

as seen in electron microscope (arrangement of rod, inter-rod

and rod sheath) also draw and label

C2 Lecture

MCQ/SEQ/

OSPE

6 Describe dimension, shape, function and growth of enamel

crystallites (hydroxyapatite)

C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ

7 Describe number, course, orientation, dimension,

constituents and significance of enamel rods in primary and

permanent teeth

C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

8 Enumerate different morphological and functional

phases/stages which an ameloblast passes through during

amelogenesis

C1 Lecture SEQ

9 Identify, draw and label ameloblast in different stages of

amelogenesis

C2

P3

Practical OSPE

10 Explain morphogenetic, histodifferentiation and secretory

phases of amelogenesis in terms of function,

presence/absence of basal lamina, shape, size and

arrangement of cells, location and shape of nucleus,

presence/absence of mitotic activity and location of

junctional complexes

C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

11 Explain formation and location of Tome’s process and its role

in enamel mineralization during secretory phase of

amelogenesis

C1 Lecture SEQ/VIVA

26

12 Describe location, formation and function of prismatic and

aprismatic enamel

C1 Lecture SEQ

13 Classify enamel proteins according to their function during

amelogensis

C1 Lecture SEQ

14 Describe cell shape, size and volume, protein secreting

activity, apoptosis, basal lamina formation seen in

ameloblasts during Transition phase of amelogenesis

C1 Lecture SEQ/VIVA

15 Explain the modulation cycle seen during maturation phase

of amelogensis in terms of significance, changes in

morphology and function of ameloblasts, and permeability of

junctional complexes

C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

16 Describe process of hydroxyapatite crystal growth and

organic content degradation and removal during maturation

proper of amelogenesis

C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

17 Describe morphological changes in ameloblasts, during post

maturation phase of amelogenesis

C1 Lecture SEQ

18 Discuss incremental growth lines in enamel in terms of

daily/weekly growth in um, significance, direction and

causes

C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

19 Explain cause of formation, location and significance of

neonatal line in primary and permanent teeth

C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

20 Describe location, cause, course, histological appearance and

number (per um occlusally and cervically) of Perikymata in

enamel

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

21 Describe location, cause of formation, course and

histological appearance of Hunter Schreger bands in enamel

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

22 Identify neonatal line in pictures/histological slides of ground

section of enamel, Striae of Retzius, Perikymata and Hunter

Schreger bands in images/pictures, draw and label

C2

P3

Practical OSPE

23 Describe histological appearance and significance of

Dentinoenamel junction in longitudinal and cross section of

a tooth

C1 Lecture MCQ

24 Describe location, cause of formation, course, distance and

content of Enamel Tufts.

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

25 Explain location, appearance, content and clinical

significance of Enamel Lamellae

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

27

26 Discuss location, appearance, cause of formation, dimension,

extension of Enamel Spindles

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

27 Identify, draw and label Enamel Lamellae, dentinoenamel

junction, Enamel Tufts Enamel Spindles in pictures/images

C2

P3

Practical OSPE

28 Describe cause of formation, location and significance of

Gnarled enamel

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

29 Describe size, location and histological appearance, cause of

formation of pits, enamel caps, focal holes and enamel brochs

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

30 Discuss morphological, histological, environmental and

functional changes which occur in enamel due to aging

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

31 Discuss flourosis, congenital syphilis, amelogenesis

imperfecta and its types in terms of clinical presentation and

affected stages of amelogenesis

C2 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

DENTIN AND DENTINOGENESIS

Lectures delivered by Dr. Mustafa Qadeer


CPA Teaching/

Learning

Methods

Assessment

Methods

1 Define dentin, predentin, mantle dentin, circumpulpal dentin,

primary dentin, secondary dentin, tertiary dentin, reactive

dentin, reactionary dentin, dentinogenesis, osteodentin, von

Korff’s fibers, Hyaline layer, dentinal tubules, dead tracts,

peritubular dentin, inter tubular dentin, inter globular dentin,

granular layer of tomes, sclerotic dentin, contour lines of

Owen, Lines of von Ebner

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

2 Describe composition by weight and volume, physical

properties, innervation, vascularity, permeability, functions

and age changes of dentin

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

3 Describe formation, location, structure, thickness and

function of predentin, primary, secondary and tertiary dentin.

Also draw and label

C1

P2

Lecture

Practical

MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

4 Discuss process of dentinogenesis in terms of odontoblasts

formation and differentiation, role of Hertwig’s epithelial

root sheath, organic matrix deposition and mineralization

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

5 Draw and label stages of dentinogenesis C2

P3

Practical OSPE

6 Describe Globular and Linear Mineralization in terms of

matrix vesicle formation and fusion

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA 7

Tabulate the differences between coronal and radicular

dentin in terms of location, formation and orientation of

dentinal tubules

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

28

8 Identify in histological slides/pictures pre dentin, primary

dentin, secondary dentin, tertiary dentin, dentinal tubule,

intertubular dentin, peritubular dentin, interglobular dentin,

Incremental lines, granular layer of tomes, sclerotic dentin,

dead tracts

C2

P3

Practical OSPE

9 Discuss the dentinal tubules in terms of extension diameter,

content and functions

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA 10 Describe and identify location, appearance, cause and

significance of interglobular dentin, sclerotic dentin,

Granular layer of Tomes. Draw and label granular layer of

Tomes

C2 Lecture

MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA/

OSPE

11 Describe different theories to explain the process of dentin

sensitivity

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

DENTAL PULP



CPA Teaching/

Learning

Methods

Assessment

Methods

1 Describe pulp in terms of location, content, developmental

origin and function

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

2 Describe the names, location, content and function of four

histological zones seen in dental pulp under microscope

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

3 Identify, draw and label four histological zones of dental pulp

as seen in images/slides.

C2

P3

Practical OSPE

4 Enlist constituents of dental pulp in terms of cells and

extracellular substances

C1 Lecture SEQ

5 Discuss origin, type, size, orientation, and location of

collagen fibers in dental pulp

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

6 Identify, draw and label functional odontoblastic cell at

higher magnification

C2

P3

Practical OSPE

7 Describe location, shape, number, arrangement, function and

histological features of odontoblastic cells in a functional

tooth

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

8 Differentiate active and resting odontoblastic cell in terms of

histological features and functionality

C2 Lecture SEQ

9 Describe histological features, shape, location and functions

of cells present in pulp (fibroblasts, undifferentiated

mesenchymal cells, macrophages, dendritic cells,

lymphocytes)

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

29

10 Describe the orientation, histology, size, type and functions

of blood vessels and nerves (myelinated, unmyelinated) in

dental pulp

C1 Lecture SEQ

11 Define and identify plexus of Rashkow in terms of

histological appearance, location and function

C1 Lecture

MCQ/

OSPE

12 Discuss age related changes seen in dental pulp in terms of

volume, content, vascularity, innervation, pathology

C1 Lecture SEQ

13 Describe types, formation, location, arrangement,

appearance and clinical significance of pulp stones

C1 Lecture SEQ

14 Identify pulp stones in pictures/images C2 Lecture OSPE

PERIODONTIUM



CPA Teaching/

Learning

Methods

Assessment

Methods

1 Define and enumerate the components of periodontium

C1 Lecture SEQ/VIVA

2 Define cementum, periodontal ligament, gingiva,

cementoenamel junction, Sharpey’s fibers, cementoid,

cementodentinal junction, hypercementosis, ankylosis,

cementicles, lamina dura, bundle bone

C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

3 Describe physical properties of cementum in terms of

harness, location, thickness, function, vascularity,

innervation, types, formative cells and permeability

C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

4 Identify cementum in images/slides of ground section of

tooth

C2 Lecture OSPE

5 Discuss chemical composition of cementum in %age

(inorganic and organic including names of cells, types of

collagen fibers and non collagenous proteins)

C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

6 Classify cementum in terms of presence or absence of cells,

origin of collagen fibers (extrinsic and intrinsic) and

combination of both

C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

7 Identify in histological pictures/slides also draw and label the

different types of cementum

C2

P3

Practical OSPE

8 Describe the four cementum types (primary, secondary,

mixed and acellular) in terms of cells, origin of fibers,

location, function, formation/development and

mineralization

C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

9 Differentiate intrinsic and extrinsic collagen fibers in terms

of formation, location, histology and dimension

C2 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

10 Classify cementoenamel junction in terms of enamel and

cementum overlapping also discuss clinical significance

C2 Lecture

SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

30

11 Describe histological appearance and significance of

cementodentinal junction

C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

12 Discuss age related changes occurring in cementum in terms

of appearance, thickness, cementicles and repair process

C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

13 Describe periodontal ligament development, location,

average width, content ( names of cells, types of collagen

fibers, elastic and reticular fibers, ground substance)

function, remodeling and age changes

C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

14 Enumerate the five principal fiber bundles of periodontal

ligament

C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

15 Identify in images/histological slides, draw and label, and

also describe the location, direction/orientation, origin,

insertion and function of principal fibers of periodontal

ligament

C2

P3

Lecture

Practical

SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA/

OSPE

16 Describe blood supply of periodontal ligament in terms of

names of blood vessels, branching pattern, routes, plexus

location, diameter, difference in vascularity of anterior vs

posterior teeth, mandible vs maxillary teeth.

C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

17 Discuss nerve supply of periodontal ligament in terms of

names of nerves, types of nerve fibers, location and

branching

C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

18 Discuss names, location, histological appearance and

function of nerve endings present in periodontal ligament

C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

19 Discuss histological changes seen in supporting system of

tooth in increased or decreased function load

C1

Lecture SEQ/ VIVA

20 Define Attached gingiva, free gingiva, gingival sulcus,

junctional epithelium, sulcular epithelium, dentogingival

junction, Col

C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA

21 Identify in images/ patients gingiva, free gingiva, attached

gingiva, col, interdental gingiva

C2

P3

Practical OSPE

22 Identify in images/histological slides, draw and label, and

also describe the location, direction/orientation, origin,

insertion and function of principal fibers of gingival ligament

C2 Lecture

Practical

SEQ/MCQ/

VIVA/

OSPE SALIVARY GLANDS CPA Teaching/

Learning

Methods

Assessment

Methods

Anatomy Department

1 Define saliva, acini, myoepithelial cell, pellicle,

C1 Lecture

MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

2 Describe development, histological structure (of acini and

ductal system e.g. staining, shape of acini, number of

secretory cells per acini, shape of secretory cells, shape

location and size of nucleus, location of cell organelles,

lumen size, granules, serous demilunes etc ) and gross

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

31

anatomy of major and minor salivary glands (location, size,

number, name and opening of ducts, nerve supply and blood

supply)

3 Identify, on histological slides/images, serious, mucous and

mixed salivary glands

C2

P3

Practical OSPE

4 Describe myoepithelial cells in terms of location, histological

appearance (shape, processes) and function

C1 Lecture

MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

5 Classify ductal system of salivary glands C1 Lecture SEQ/VIVA

Oral Biology Department



6 Define sialolith, mucocele, sialadentits, Sjorgen syndrome,

primary saliva, secondary saliva

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

7 Describe process of ductal modification and regulation of

primary and secondary saliva in terms of

secretion/reabsorption of electrolytes at different flow rates

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

8 Describe histological and functional changes in salivary

glands due to aging

C1 Lecture SEQ/VIVA

9 Enlist local and systemic diseases effecting salivary glands

anatomy and function (ductal blockage, autoimmune

diseases, bacterial and viral infections, trauma, diabetes,

cysts, fibrosis, dry mouth)

C1 Lecture SEQ/VIVA

10 Draw and label purely serous and mixed glands C2

P3

Practical OSPE

ORAL MUCOSA

CPA Teaching/

Learning

Methods

Assessment

Methods

Anatomy Department

1 Define oral mucosa, vermillion border, vermillion zone,

vestibule, mucogingival junction, mucocutaneous junction,

submucosa

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

2 Describe boundaries, appearance, texture, histology,

functions, age changes, blood supply and nerve supply of oral

mucosa

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

3 Classify and identify (in images/pictures/slides) oral mucosa

according to location and function (masticatory mucosa,

lining mucosa, specialized mucosa)

C2

P3

Lecture

Practical

SEQ/VIVA/

OSPE

4 Describe histological features of lamina propria (papillary

layer, reticular layers, cells, fibers, ground substance, blood

vessels, nerves)

C1 Lecture

SEQ/VIVA

32

5 Tabulate histological differences between keratinized and

non-keratinized oral epithelium in terms of name of cell

layers, cell shapes, nucleus size and location

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

6 Identify in histological pictures/images keratinized and non-

keratinized epithelium

C2

P3

Practical OSPE

7 Discuss location, shape, covering epithelium and function of

tongue papillae (fungiform, filliform, circumvallate papillae)

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

8 Identify tongue papillae in histological slides/images C2

P3

Practical OSPE

9 Discuss and identify histological features (shape, size, type

of cells), location and function of taste bud

C2

P2

Lecture

Practical

MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA/

OSPE




CPA Teaching/

Learning

Methods

Assessment

Methods

10 Define Fordyce spot, linea alba, odland body, keratohyaline

granules, orthokeratinization, parakeratinization, acanthosis,

acantholysis, hyperkeratosis, keratinocytes, non-

keratinocyte, melanosomes, melanophage

C1 Lecture

MCQ/

VIVA

11 Identify fordyce’s granules in pictures/images C2

P3

Practical OSPE

12 Describe location, shape, size and significance of Odland

bodies/membrane coating granules/lamellar bodies in

keratinized and non-keratinized epithelium

C1 Lecture

MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

13 Describe location, shape, size of keratohyaline granules in

keratinized and non-keratinized epithelium

C1 Lecture

MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

14 Describe and identify histological features and functions of

non-keratinocyte in oral epithelium (melanocytes,

langerhans, merkel , inflammatory cells) in terms of shape of

cell, origin and location

C2 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

15 Describe exogenous and endogenous pigmentation in oral

cavity with examples (Amalgam tattoo, Burton line)

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

16 Identify on patients/images junctions in oral cavity

(mucogingival, dentogingival, mucocutaneous)

C2

P2

Practical OSPE

17 Draw and label histology of taste bud C2

P2

Practical OSPE

BONE CPA Teaching/

Learning

Methods

Assessment

Methods

Anatomy Department

1 Define bone , alveolar bone, alveolar process, lamina dura,

sharpey’s fibres, bundle bone, Supporting bone, cortical

bone, spongy bone, interdental bone, inter radicular bone,

C1 Lecture

MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

33

periosteum, endosteum, osteon, haversian canal, volkman’s

canal, circumferential lamellae, concentric lamellae,

interstitial lamellae

2 Classify bone according to gross appearance and

development

C1 Lecture

MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

3 Discuss histology of compact and spongy bone in terms of

formative and resorptive cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes,

osteoclasts), lamellae, Haversian and volkman’s canals

C1 Lecture

MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

4 Describe histology and function of osteoblast, osteocyte and

osteoclasts

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

5 Identify in histological slides/images compact and spongy

bone and bone cells

C2

P3

Practical OSPE


Lectures delivered by Dr. Naauman Zaheer


CPA Teaching/

Learning

Methods

Assessment

Methods

6 Describe and identify histological changes and features of

intramembranous and intracartilaginous ossification

C2 Lecture

MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

7 Describe composition, function, regulation, remodeling

(phases, normal turnover rate in cortical and trabecular bone,

turnover rate in children /adults/old age) and age changes and

repair and regeneration of bone

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

8 Draw and label compact bone histology C2

P3

Practical OSPE

TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT CPA Teaching/

Learning

Methods

Assessment

Methods

Anatomy Department

1 Classify joints (Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial) according to

their morphology

C1 Lecture SEQ/VIVA

2 Define temporomandibular joint, bilaminar zone, synovial

membrane, capsule

C1 Lecture MCQ/

VIVA

3 Describe TMJ in terms of its gross anatomy, components,

biomechanics (also including origin, insertion and action of

muscles of mastication), blood supply, innervation

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA




CPA Teaching/

Learning

Methods

Assessment

Methods

4 Describe temporomandibular joint in terms of its

development, histology of its components, nerve endings

(location and function) and clinical significance (dislocation,

ankylosis, arthritis, articular disk displacement, TMJ

Dysfunction)

C1

Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

34

5 Describe articular disk in terms of its shape, location,

histology (fiber types and their orientation/arrangement,

types of ground substance and cells) location, function,

vascularity, innervation, anterior and posterior bands/laminae

along with their attachment

C1

Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

6 Describe histology, attachment, appearance, vascularity,

innervation and function of joint capsule

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

7 Describe location, extent, function, appearance, histology of

synovial membrane (cellular intima and sub intima)

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

8 Identify, draw and label cellular intima and subintima of

synovial membrane

C2

P2

Practical OSPE

9 Describe formation, appearance, consistency, composition

and function of synovial fluid

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

10 Identify, draw and label Temporomandibular joint showing

its different components

C2

P3

Practical OSPE

TOOTH ERUPTION AND SHEDDING



CPA Teaching/

Learning

Methods

Assessment

Methods

1 Define eruption, shedding, preeruptive tooth movement,

eruptive tooth movement, post eruptive tooth movement,

active eruption, passive eruption, Gaubernacular cord,

Gaubernacular canal, natal teeth, neo natal teeth

C1

Lecture MCQ/

VIVA

2 Differentiate the three types of physiological tooth

movements (pre-eruptive, eruptive and post eruptive) in

terms of direction of movement, movement in µm, need and

significance

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

3 Discuss mechanism and factors responsible for eruptive tooth

movement

C1

Lecture SEQ/ VIVA

4 Describe the three types of movement a tooth makes post

eruption to maintain its functional position in the jaw in terms

of mechanism and significance

C1

Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

5 Discuss histology and causes of tooth shedding C1 Lecture SEQ/ VIVA

6 Enlist local and systemic causes of premature and delayed

eruption of teeth

C1 Lecture SEQ/VIVA

7 Identify in images/slides also draw and label Gaubernacular

cord

C2

P2

Practical OSPE

35

SECTION II - TOOTH MORPHOLOGY AND OCCLUSION



Assessment items in Final Exam: 06 MCQs, 02 SEQ/SAQ, OSPE stations 07 out of 17


Introduction to Tooth Morphology/ Nomenclature



CPA Teaching/

Learning

Methods

Assessment

Methods

1 Classify dentition according to shape (homodont, heterodont),

sets of teeth (monophyodont, diphyodont, polyphyodont), time

period (deciduous, permanent)

C1 Lecture

SEQ/VIVA

2 Discuss time frame and significance of dentition periods

(primary, mixed and permanent)

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

3 Describe dental formulae, sequence of eruption and age of

emergence of permanent and deciduous teeth.

C1 Lecture

MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

4 Discuss commonly used numbering systems (universal, palmer

notation and FDI) used in dentistry with examples from primary

and permanent teeth

C1 Lecture

MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

5 Define, identify and differentiate, on tooth

specimen/models/images, anatomical crown, clinical crown,

anatomical root, clinical root, enamel, dentin, cementum,

cervical line, pulp cavity, cusps, tubercles, cingulum, ridges

(marginal, triangular, transverse, oblique and cusp ridges),

inclined plane, mamelons, fossa, developmental (primary)

groove, supplemental (secondary) groove, fissure, embrasures,

sulcus, pit, contact point, contact area, lobe, line angles, point

angles, tooth surfaces (mesial, distal, lingual/palatal,

buccal/labial, incisal/occlusal), height of contour

C2

P3

Lecture

Practical

MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA/

OSPE

6 Enumerate line and point angles of anterior and posterior teeth. C2 Lecture

SEQ/VIVA

7 Describe number and significance of lobes in permanent and

primary teeth

C1 Lecture MCQ/

VIVA

8 Describe shape, location and function of interproximal spaces,

embrasures and contact areas

C2 Lecture

MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

PERMANENT INCISORS



CPA Teaching/

Learning

Methods

Assessment

Methods

1 Tabulate initiation of calcification, completion of enamel and

root in terms of months/years

C1 Lectures

MCQ/

VIVA

36

2 Discuss and identify, on models/images/teeth specimen, the

general considerations including tooth surfaces, shape of

mesial, distal, labial, lingual and incisal outlines, mesiodistal

dimensions and contours, inclination of incisal margin, shape of

mesioincisal and distoincisal line angles, shape and curvature of

cervical margin, number and location of developmental

depressions, location and boundaries of lingual fossa, location,

shape and inclination of cingulum, location of imbrications

lines, marginal ridges, height of contour, contact area

C2

P3

Lecture

Practical

MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA/

OSPE

3 Describe number, shape and inclination of root C1 Lecture

MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

4 Describe number, location and significance of pulp canals and

pulp horns

C1 Lecture

MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

5 Differentiate, on morphological basis, central and lateral incisor

of the same and/or different arch

C2

A

Assignment

/

Small

group

discussion

SEQ/VIVA

6 Draw and label incisors from labial, lingual, mesial, distal and

incisal aspect

C2

P3

Practical Manual &

OSPE

7 Carving of Maxillary central incisor according to natural tooth

dimensions on wax block/soap

P2 Practical -

PERMANENT CANINES



CPA Teaching/

Learning

Methods

Assessment

Methods



C1 Lecture MCQ/VIVA

2 Describe and identify, on models/images/teeth specimen, the

general considerations including tooth surfaces, shape of

mesial, distal, labial, lingual and incisal outlines, mesiodistal

dimensions and contours, length and inclination of mesioincisal

and distoincisal slope, shape and curvature of cervical margin,

location, and extent of lingual and buccal ridges, number and

location of developmental depressions, location and boundaries

of lingual fossae, location shape and inclination of cingulum,

marginal ridges, height of contour, contact area

C2

P3

Lecture

MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA/

OSPE

3 Describe number, shape, inclination and variation of root C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA


pulp horns

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

5 Differentiate, on morphological basis, mandibular and

maxillary canine, canine and incisors

C2 Formative Assignment

-

6 Draw and label canines from labial, lingual, mesial, distal and

occlusal aspect

C2

P3

Practical Manual &

OSPE

37

PREMOLARS



CPA Teaching/

Learning

Methods

Assessment

Methods



C1 Lecture MCQ/VIVA

2 Describe and identify, on models/images/teeth specimen, tooth

surfaces, shape of mesial, distal, buccal, lingual/palatal and

occlusal outlines, mesiodistal dimensions and contours, shape

and curvature of cervical margin, boundaries of occlusal table;

number, location, size, variation (U, H and Y type occlusal

morphology in case of mandibular 2nd premolar) of cusps,

name, number and location of pits, grooves and fossae,

boundaries of fossae, location, size, variations of marginal

ridges, height of contour, contact area, mesial concavity,

developmental depressions, location and formation of

transverse ridge, location and names of cusp ridges and inclined

planes,

C2

P3

Lecture

MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA/

OSPE

3 Describe number, shape, inclination and variations of root/roots C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA


pulp horns

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA


maxillary premolars


-

6 Draw and label premolars from buccal, lingual/palatal, mesial,

distal and occlusal aspect

C2

P3

Practical Manual &

OSPE

MOLARS



CPA Teaching/

Learning

Methods

Assessment

Methods



C1 Lecture MCQ/VIVA



occlusal outlines, mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions and

contours, shape and curvature of cervical margin; boundaries of

occlusal table, number, location, size, variation of cusps; name,

number and location of pits, grooves and fossae, boundaries of

fossae, location, size, location of marginal ridges, height of

contour, contact area, mesial concavity, developmental

depressions, location and formation of transverse ridge, location

and formation of oblique ridge in case of maxillary molars,

location and names of cusp ridges and inclined planes

C2

P3

Lecture

Practical

MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA/

OSPE

3 Describe number, shape, inclination and variations of root/roots C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA


pulp horns

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

38


maxillary molars, first and second molars of the same arch,

molars and other permanent teeth


-

6 Draw and label first, second and third molars from buccal,

lingual/palatal, mesial, distal and occlusal aspect

C2

P3

Practical Manual &

OSPE

7 Carving of maxillary and mandibular first permanent molars

according to normal tooth dimension on wax block/soap

P2 Practical -

DECIDUOUS TEETH

Lectures delivered by Dr. Naauman Zaheer & Dr. Mustafa


CPA Teaching/

Learning

Methods

Assessment

Methods

1 Describe general morphological differences between permanent

and deciduous teeth

C1 Lecture MCQ/VIVA



occlusal outlines, mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions and

contours, boundaries of occlusal table, number, location, size,

variation of cusps; name, number and location of pits, grooves

and fossae, boundaries of fossae, location, size, location of

marginal ridges, height of contour, developmental depressions,

location and formation of transverse and oblique ridge.

C2

P3

Lecture

MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA/

OSPE

3 Describe number, shape, inclination of root/roots C1 Lecture VIVA

4 Describe number, location and significance of pulp canals C1 Lecture MCQ/VIVA

5 Differentiate, on morphological basis, deciduous incisors vs

permanent incisors, mandibular vs maxillary deciduous molars,

first vs second molars of the same arch, deciduous vs permanent

molars


-

6 Draw and label deciduous teeth from labial/buccal,

lingual/palatal, mesial, distal and incisal/occlusal aspect

C2

P3

Practical Manual &

OSPE

OCCLUSION



CPA Teaching/

Learning

Methods

Assessment

Methods

1 Define occlusion, articulation, freeway space (normal value in

mm), leeway space (normal value in mm), normal class 1

occlusion (incisal, canine and molar relation), malocclusion (I,

II and III), centric occlusion, centric relation, primate space,

ugly duckling stage, diastema

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

2 Describe features of ideal occlusion in terms of spacing, vertical

inclination, overjet, overbite, and generalized spacing between

the teeth in primary dentition

C1 Lecture

SEQ/VIVA

3 Describe features of ideal occlusion in mixed and permanent

dentition

C1 Lecture SEQ/VIVA

4 Define over jet (along with normal value in mm), increased,

decreased, edge-to-edge and reverse ove rjet

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

5 Define over bite (along with normal value in mm), deep bite,

open bite and closed bite

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

39

6 Define three types of molar relations in primary dentition

(mesial step, distal step, flush terminal plane)

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

7 Describe occlusal curvatures (curve of Spee, Wilson and

Monsoon) along with formation, direction, shape and

significance

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

DEVELOPMENTAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL

ANOMALIES

CPA Teaching/

Learning

Methods

Assessment

Methods

1 Define and discuss developmental causes and morphological

appearance of effected teeth in anodontia, hypodontia,

mesiodens, distodens, macrodontia, microdontia, taurodontium,

dilacerations, flexion, germination, fusion, concrescence,

segmented roots, dwarfed roots, hypercementosis, accessory

cusps, accessory roots, enamel pearls, peg laterals, Talon’s

cusp, Hutchinson’s incisors, Mulberry molars, dens in dente,

complex odontoma, compound odontoma, enamel dysplasia,

dentin dysplasia, enamel hypoplasia, enamel hypocalcification,

enamel hypomaturation, amelogenesis imperfect, mottled

enamel, dentinogenesis imperfect, tetracycline staining,

Turner’s tooth

C1 Assignment MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

2 Enlist common anomalies effecting development, size, number

and shape of teeth

C1 Assignment SEQ/VIVA

40

SECTION III - ORAL PHYSIOLOGY



Assessment items in Final Exam: 02 MCQs, 01 SEQ/SAQ


ORAL PHYSIOLOGY CPA Teaching/

Learning

Methods

Assessment

Methods

Physiology Department

1 Describe basic events of speech production (initiation,

phonation, articulation) and its neurological control by higher

centers

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

2 Describe mastication in terms of structural apparatus, muscles

involved, chewing cycle (opening, closing and occlusal phase)

and neurological pathway controlling mastication

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

3 Enumerate stages of mastication (pull back process of tongue,

squeeze back mechanism), and reflexes of mastication (jaw jerk

reflex, jaw unloading reflex, jaw open reflex)

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

4 Discuss stages of swallowing (oral, pharyngeal and esophageal

phases), names of higher centers along with neurological

pathway controlling it

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

5 Describe physiology of pain C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

6 Describe physiology of propioception C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA




CPA Teaching/

Learning

Methods

Assessment

Methods

7 Describe composition, pH, volume, function (in terms of effects

and components responsible for those effects), formation and

secretion of saliva

C2 Lecture

MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

8 Describe taste pathway along with its neurological control from

higher centers

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

41

SECTION IV - GENERAL AND OROFACIAL EMBRYOLOGY





General and Orofacial Embryology CPA Teaching/

Learning

Methods

Assessment

Methods

Anatomy Department

1 Define fertilization, zygote, embryo, germ layer, notochord,

morula, blastocyst, trophoblast, neural crest cells

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

2 Describe germ layer formation and fate C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

3 Describe neural crest cells in terms of formation, migration,

role in orofacial development and associated anomalies

(Treacher Collins syndrome)

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

4 Enumerate derivatives of ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm,

neural crest cells, pharyngeal arches, pouches and clefts

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

5 Describe and identify development of face in terms of

processes involved and their role in formation of lips, nose,

forehead, cheeks and jaws

C2 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA/

OSPE

6 Discuss and identify in pictures/images developmental

anomalies associated with incomplete fusion of facial

processes (unilateral, bilateral and median cleft lip, oblique

facial cleft, median cleft/frontonasal dysplasia, lateral facial

cleft, mandibular cleft)

C2 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA/

OSPE

7 Describe and identify development of primary and

secondary palate in terms of time frame, processes involved,

fusion of shelves and associated anomalies (cleft palate and

its types)

C2 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA/

OSPE

8 Discuss etiological factors responsible for congenital defects

effecting facial development

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

9 Describe the development of tongue C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

10 Describe development of thyroid gland C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA




Teaching/

Learning

Methods

Assessment

Methods

11 Describe the developmental of mandible in terms of growth

cartilages (names, period of activity, role and fate of primary

C2 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

42

and secondary growth cartilages), ossification centers,

spread of ossification, post natal growth

12 Describe the formation of different components of mandible

condyle, ramus, coronoid process and body of mandible

C2 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

13 Describe the prenatal growth of maxilla in terms of time

frame, processes involved, location of ossification center,

spread of ossification, name, location, role and fate of

growth cartilages

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

14 Describe postnatal growth of maxilla in terms of theories

associated with growth (functional matrix, cartilage growth,

sutural growth), bone remodeling and its impact on growth

and position of maxilla

C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

15 Draw and label and identify in images/models both

developing and mature mandible bone

C2

P3

Practical OSPE

43

SECTION V – ORAL ANATOMY





Oral Anatomy

Anatomy department

CPA Teaching/

Learning

Methods

Assessment

Methods

1 Tabulate muscles of facial expressions (corrugator

supercilii, orbicularis oris, orbicularis oculi, platysma,

buccinators,mentalis, risorius, zygomaticus majorand

minor,depressor anguli oris, depressor labii inferioris,

levator labii superior alaequae nasii, procerus, compressor

naris, dilator nariis, depressor septi) with their origin,

insertion, action and nerve supply

C1

P3

A

Lecture

Dissection

Student oral

presentation

MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

2 Tabulate muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter,

lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid) with their origin,

insertion, action and nerve supply

C1

A

Lecture

Student oral

presentation

MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

3 Tabulate intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue with their

origin, insertion, action and nerve supply

C1

A

Lecture

Student oral

presentation

MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

4 Discuss clinical significance of muscles of facial

expressions, muscles of mastication, muscles of tongue

C2 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

5 Describe and identify course and relations of cranial nerves,

associated ganglia, functional components (SVE, GVE,

GVA, SVA, GSA), surface marking, nuclei, branches and

clinical significance

C2

P3

A

Lecture

Dissection

Student oral

presentation

MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA

6 Describe and identify bones of face in terms of shape,

attachments, boundaries, foramina and their content

C1 Demonstration MCQ/SEQ/

VIVA/

OSPE

7 Describe and identify blood supply of face (surface

marking, course, branches and anastomosis) and lymphatic

drainage of face along with clinical considerations

C2 Lecture

Dissection

MCQ/SEQ/

VIVAOSPE

8 Identify in models/images muscles of facial expressions,

muscles of tongue, muscles of mastication, land marks on

skull and mandible

C2

P3

Practical OSPE

Cognition Domain (Knowledge)

C1 Recognition and Recall

C2 Interpretation and application

C3 Problem-solving (analysis, synthesis

and judgment)

Psychomotor Domain (Skills)

P1 Observe

P2 Perform under supervision

P3 Perform independently

Affective Domain (Attitudes, values

and behaviors)

44

Learning Resources Subject component Learning resources

Oral and Developmental Histology

Ten Cate, A.R. and Nanci, A., 2013. Ten Cate's oral

histology: development, structure, and function. Elsevier.

8th edition.

Berkovitz, B.K.B., Holland, G.R., Moxham, B.J., Holland,

G.R. and Moxham, B.J., 2009. Oral anatomy, Histology

and Embryology. Mosby. 4th International edition, 4.

1. Development of tooth

2. Enamel and amelogenesis

3. Dentin and dentinogrnsis

4. Dental pulp

5. Periodontium

6. Salivary glands

7. Oral mucosa

8. Bone

9. Temporomandibular joint

10. Tooth eruption and shedding

Tooth Morphology and Occlusion

Fuller, J.L., Denehy, G.E. and Hall, S.A., 1999. Concise

dental anatomy and morphology. University of Iowa,

Publications Department.

Nelson, S.J., 2014. Wheeler's Dental Anatomy, Physiology

and Occlusion-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.

1. Introduction to Tooth

Morphology/ Nomenclature

2. Permanent dentition

3. Deciduous dentition

4. Occlusion

5. Dental anomalies

Oral Physiology Nelson, S.J., 2014. Wheeler's Dental Anatomy, Physiology

and Occlusion-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Berkovitz, B.K.B., Holland, G.R., Moxham, B.J., Holland,

G.R. and Moxham, B.J., 2009. Oral anatomy, Histology

and Embryology. Mosby. 4th International edition, 4.

1. Speech

2. Pain

3. Taste

4. Swallowing

6. Propioception

7. Mastication

General and Orofacial Embryology

Sadler, T.W., 2011. Langman's medical embryology.

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 12th edition. 1. General embryology

2. Orofacial embryology

Oral Anatomy

Snell, R.S., 2011. Clinical anatomy by regions. Lippincott

Williams & Wilkins. 9th edition. 1. Muscles of facial expression

2. Muscles of mastication

3. Cranial nerves

4. Bones of head and neck

5. Muscles of tongue

6. Blood supply of head and neck

45

Other Learning Resources

Hands-on activities Students will be involved in practical session

and hands-on activities to enhance learning.

Labs Utilize the lab to relate knowledge to specimens

and models available.

Videos Animated videos of developmental histology to

clear the concepts of the students shown during

interactive lecture sessions.

Computer lab/CDs/DVDs/Internet resources To increase the knowledge, students should

utilize the available internet resources and

CDs/DVDs in main IT lab/personal laptops.

Self-study Self-study is incorporated to help the student in

managing individual tasks/assignments. Student

will search for information through available

resources.

46

Study Models and Lab Supplies

Oral Biology Lab Equipment and Supplies

1 Microscopes (shared with oral pathology lab)

2 Model trimmers (shared with prosthetics lab)

3 Bench grinders (shared with prosthetics lab)

4 Set of single tooth silicon moulds for making plaster models (4 sets)

5 Complete permanent dentition moulds for making plaster models (3 sets)

6 Oral Histology slides set

7 Development study models (PE.PD 1001 Japan)



10 Deciduous teeth study models-20 (B4-309 B Japan)

11 Permanent teeth study models-28 (B2-306 Japan)

12 Mixed dentition study models

13 Developing dentition model

14 Classic skull with open lower jaw

15 Tongue model

16 Classic skull painted model

17 Skull with teeth for extraction

18 Classic tooth model series

19 Half lower jaw

20 Advanced half lower jaw

21 Deciduous dentures

22 Adult dentures

23 Dentition development model

24 Plaster spatula

25 Base former silicon

26 Tooth carving step model kit 1.5x size C11.TUI Japan

47

Summative Assessment Methods and Policies

Internal Assessment

• Weightage of internal assessment shall be 10 %, each for theory and practical, in BDS Professional

Examination.

• The Internal Assessment shall comprise of monthly test / assignments / class presentation / send-

ups /class tests / OSPE etc.

• The Internal Assessment record shall be kept in the respective department of the College / Institute

and after approval of Principal, a summary as per University registration number shall be furnished

to the Controller of Examinations, at least two weeks before the commencement of final

examination.

• The result of all the class tests / tools which contribute towards IA will be displayed to the students

during an academic year.

• The same internal assessment shall be counted both for annual and supplementary examinations.

• The students who are relegated, however, can improve the internal assessment during subsequent

year

• Internal assessment tools of any subject may be changed after the approval of respective FBS

Annual Examination

• The weightage of Annual Examination shall be 90%, each for theory and practical, in BDS.

• The examination comprises of a theory paper and practical/clinical examinations as per PM&DC

regulations and the Table of Specifications (TOS) of the University.

• The gap between two consecutive theory papers shall not be more than two days.

• The Theory Paper shall be of 3-hours duration, held under the arrangements of the university. It

shall have two parts; MCQs and SEQs for the year 2019. It may be changed after the approval of

Academic Council.

Internal Examiner

He/she shall be Professor and Head of Department who has been involved in teaching of the class

being examined for at least six months. Second preference shall be Associate/Assistant Professor

who is involved in teaching of the class and posted there for one year. Third preference shall be a

recognized Professor of the subject.

External Examiner

He/she shall be a Professor/Associate Professor of a recognized Medical/Dental College or at least

an Assistant Professor with three years teaching experience in the relevant subject.

48

Conflict of Interest

No person shall serve as an examiner whose close relative (wife, husband, son, daughter, adopted

son, adopted daughter, grand-son, grand-daughter, brother, sister, niece /nephew, son and

daughter- in-law brother and sister- in-law, parental and maternal uncle and aunt etc) is appearing

in the examination. All examiners likely to serve as an examiner shall render a certificate in

compliance to this para.

Paper Setting

• Each College / Institute shall forward a set of two question papers as per TOS along with the key

for each subject to the Controller of Examinations, at least three months in advance of the annual

examination. The question paper as a whole / a question without a comprehensive key shall not be

considered towards final paper setting.

• The set of question papers shall be prepared by the respective Head of Department (HoD) and

furnished to Controller of Examinations through Head of Institution (HoI)

• The Controller of Examinations shall approve the faculty for the final paper settinghaving fair

representation of each college / institute

Paper Assessment

• The Controller of Examinations shall approve the faculty for the theory paper marking, to be

undertaken in the manner as deemed appropriate.

• The Examination Directorate shall coordinate directly with the faculty,earmarked for the paper

marking

• A student who scores 85% and above marks in any subject shall qualify for distinction in that

particular subject.

• A fraction in aggregate marks of a subject shall be rounded off to whole number. If it is less than

0.5 then it will be rounded off to the previous whole number while 0.5 or more will be rounded off

to the next whole number.

Practical Examinations

• The Controller of Examiners shall approve the faculty to serve as the internal & external

examiners.

• The number of external and internal examiners shall be equal.

• One external& internal examiner each shall be marked for a group of 100 students.

• Candidates may be divided into groups practical examinations and be standardized by

incorporating OSPE stations.

• Practical examination shall be held after the theory examination of the subject but in special

cases, it may be held before the theory examination with the approval of the Controller of

Examinations. For the purpose of practical/clinical examination, the candidates may be divided

into sub groups by the examiners.

49

• The assessment of the practical examination duly signed by internal & external examiner shall be

furnished to the Controller of Examinations within one week of the conclusion of examination.

Pass Marks

• Pass marks for all subjects shall be 50 % in theory and practical, separately.

• No grace marks shall be allowed to any student in any examination.

Declaration of Result

Every effort shall be made to declare the result of each examination within one month of the last

practical examination or earlier.

Promotion

No student shall be promoted to the higher classes unless he/she passes all the subjects of the

previous class

Re-totaling

Any student may apply to the Controller of Examinations on a prescribed form along with the

specified fee.

Supplementary Examination

The interval between a supplementary examination and the previous professional examination

shall not be more than two months. There shall be no special supplementary examination.

Academic Audit

The Vice Chancellor may get any academic matter deliberated in the manner as deemed

appropriate.

Issue of Academic Transcript/Detailed Marks Sheet

A student desirous of obtaining Academic Transcript / Detailed Mark Sheet may apply to

Controller of Examinations along with the prescribed fee for each original copy.

Withdrawal/Failure

Any student who fails to clear the first Professional in BDS orfirst in four chances, availed or un-

availed, shall be expelled as per PM& DC policy and shall not be eligible for fresh admission as a

fresh candidate in either BDS.

50

Table of Specification (TOS) for Annual Examination

First Professional BDS Examination

ORAL BIOLOGY & TOOTH MORPHOLOGY

Theory

Marks of Written Paper= 90 Time Allowed = 03 hrs

Marks of Internal Assessment= 10 (Including MCQs)

Max Marks= 100 Date:

Pass Marks = 50

25 x MCQs (on separate sheet) (25 Marks) (Time = 30 min)

07 x SAQs/ SEQs (Cl & C2) = 07 marks each

02 x SAQs/ SEQs (C1 & C2) = 08 marks each (65 Marks) (Time = 2hrs 30 min)

S.

No

Topic Number of MCQs (25)

(C1=15, C2=10)

1 mark each

Number of SAQs/SEQs (09)

• (07 x SAQs/ SEQs (C1 &

C2) = 07 marks each

• 02 x SAQs/ SEQs (C1 &

C2) = 08 marks each

1. Oral Anatomy 02 01

2. Oral Embryology 02 01

3. Oral Histology 13 04

4. Oral Physiology 02 01

5. Tooth Morphology &

occlusion

06 02

Total 25 (25 Marks) 09 (65 Marks)

Internal Assessment Calculation (Theory Annual)

A B C D

Roll no. Name All terms, pre annual

exams or any other

exam

Total marks of

Internal Assessment

out of 10

Total marks

Sum of marks

obtained x 10 / sum of

total marks in all

exams

51

Table of Specifications for Annual Professional Exam: Practical

VIVA

50 marks

Practical (OSPE • Draw and label

Task) 40 marks

Total

Examiner 1

Examiner 2 OSPE

10 Stations=Oral

Histology

7 Stations= Tooth

Morphology

Total = 17 Stations

Draw and

Label Task

25 marks 25 marks 34 marks 06 marks 90 marks

Internal Assessment Calculation (Practical)

A B C D

Roll no. Name OSPE/ PTT/ Class

tests though out the

year/ Pre annual

exams or any other

exam

Total marks of

Internal Assessment

out of 10

Total Marks

Sum of marks


total marks in all

exams

52

Sample Theory Paper Questions MCQ

1. A 12 years old patient present to the dental clinic with esthetics concerns regarding his

Maxillary Central Incisors. On examination enamel is found to be of normal thickness but

chips off easily by applying pressure with a blunt instrument. This defect of enamel most

probably occurs during which stage of amelogenesis

a. Histodifferentiation phase

b. Maturation phase

c. Secretory phase

d. Transition phase

Key: Maturation phase option b

SEQ

Q. While visiting the clinics the students noticed pigmentation on the gingiva. What type of

epithelium is present in gingiva and how do you differentiate epithelium of gingiva with that of

buccal mucosa on histological basis? Write down in tabulated form.

ANSWER: Gingiva has keratinized epithelium. Buccal mucosa has non-keratinized epithelium.

Keratinized Epithelium Non-keratinized Epithelium

Features Cell Layer Features Cell Layers

Cuboidal or columnar cells

containing bundles of

tonofibrils and other cell

organelles, site of most cell

divisions

Basal Cuboidal or columnar cells

containing spate

tonofilments and other cell

organelles, site of most cell

divisions

Basal

Larger ovoid containing

conspicuous tonofibrils

bundle, membrane –coating

granules appear in upper

part of layer

Prickle/spinosum Larger ovoid cells

containing dispersed

tonofilaments, membrane-

coating granules appear in

upper part of layer:

filaments becoming

numerous

Prickle/spinosum

53

Flattened cells containing

conspicuous keratohyaline

granules associated with

tonofibrils: membrane –

coating granules fuse with

cells membrane in upper

part: internal membrane

thickening also occurs.

Granular Slightly flattened cells

containing many dispersed

tonofilaments and

glycogen.

Intermediate

Extremely flattened and

dehydrated cells in which

all organelles have been

lost, cells filled only with

packed fibrillar material.

When pyknotic nuclei are

retained, parakeratinization

occurs.

Keratinized Slightly flattened cells with

dispersed filaments and

glycogen, fewer organelles

are present, but nuclei

persist.

Superficial

54

Curriculum Map Oral Biology & Tooth Morphology

55

ANATOMY STUDY GUIDE

56

Introduction to Anatomy

Department Vision:

To train undergraduate students by qualified faculty and state of the art infrastructure and technology so

that students can meet the community challenges of 21st century infrastructure.

Department Mission:

To impart core knowledge of anatomy in interesting, compact and practical way to undergraduate students

by Hybrid/Spiral integrated system of teaching so that they can differentiate between normal and abnormal

structure at gross, microscopic and embryological level. The objectives are achieved through knowledge

of Anatomy on principles of pedagogy. Skills are developed by dissection and prosection, simulation –

models, cyber teaching, surface anatomy, modern histological techniques. Attitudes are developed by

employing communication skills, lecture and presentations, self-directed learning, RBL museum Atlas,

integrated journal, cyber teaching, e-learning, quest for research, journal club meetings, library,

professionalism, empathy, inter-personal skills, and extra-curricular activities.

57

Resources


B. Supporting staff


Teaching Resources

Faculty Members

Department of Anatomy Involved in Bds Teaching

1 Dr. Uzma Naseer

Professor

Subject in-charge

for IOD

MBBS, M.Phil

2 Dr. Tayyaba Tahir Demonstrator MBBS

3 Dr. Gull Snober Demonstrator MBBS

Supporting Staff

Sr No Supporting staff Number

1 Lab assistant 2

2 Lab technologist 1

3 Computer operator 1

4 Dissection hall attendant 4

5 Curator 1

6 Embalmer 1

7 Runner 1

58


Sr.

#.


1 Lecture hall


• Multimedia

• Microphone

• Computer system

• White board

1

2 Small group discussion rooms 5

2 Histology Lab

• Microscopes

• Histological slides

1

3 Museum

• Study models

• Atlas

1

4 Dissection Hall 1

5 Mini library 1

59
















60





• Large group discussions

• Demonstrations

• Dissections / Prosection (Skill sessions)


• Practical

• Integrated and proactive histology journal

• Study models with museum atlas

61

















(i) Lectures delivery by: Dr Uzma Naseer (Professor & subject in-charge), Prof. Dr. Nazreen,

Prof. Dr Ansa Rabia, Dr Shaista Arshad, Dr. Tayyaba Mahmud

(ii) Demonstrators and facilitators for practical, dissection and small group discussion

sessions:

Dr. Tayya Tahir, Dr. Gul Snober, Dr. Ayesha Taimur, Dr. Yumna Mazafar, Dr. Arwa

Khawar, Dr. Falaq Shahid, Dr. Saman Rauf, Dr. Sara Ismail, Dr. Hammad Ali

(iii) Support staff: Lab assistants, lab technologist, computer operator, dissection hall attendants,

curator, embalmer, runner

62

Time Frame


Lectures: Monday (9:50 to 10:45am), Tuesday (8:00 to 8:55am), Thursday (8:00 to 8:55am)

Tutorial: Tuesday (9:50 to 10:45am) alternate week

Dissection: Monday (11:15am to 01:05pm), Tuesday (1:05 to 3:00pm), Wednesday & Thursday

(8:55 to 10:45am)

Practical: Wednesday (11:15am to 1:05pm), Thursday (1:05 to 3:00 pm), Friday (11:00am to

01:00pm)

63

Course Outline

Term

Subject

Teaching & Learning Evaluation

Term - I

Gross Anatomy Head & Neck - 3 Substages

Term – I

Exam

Embryology Mitosis and meiosis,

Gametogenesis Ovulation

&Implantation 1st - 8th week of development Fetal Period Placenta & Fetal Membrane Birth Defects

Term – I Exam

Histology Cell

Surface and glandular epithelium

Connective Tissue

Bone

Cartilage

Muscle

Lymphoid System

Term – I Exam

Rest of the body Thorax

Upper Limb

Lower Limb

Term – I Exam

Term - II

Gross Anatomy Brain & Neuro Anatomy - 2 Substages

- Term – II Exam

Embryology Development of:

CNS

Musculo Skeletal System (Skull)

Respiratory System

Head & Neck

CNS

Special Senses

Term – II Exam

Histology Nervous System

Digestive System

Endocrine Gland

Respiratory System

Integumentary System

Special Senses

Term – II Exam

General

Anatomy

Nervous System


Term – II Exam

64

Table of Specification for Teaching and Learning Objectives

FIRST TERM

GENERAL ANATOMY

Topics Learning objectives Suggested

MIT

Introductio

n to

Anatomy

Students should be able to:

1. Define different disciplines of Anatomy

2. Define terms of position in relation to anatomical position:

o Anterior / Posterior

o Ventral / Dorsal

o Superior / Inferior

o Caudal / Rostral / Cranial

o Medial / Lateral

o Proximal / Distal

o Palmar / plantar

o Superficial /Deep

o Supine / Prone

3. Demonstrate the normal anatomical position

4. Describe the following anatomical planes with the help of diagrams.

o Coronal

o Sagittal

o Horizontal

o Parasagittal

5. Describe the terms of movements with general reference to the axis

and planes in which they occur and demonstrate each on subject.

o Flexion / Extension

o Abduction / Adduction

o Lateral rotation / Medial rotation

o Pronation / Supination

o Plantar flexion / Dorsal flexion

o Circumduction

o Eversion / Inversion

6. Discuss the various techniques to study anatomy in the

LGIS (Large

group

interactive

session)

living such as:

o Plain radiographs

65

Osteology

1. Identify the axial and appendicular parts of a human skeleton.

2. Classify bones according to their development and shape giving

examples of each type especially from head and neck (wherever

possible).

3. Enumerate parts of a developing bone and their definitive

derivatives.

4. Describe the process of both types of ossification

5. Describe blood supply of the long & diploic bones.

6. List the parts of young bone.

LGIS

Arthrology

1. Classify joints according to their structure with examples of each

type especially from head and neck (wherever possible)

2. Describe the general structure of a synovial joint

3. Discuss anatomy of joints with reference to dislocation, sprain and

inflammation

4. Describe Hilton’s law

LGIS

Myology

1. Classify muscles into three basic types

2. Classify skeletal muscles according to their shape and functions with

examples of each type

3. Enlist the structures forming a neuromuscular junction

4. Discuss applied anatomy of the muscle with reference to paralysis,

atrophy and regeneration.

LGIS

Circulatory

system

1. Discuss general plan of systemic, portal and lymphatic circulatory

system.

2. Classify blood vessels according to their sizes and functions with

examples of each type.

3. Define anastomosis; describe various types of anastomosis with

example and their clinical significance.

LGIS

GENERAL HISTOLOGY

Cell

KNOWLEDGE

1. Describe the principles behind eosin and

haematoxylin staining.

2. Differentiate between acidophilia and basophilia.

3. Enumerate different cell organelles and identify

staining reaction of each.

4. Enumerate different components of the

LGIS

66

cytoskeleton, explain the structure of each while

correlating with clinical applications.

5. Classify intercellular junctions

6. Discuss the structure of each type of intercellular

junction and correlate with their functions.

SKILL

7. Focus the prepared slide at different magnifications.

8. Identify the different shapes of cells and their

examples

9. Draw the labelled diagram of cells having various

shapes.

Epithelium

KNOWLEDGE

1. Define epithelium and classify its two basic types

(surface and glandular).

2. Classify surface epithelium with examples of each type.

3. Explain the role of epithelium in the development of

tumors and regeneration of cells

4. Enumerate the motile and immotile apical

modifications of epithelial cells with examples of

each type.

5. Describe ultrastructure of microvilli, stereocilia and

cilia and correlate with their roles in various cellular

functions

6. Classify glands according to their morphology,

secretory products and mode of secretion with

examples of each type

SKILL

7. Identify different types of epithelia under light

microscope and enlist at least two identification

points for each type.

8. Draw labelled diagrams of each type of epithelium.

9. Compare and contrast between the histological

structure of serous and mucous secreting cells.

10. Draw labelled diagram of mucous and serous acini

LGIS

Lab

Connective tissue

KNOWLEDGE

1. Define connective tissue and enlist three basic

components of connective tissue.

2. Enlist different types of cells and fibres in the

connective tissue.

3. Enlist various constituents of the ground substance

4. Classify various types of connective tissue with

example of each type.

LGIS

67

5. Give a brief account of histological features of different types of connective tissue.

6. Explain the role of fibroblasts in wound contraction 7. Describe the role of collagen in keloid and

hypertrophic scar SKILL

8. Identify the slides of loose connective tissue, dense regular, dense irregular and adipose connective tissue under light microscope and enlist at least two identification points of each type.

9. Draw labelled diagrams showing light microscopic structure of loose connective tissue, dense regular, irregular and adipose connective tissue

Lab

Cartilage

KNOWLEDGE 1. Describe histological structure of various types of

cartilages with examples SKILL

2. Identify the slides of hyaline, elastic and fibro cartilage under light microscope and enlist at least two identification points of each type.

3. Draw labelled diagrams showing light microscopic structure of hyaline, elastic and fibro cartilage.

LGIS

Lab

Bone

KNOWLEDGE

1. Describe microscopic structure of compact and cancellous bone

2. Differentiate between the lamellar and a lamellar bone.

3. Describe the process of bone remodelling and correlate it with tooth bracing and adjustment.

4. Describe the histological stages of healing of a fracture.

5. Define osteoporosis, osteomalacia and osteopenia SKILL

6. Identify the slides of cancellous and compact bone under light microscope and enlist at least two identification points of each type.

7. Draw labelled diagrams showing light microscopic structure of cancellous and compact bones.

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Lab

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Lymphoid system

KNOWLEDGE 1. Enumerate different types of lymphoid cells and

identify their distribution in the body 2. Describe the histological features and cells of the

lymphoid system 3. Describe the histological features of tonsils, thymus,

lymph node and spleen SKILL

1. Identify histological sections of tonsils, thymus, lymph node and spleen under light microscope and enlist at least two identification points of each.

2. Draw labelled diagrams showing light microscopic

structure of tonsils, thymus, lymph node and spleen

LGIS

Lab

Muscle tissue

KNOWLEDGE 1. Describe the microscopic structure of skeletal,

smooth and cardiac muscle while correlating with their functions.

2. Explain the histological differences of different types of muscles.

3. Correlate the regenerating capacity of each type of muscle with relevant clinical conditions.

SKILL 4. Identify microscopic sections of different types of

muscle under light microscope and enlist at least two identification points of each type

5. Draw labelled diagrams showing light microscopic structure of different types of muscles.

LGIS

Lab

GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY

KNOWLEDGE:

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Gametogenesis & Transport of ovum & Fertilization

1. Describe the events of spermatogenesis 2. Describe the events of spermiogenesis 3. Define azoospermia and oligospermia 4. Describe the relationship of sub-fertility with

production of abnormal sperms 5. Describe the maturation of oocytes before birth 6. Describe the maturation of oocytes at puberty 7. Describe the relation of ovarian cycle

with maturation of follicles. 8. Describe the stages of follicular maturation

• Primary

• Preantral

• Secondary

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• Preovulatory. 9. Describe the process of ovulation and correlate its

timing with ovarian cycle. 10. Define fertilization 11. State normal site of fertilization 12. Describe the results of fertilization 13. Enlist the factors affecting fertilization 14. Enumerate the changes that occur in spermatozoa

before fertilization 15. Explain the factors affecting penetration of sperm

through the zona pellucida for formation of Pro- nuclei

16. Discuss the formation of zygote

1st week of development

1. Define implantation 2. State its normal site 3. Describe the changes in uterus at time of

implantation. 4. Explain the process of cleavage 5. Explain the formation of morula and blastula 6. Describe the formation of inner and outer cell mass

within the blastocyst cavity 7. Enumerate the abnormal sites for implantation

(ectopic pregnancy) and correlate with clinical significance.

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2nd week of development

1. Discuss the formation of bilaminar embryonic disc from embryoblast.

2. Describe early differentiation of trophoblast 3. Explain the formation of amniotic cavity 4. Explain the formation of chorion, secondary yolk sac

and chorionic plate. 5. Explain the establishment of uteroplacental

circulation. 6. Justify that 2nd week is also known as week of twos.

7. Correlate the clinical relevance of production of β HCG by the syncytiotrophoblast and pregnancy test.

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3rd week of development

1. Define gastrulation (formation of three germ layers) 2. Discuss the development, significance and fate of

primitive streak and related congenital anomalies (Sacrococcygeal Teratoma)

3. Describe the development of notochordal process, notochord canal, prechordal plate and cloacal membrane

4. Describe the formation of three germ layers

5. Describe topographic arrangement of three components of intraembryonic Mesoderm (Paraxial, Intermediate and Lateral Plate Mesoderm)

6. Describe early development of CVS. 7. Describe differentiation of trophoblast during third

week and formation of primary, secondary and tertiary chorionic villi

8. Describe formation and fate of allantois. 9. Correlate the knowledge of normal development

with anomalies like teratoma and chordoma.

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The embryonic period; 3rd to 8th

week

1. Describe process of formation of neural plate, neural tube and neural crest cells.

2. Enlist derivatives of: a. Surface ectoderm b. Neurectoderm c. Neural crest d. Intraembryonic mesoderm (paraxial,

intermediate, lateral plate) e. Endoderm

3. Describe early differentiation of somites 4. Describe the development of intraembryonic

coelom. 5. Describe the folding of the embryo in the median

plane and correlate it with its consequences 6. Describe the folding of the embryo in the horizontal

plane and correlate it with its consequences 7. Describe relocation of connecting stalk to the

anterior abdominal wall and its differentiation into umbilical cord.

The fetal period

1. Enumerate various methods to estimate fetal age 2. Describe factors affecting fetal growth 3. Enlist the external body landmarks from third month

to birth.

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Placenta and fetal 1. Enlist types of chorion with fate of each. LGIS

membranes 2. Enlist types of decidua and fate of each. 3. Enumerate the fetal and maternal components of

placenta. 4. Define stem, anchoring and terminal villi

5. Describe development of the placenta 6. Enumerate functions of the placenta 7. Enlist the features of maternal and fetal surfaces of

placenta. 8. Describe composition, circulation and significance

of the amniotic fluid. 9. Name two basic types of twins. 10. Describe the mechanism behind occurrence of

dizygotic & monozygotic twins. 11. Discuss the possible arrangements of fetal

membranes in case of monozygotic twins. 12. Discuss fetus papyraceus, twin transfusion

syndrome and conjoined twins on basis of

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knowledge of embryology.

Birth defects

1. Define critical period of organ development. 2. Describe following numerical and structural

chromosomal abnormalities:

◦ Euploidy ◦ Aneuploidy ◦ Nondisjunction ◦ Trisomy ◦ Monosomy ◦ Translocation

3. Co-relate the chromosomal abnormalities with clinical conditions like Downs’ Syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome, Turner syndrome

4. Discuss the role of different factors leading to teratogenesis.

5. Enlist common teratogens and possible congenital defects they can produce in exposed fetus.

LGIS

SKILLS:

General Embryology

Identify the development embryology

structures on given

related models

to of

general general

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GROSS ANATOMY

HEAD and NECK

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Skull

1. Identify important bony land marks of norma frontalis, norma occipitalis, norma lateralis, norma verticalis and norma basalis on a skull.

2. Identify important bony land marks of interior of skull on a model or human skull.

3. Identify the attachment of clinically important muscles and ligaments on skull.

4. Enlist the structures passing through important,

foramina, fissures and meatuses of skull. 5. Identify the common sites of fracture of skull on

radiographs correlating with its predisposition to fracture.

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Cervical vertebrae

6. Describe the parts of a typical cervical vertebra. 7. Name the peculiar identification point of any

cervical vertebra. 8. Describe the bony features of atlas, axis and C7, and

how they differ from typical vertebrae.

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Mandible

9. Identify the parts of mandible on a dry bone. 10. Identify the borders and surfaces of ramus and body

of mandible. 11. Describe the bony features of ramus and body of

mandible. 12. Identify the attachment of muscles and ligaments

on mandible.

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Scalp

13. Enumerate layers of scalp. 14. Describe gross features of each layer. 15. Describe the course of arteries, veins and nerves

supplying the scalp with the help of model. 16. Describe the danger area of the scalp. 17. Describe the role of occipito-frontalis in preventing

spread of scalp Infections towards neck.

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Face

18. Name the muscles of facial expressions along with their nerve supply with the help of models.

19. Describe the actions of muscles of face.

20. Describe the course of blood supply, lymphatic drainage and motor and cutaneous innervation of face with the help of models and prossected specimens.

21. Outline the danger area of face and correlate it with possible consequence of cavernous sinus thrombosis.

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22. Describe the clinical presentation of trigeminal neuralgia and herpes zoster of face.

Mandibular and maxillary branches Of Trigeminal Nerve

23. Describe the pathway of mandibular nerve from nucleus to target organs

24. Describe the pathway of maxillary nerve from nucleus to target organs

25. Describe the lesions of nerves with special reference to infections of molar teeth

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Facial Nerve 26. Describe the course of facial nerve in face 27. Enumerate its branches 28. Discuss the involvement of nuclei of facial nerve in

Bell Palsy.

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Deep Cervical Fascia

29. Enumerate the modifications of deep cervical fascia. 30. Describe the attachments of investing, pretracheal,

and prevertebral layers of fascia and carotid sheath. 31. Describe the modification of prevertebral layer into

axillary sheath. 32. Describe the spaces within cervical fascia 33. Describe the clinical significance of retropharyngeal

space 34. Describe the relation of layers of fascia and spread of

infection 35. Describe the significance of merging of carotid

sheath with pretracheal layer of fascia to prevent spread of infections.

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Muscles Of Neck 36. Describe the muscles of neck (sternocleidomastoid, trapezius and infrahyoid muscles) along with their nerve supply with the help of models.

37. Describe the features of Torticollis

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Triangles Of Neck

38. Enumerate triangles of neck. 39. Identify the boundaries of various triangles of neck. 40. Describe the muscles forming the boundaries of

triangles 41. Describe the contents of triangles. 42. Describe the effects of lesions of the Spinal

Accessory Nerve in posterior triangle

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Vessels Of Neck

43. Enumerate the main vessels in neck. 44. Describe the course and branches of

◦ External carotid artery ◦ Subclavian artery ◦ External jugular vein

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◦ Internal jugular vein 45. Describe the importance of monitoring jugular

venous pulse in the heart diseases.

Nerves Of Neck

46. Enumerate the main nerves in neck 47. Trace the course of glossopharyngeal, vagus,

accessory and hypoglossal nerve on the given model

48. Enumerate branches of each of the above nerve and identify their area of supply.

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Lymphatic

Drainage Of Head And Neck

49.Enumerate the groups of lymph nodes of neck. 50.Describe their location and areas of drainage 51.Describe the formation of jugular lymph trunk 52.Describe the clinical importance of lymphatic

drainage of head and neck

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Viscera of neck

53. Describe the relations of trachea and esophagus in neck region with the help of dissection

54. Describe the structures involved in cricothyroidotomy and Tracheostomy with the help of dissection.

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Thyroid and parathyroid gland

55. Demonstrate the gross features of thyroid and parathyroid glands on models

56. Describe capsules, parts, relations, location, blood supply and nerve supply of thyroid and parathyroid glands

57. Describe the relations of vessels and nerves supplying the thyroid gland and their significance while performing thyroidectomy

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Prevertebral region and root of

neck

58. Name the prevertebral muscles 59. Describe origin, insertion, action and nerve supply

of prevertebral muscles 60. Identify the boundaries of pyramidal space. 61.Describe the peculiar arrangement of prevertebral

fascia in prevertebral region and justify formation of axillary sheath around axillary artery and brachial

plexus but not axillary vein. 62. Describe the relations of key muscle of root of neck

(scalenus anterior) 63. Describe the parts and branches of subclavian

artery.

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Larynx

64. Enumerate the cartilages of larynx and identify their types.

65. Describe the gross features of cartilages and mucosa of larynx.

66. Explain the gross features of Inlet of larynx, piriform fossa, laryngeal folds and cavity of larynx

67. Correlate the Laryngeal anatomy to foreign bodies aspiration and impaction.

68. Enumerate the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of larynx.

69. Explain the attachments, actions and nerve supply of intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of larynx with special reference to position of vocal cords.

70. Identify the course of following nerves of larynx

◦ Internal laryngeal nerve ◦ External laryngeal nerve ◦ Recurrent laryngeal nerve

71. Describe the effects of injury to aforementioned nerves.

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Parotid region

72. Identify the location of parotid region on a model. 73. Describe the shape, capsule, duct, nerve and blood

supply of parotid gland. 74. Name the structures traversing the parotid gland

and their inter-relationship. 75. Correlate the damage to facial nerve within parotid

gland with resultant effects. 76. Discuss the clinical presentation of mumps.

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Infratemporal region

77. Identify the location of infratemporal fossa on a given model and skull.

78. Enlist the structures forming various boundaries of infratemporal fossa.

79. Enlist the communications of infratemporal fossa and the structures traversing each.

80. Enumerate the contents of infratemporal fossa. 81. Discuss the relationships of various contents of

infratemporal fossa. 82. Discuss the mandibular nerve with reference to its

course, branches, relations and distribution 83. Discuss the course, branches and distribution of

maxillary artery

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84. Discuss the location and relations of otic ganglion. Trace the pathways of different roots of otic ganglion

85. Discuss the formation, tributaries and communications of pterygoid venous plexus. Correlate its communications with danger area of face

86. Discuss the attachments, actions and nerve supply of

muscles of mastication.

Temporomandibul ar joint (TMJ)

87. Identify the type of TMJ. 88. Identify the articular surfaces of TMJ on a given

model or dry bones. 89. Explain the attachments of capsule. 90. Name the ligaments of TMJ. 91. Describe the attachments and relations of ligaments

of TMJ. 92. Describe the type and shape of articular disc. 93. Justify the presence of two joint cavities and types

of movements occurring in each. 94. Describe the movements of jaw at TMJ with special

reference to axis and muscles producing them. 95. Describe the clinical signs of anterior dislocation of

TMJ and explain the steps of its reduction.

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Submandibular region

96. Describe the muscles present in the submandibular region and sublingual region with the help of model

97. Enumerate the nerves vessels and ganglion in submandibular and sublingual region and identify them on a given model.

98. Trace various roots of submandibular ganglion 99. Trace the pathway of innervation of the

submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.

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Hard and soft palate

100. Discuss the bony framework of hard palate.

101. Identify the gross features of hard palate and soft palate.

102. Identify muscles of soft palate on the model 103. Describe the attachments, nerve supply and actions

of muscles of soft palate 104. Describe blood supply and nerve supply of soft

palate

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105. Identify the main muscles forming the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches

Oral cavity

106. Name different boundaries of oral cavity. 107. Describe blood and nerve supply and lymphatic

drainage of oral cavity. 108. Identify the location of inferior alveolar nerve block 109. Describe the salient features of floor of mouth. 110. Discuss the attachments, actions, nerve supply and

relations of suprahyoid muscles 111. Identify parts of tongue 112. Identify the gross features of dorsal and ventral

surfaces of tongue 113. Name the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue. 114. Describe attachments, actions and nerve supply of

muscles of tongue 115. Describe the motor, general and special sensory

innervation of tongue

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Pharynx

116. Describe the following parts of pharynx and their boundaries on the given model:

◦ Oropharynx ◦ Nasopharynx ◦ Laryngopharynx

117. Enumerate muscles of pharynx

118. Describe attachments, actions and nerve supply of muscles of pharynx.

119. Describe formation and distribution of pharyngeal plexus.

120. Enlist the contents of different parts of pharynx. 121. Describe internal features of each part of

pharynx. 122. Describe lymphoid tissue in the pharynx.

(Waldeyer’s ring) 123. Describe the importance of structures passing

through the spaces between muscles of pharynx while performing tonsillectomy

124. Describe spread of infections from nasopharynx to middle ear

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Nose and paranasal sinuses

125. Describe the structure of External nose and nasal cavity

126. Describe the conchae and meatuses in the lateral wall

127. Enumerate the sinuses opening in them 128. Discuss anatomical structures involved in nasal

fractures 129. Correlate the anatomical structure of nasal

mucosa with clinical manifestations of rhinitis 130. Describe the gross features of paranasal sinuses 131. Describe the Drainage of mucus in relation to

sinusitis and epistaxis.

132. Enumerate paranasal sinuses. 133. Identify the location and drainage of each

paranasal sinus. 134. Describe the Function of Paranasal Sinuses 135. Discuss the anatomical structures involved in

sinusitis with special reference to clinical consequences of infections of the ethmoidal cells of the ethmoidal sinuses

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Pterygopalatine fossa

136. Identify the location of pterygopalatine fossa on a skull.

137. Enlist the boundaries of various walls and structures forming them.

138. Enlist the communications of pterygopalatine fossa and structures traversing them.

139. Enlist contents of pterygopalatine fossa. 140. Describe the salient anatomical features of

contents of pterygopalatine fossa. 141. Trace the various roots of pterygopalatine

ganglion.

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Orbit

142. Describe the bony framework of various walls of orbit on a model.

143. Enlist the structures present in the orbit 144. Describe the gross features of eyelashes 145. Describe gross features of eye lids 146. Describe the attachment of muscles of eyelid 147. Describe the attachment of orbital septum 148. Describe the distribution of Blood Vessels and

Lymph Vessels of the Orbit 149. Describe the anatomical structures involved in

Inflammation of the Palpebral Glands. 150. Name the extraocular muscles.

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151. Describe the attachments, actions and nerve supply of extraocular muscles on a model.

152. Describe the distribution of nerves of the Orbit. 153. Describe the clinical manifestations of lesions of

oculomotor, trochlear and abducent nerves and how the integrity of these nerves can be checked.

154. Describe the coats and parts of eye ball on a given model.

155. Describe the blood supply and nerve supply of eyeball

156. Describe the action of muscles of pupil 157. Describe the appearance of optic disc and macula

lutea on ophthalmoscope.

Lacrimal apparatus

158. Enumerate the structures forming lacrimal apparatus

159. Describe the gross features of each part of lacrimal apparatus

160. Describe the nerve supply of lacrimal apparatus 161. Correlate the anatomical structures of lacrimal

apparatus with the features of blocked Lacrimal duct

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Ear (external, middle and internal)

162. Describe the gross anatomical features of external ear and its parts.

163. Describe the gross anatomical features of tympanic membrane and epitympanic recess.

164. Describe the blood supply, nerve supply and lymphatic drainage of external ear.

165. Correlate the significance of straightening the auditory canal during clinical examination with the anatomical structure of canal.

166. Describe the gross anatomical features of middle ear

167. Describe the features of and structures forming various walls of middle ear cavity on the given model

168. Describe the contents of middle ear cavity. 169. Identify the ear ossicles on the given model. 170. Describe the muscles present in middle ear cavity. 171. Describe the gross features of auditory tube. 172. Describe the nerve supply of auditory tube. 173. Describe the effects of paralysis of the stapedius

and blockage of pharyngotympanic Tube. 174. Identify the parts of bony labyrinth on the given

model

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175. Identify the parts of membranous labyrinth on the given model

176. Identify parts of cochlea and semi-circular canal on the given model.

177. Describe the gross features of bony labyrinth. 178. Describe the gross features of membranous

labyrinth 179. Describe the orientation of semi-circular canals

and ducts within the inner ear 180. Describe the gross features of internal acoustic

meatus 181. Explain the possible occurrence of sigmoid sinus

thrombosis as a complication of mastoiditis. 182. Describe the course, relations and distribution of

facial nerve from internal acoustic meatus to stylomastoid foramen.

183. Explain the clinical presentation of lesions of facial nerve at different levels.

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Joints of neck

184. Name the typical and atypical intervertebral joints of neck.

185. Identify the types of atlanto-occipital and atlanto- axial joints.

186. Describe the movements of these joints with muscles producing them.

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Back of neck

187. Name the muscles of back of neck. 188. Identify the boundaries and contents of

suboccipital triangle.

189. Describe the course and relations of 3rd and 4th

parts of vertebral arteries.

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SKILLS:

Gross Anatomy of head and neck

190. Identify muscles, bones, ligaments, nerves,

vessels, organs and their parts on given models and dissected specimens.

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Surface marking

191. Identify the important landmarks of head and neck and mark them on a subject.

192. Mark the parotid duct, thyroid gland, main vessels and nerves of the head and neck on the given subject

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Imaging of head and neck

193. Describe the appearance of structures of head, neck and face in radiographs.

SGD and skills lab

REST OF BODY

THORAX

Diaphragm, Heart and Mediastinum

1. Describe the gross anatomy of diaphragm with reference to its parts, origin, insertion, nerve supply, major orifices and structures passing through them.

2. Enumerate the subdivisions of mediastinum with their contents

3. Describe the gross features of heart with its blood supply.

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UPPER LIMB

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Gen. outline, vessels, nerves, brachial plexus

1. Identify side and main features of clavicle, scapula, humerus, ulna and radius.

2. Discuss main arterial supply and venous drainage of upper limb

3. Explain formation of brachial plexus, enumerate its branches and describe distribution of radial, ulnar and median nerves.

SGD

LOWER LIMB

Gen. outline, vessels, nerves

1. Identify side and main features of femur, tibia, fibula & hip bone.

2. Discuss main arterial supply and venous drainage of lower limb

3. Enumerate the nerves of different compartments of thigh and leg.

SGD

SKILLS:

Upper limb, lower limb and thorax

1. Identify the main bones, muscles, nerves and

vessels of upper limb, lower limb and thorax on models and specimens.

2. Identify surfaces and chambers of heart on model or specimen.

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SPECIAL HISTOLOGY

Nervous tissue & system

KNOWLEDGE 1. Describe the histological features of nerve tissue,

neurons, nerve and ganglia. 2. Describe the histological changes in nerve in injury,

neuroma and regeneration 3. Describe the histological structure of sensory and

autonomic ganglia, spinal cord, cerebrum and cerebellum.

SKILL

4. Identify the slides of peripheral nerve, sensory & autonomic ganglia, cerebral cortex, cerebellum & spinal cord under light microscope and enlist at least two identification points of each.

5. Draw labelled diagrams showing light microscopic structure of peripheral nerve, sensory & autonomic ganglia, cerebral cortex, cerebellum & spinal cord.

LGIS

Lab

Digestive System (Lip, Tongue, Salivary glands, Esophagus)

KNOWLEDGE 1. Discuss the general organization of wall of digestive

tract 2. Discuss the histological structure of lip. 3. Describe the microscopic structure of tongue, with

special reference to epithelium on its two surfaces, types of lingual papillae and taste buds with their location and structure

4. Describe the histological organization of the wall of

oesophagus and variation in types of muscles and glands in its three parts.

5. Describe the Histological features of parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands with reference to their type, parenchyma, stroma and duct system.

SKILL 6. Identify microscopic sections of lip, tongue,

esophagus, submandibular, sublingual and parotid glands under light microscope and enlist at least two identification points of each.

7. Draw labelled diagrams showing light microscopic structure of lip, tongue, esophagus, submandibular, sublingual and parotid glands.

LGIS Lab

Endocrine glands KNOWLEDGE

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(Pituitary, Parathyroid & Thyroid glands)

1. Describe the topographic arrangement of different parts of pituitary gland.

2. Enumerate the cells of pars distalis, pars tuberalis, pars intermedia and nervosa.

3. Describe the histological structure of parenchyma and stroma of aforementioned parts of pituitary gland while correlating the structure of parenchymal cells with their functions and disorders.

4. Describe the cytoarchitecture of parenchyma and stroma of thyroid and parathyroid gland while correlating the structure of parenchymal cells with their functions and disorders.

SKILL 5. Identify microscopic sections of pituitary, thyroid

and parathyroid glands under light microscope and enlist at least two identification points of each.

6. Draw labelled diagrams showing light microscopic structure of pituitary, parathyroid and thyroid glands.

LGIS

Lab

Respiratory system (Nasal cavity Trachea & Larynx)

KNOWLEDGE 1. Describe the histological structure of nasal cavity,

trachea & larynx with special reference to:

• Type of epithelium

• Goblet cells

• Glands

• Cartilage (shape and type) SKILL

2. Identify microscopic sections of nose, larynx and trachea under light microscope and enlist at least two identification points of each.

3. Draw labelled diagrams showing light microscopic structure larynx and trachea.

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Lab

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Integumentary system

KNOWLEDGE 1. Enumerate the layers of skin. 2. Enumerate the cells of epidermis and describe the

structure and function of each. 3. Describe the histological structure of dermis 4. Describe the topographic arrangement of hair

follicles, erector pilorum muscle, sweat and sebaceous glands in skin.

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5. Give a brief account of histological structure of hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands.

6. Enlist the differences between thick and thin skin. SKILL

7. Identify microscopic sections of thick and thin skin under light microscope and enlist at least two identification points of each.

8. Draw labelled diagrams showing light microscopic

structure thick and thin skin.

Lab

Eye

KNOWLEDGE 1. Describe the histological features of lens, cornea &

retina SKILL

2. Identify microscopic sections of lens, cornea and retina under light microscope and enlist at least two identification points of each.

9. Draw labelled diagrams showing light microscopic structure of cornea and retina.

LGIS

Lab

Ear

KNOWLEDGE 1. Describe the histological structure of external ear. 2. Identify the histological features of semi-circular

canal and cochlea 3. Describe the cells and spaces present in the cochlea

and semi-circular canal. SKILL

4. Identify microscopic sections of external ear, semi- circular canals and cochlea under light microscope and enlist at least two identification points of each.

5. Draw labelled diagrams showing light microscopic structure of external ear, semi-circular canals and cochlea.

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Lab

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SPECIAL EMBRYOLOGY

Musculo-Skeletal System (skull)

1. Identify the sources of skull

2. Classify Skull on embryological basis 3. Describe the events in development of cartilaginous

and membranous neurocranium 4. Outline features of a newborn skull 5. Identify the fontanalles with reference to their

location, closing time and clinical significance

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6. Explain the embryological basis of acrania, microcephaly and various types of craniosynostosis.

Respiratory System (till trachea)

1. Discuss the origin of respiratory diverticulum from the foregut.

2. Describe the formation and then separation of tracheoesophageal diverticulum.

3. Correlate clinical presentation of various variants of

trachea-esophageal fistula with normal development of trachea.

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Head & Neck

1. Define pharyngeal arch, pharyngeal groove, pharyngeal cleft and pharyngeal membrane

2. Enlist the derivatives of pharyngeal arches pharyngeal grooves, pharyngeal clefts and pharyngeal membranes.

3. Discuss the development of tongue. 4. Correlate the development of tongue with its nerve

supply and possible lingual anomalies. 5. Discuss the development of face with special

reference to role of neural crest cells. 6. Describe the development of nasal cavities and

paranasal sinuses 7. Justify the association of craniofacial anomalies with

other anomalies caused by improper migration of neural crest cells.

8. Discuss development of palate. 9. Correlate various palatal and facial clefts with your

knowledge of development of palate and face respectively.

10. Discuss development of thyroid gland and correlate it with ectopic thyroid tissue.

11. Discuss development of parathyroid glands. 12. Discuss the descent of thyroid and parathyroid

glands to their definitive positions. 13. Justify the definitive positioning of parathyroid

gland arising from third arch lower than the one arising from fourth arch

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Eye

1. Discuss the origin and formation of optic cup and lens placode.

2. Enlist the sources of origin of different components

of eyeball. 3. Relate the differentiation of wall of optic cup and

surrounding mesenchyme with the formation of layers of eyeball.

4. Describe the transformation of optic stalk into optic

nerve 5. Identify the layers between which the congenital

retinal detachment occurs and correlate that with the knowledge of optic cup.

6. Correlate the congenital eye defects with the normal development of eyeball.

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Ear

1. Discuss the origin and formation of otic vesicle, tubotympanic recess and auricular hillocks.

2. Discuss the development of external, middle and inner ear.

3. Correlate the congenital defects of ear with its normal development.

LGIS

CNS

1. Describe the development of spinal cord. 2. Describe the positional changes of the cord. 3. Explain the causes of neural tube defects 4. Enlist various variants of spina bifida. 5. Explain the process of development of various

variants of spina bifida 6. Name primary and secondary brain vesicles with

their derivatives.

LGIS

GROSS ANATOMY

BRAIN and NEUROANATOMY

Brain & Neuroanatomy

1. Describe the attachments, reflections, nerve supply and blood supply of Dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater.

2. Describe the various subarachnoid cisterns with clinical correlates.

3. Describe the anatomy of Spinal cord and locate it on a cadaver.

4. Discuss Ascending and descending pathways with

SGD & Dissection

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clinical correlates 5. Describe Gross anatomy of medulla oblongata on a

model. 6. Discuss anatomical organization of structures

present in sections at different levels and draw them.

7. Describe Gross anatomy of pons. Discuss anatomical organization of structures present in transverse section at different levels of pons and draw them

8. Discuss Gross appearance lobes and peduncles of cerebellum and locate them on a cadaver. Discuss course of afferent and efferent cerebellar fibres

9. Describe Gross anatomy of midbrain and anatomical organization of structures present at different levels with clinical correlates.

10. Enumerate the functions of Reticular activating system.

11. Enlist the parts of limbic system and enumerate their functions.

12. Describe Boundaries of 3rd, lateral and the 4th

ventricle. Discuss the formation and drainage of CSF 13. Describe and locate subdivisions of cerebrum on a

prosected specimen. 14. Describe General appearance of cerebral

hemisphere and main sulci and gyri on its superolateral surface, medial and inferior surfaces on a brain.

15. Enumerate Cortical areas and their functional significance. Correlate them with clinical applications.

16. Compare the characteristics of upper and lower motor neuron lesions.

17. Discuss Commissural, association and projection fibers.

18. Discuss subdivisions and gross features of Diencephalon on a model/specimen.

19. Discuss Gross appearance of thalamus and enumerate its main nuclei.

20. Discuss Gross appearance of hypothalamus and enumerate its main nuclei.

21. Name various basal ganglia. 22. Discuss the topography and main connections of

91

basal ganglia. 23. Correlate the signs and symptoms of parkinsonism

with knowledge of neuroanatomy. 24. Describe the anatomy and clinical application of

Blood vessels supplying the brain. 25. Describe the course and clinical application of

superficial vessels on base of the brain 26. Discuss all Cranial nerves with reference to their

functional components, nuclei, intra and extracranial course, distribution and clinical correlates

SKILLS:

Brain

27. Identify gross features of various parts of brain on its surface as well as in sections on given models and dissected specimens.

28. Identify various vessels of brain, meninges, their sinuses and nerves arising from brain on given models or specimens.

SGD

GENERAL ANATOMY

Nervous system

1. Classify nervous system 2. Identify the parts of the nervous system

contributing in formation of central and peripheral

nervous system. 3. Define the grey matter, white matter, ganglion,

nucleus and nerve. 4. Describe the formation, course and distribution of a

typical spinal nerve

LGIS


1. Differentiate between thick and thin skin

2. List functions of skin

3. Identify different types of skin creases and lines

4. Define fascia

5. Differentiate between its different modifications of fascia

6. Describe the importance of cleavage lines and wound healing

7. Enlist the structures involved in first, second and third degrees of burns.

LGIS

92

Learning Resources

93

HISTOLOGY

Text Books Reference Books

Basic Histology

By Luiz carlos Junqeira (14th Edition)

Medical Histology by Prof. Laiq Hussain

(6th edition)

Di-fiore`s Atlas of Histology (12th Edition) Histology

By Michel H. Ross (6th Edition)

Contextual journal of Histology Vol-I (For both

MBBS and BDS)

By Prof. Dr. Nazreen Sharif

Contextual journal of Histology Vol-II

By Prof. Dr. Nazreen Sharif (for BDS only)

94




Lab, Museum and Dissection Hall Utilize the lab to relate knowledge to specimens


Videos Animated videos of developmental histology,

simulated patients etc. to clear the concepts of

the students shown during interactive lecture

sessions.







resources.

Cadavers and Specimens in Anatomy Department

Sr. No Subject (items in Dissection Hall) Description

1 Mortuary Full Cadavers

Torso

2 Specimens in jars Brain

Head & Neck

Upper Limb

Lower Limb

Thorax

Abdomen/Pelvis

Embryology

3 Specimens in tanks Upper Limb

Lower Limb

4 Specimens in buckets Lungs

Heart

95

Sr. No Subject (items in Dissection Hall) Description

Liver

Cut vertebral column

Foot

Spleen

Spine

Abdominal wall

Thoracic wall

Abdomen

Intestine

Kidney

Head and Neck

Abdomen

Pelvis

Female pelvis

Thorax

List of Study Models in Anatomy Museum

Sr. No. Item Names

1 Head & neck

2 Brain / spinal cord

3 Lower limb

4 Upper limb

5 Thorax

6 Abdomen

7 Pelvis & perineum

8 General Embryology

9 Special Embryology

10 Histology

96

Sr. No. Item Names

11 Whole Skeletal

12 Skull

13 Lower limb joints

14 Upper limb joints

15 Vertebral column

16 Whole pelvis

17 Torso

97

Histological Slides, Equipment and Facilities in Histology Lab

Sr. No. Items

1 Local & imported slides of General and Special

histology

2 Slides of Embryology

3 Slides of Neuroanatomy

4 Binocular microscopes

5 Multi-head teaching microscope

6 Tissue processor

7 Microtome (rotary)

8 Embedding station

9 Operation room

10 Refrigerator (large)

11 Computer with internet facility

12 Stools

98


Internal Assessment


Examination.






examination.




The students who are relegated, however, can improve the internal assessment during subsequent

year


Annual Examination







Academic Council.

Internal Examiner





External Examiner



99







Paper Setting









Paper Assessment




marking


particular subject.






examiners.









100



Pass Marks






Promotion


previous class

Re-totaling


specified fee.




Academic Audit


appropriate.




Withdrawal/Failure




101



ANATOMY

Theory




Pass Marks = 50




Topic Number of MCQs

(25) (C1=15,

C2=10)

1 mark each

Number of SAQs/SEQs

(09) • (07 x SAQs/

SEQs (C1 & C2) = 07

marks each

• 02 x SAQs/ SEQs (C1

& C2) = 08 marks each

1 General Anatomy 02 01

2 General Histology 04 01

3 Special Histology 02

4 General Embryology 04 01

5 Special Embryology 02

6 Head and Neck 05 03

7 Brain and neuroanatomy 04 02

8 Rest of the body - 01


103

Curriculum Map Anatomy

104

PHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE

105

Introduction to Physiology Department

The Physiology Department since inception of the college has made a steady and noteworthy progress.

The department is headed by Prof. Dr. Tanzeela Akram ably supported by a team of seasoned and

experience teachers. This department is well known for providing not only world class training to the

under-graduates but also in breeding curiosity to know the unknown. The faculty members of this

department who are highly qualified and dedicated are the source of inspiration for all their students to

seek guidance for their academic and professional excellence. They along with the Head of the Department

have established an up-to-date laboratory as well as BIOPAC student lab that is an integrated life science

teaching solution that includes hardware, software and curriculum materials that students and faculty use

to record data from their own bodies, animals or tissue preparations. A post-graduate section has been

established where, under permission from the NUMS University we hope to start our M.Phil (Physiology)

classes in the very near future.

Aim

• To expedite the academic growth and development of the undergraduate students

• To enhance the culture of research in both under and post graduate students

• Development of trained medical faculty in basic sciences

106

Resources


B. Supporting staff


Teaching Resources

Faculty Members

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY INVOLVED IN BDS TEACHING

1 Dr. Tanzeela Akram Professor (Head of Dept IOD) MBBS, M.Phil

2 Dr. Mahwish Qamar Demonstrator MBBS, M.Phil

3 Dr. Sarah Azam Demonstrator MBBS

4 Dr. Amina Qudus Qureshi Demonstrator MBBS

5 Dr. Asma Khan Demonstrator BDS

Supporting Staff

• Lab in-charge 1

• Lab assistants and technician 5

• Computer operator 1

• Personal assistant 1

• Lecture hall attendant 1

• Store keeper 1

• Runner 1

107


Sr.

#.


1 Lecture hall


• Multimedia

• Microphone

• Computer system

• White board

1

2 Physiology lab

• Lab supplies

• Equipment

• Microscopes

1

Small group discussion room 1

3 Mini library 1

108



discussions, tutorials, practical, and manual dexterity skill sessions.







• Performing lab exercises and practical





109





• Practical and manual skill sessions


• Assignments









Practical and manual skills

In practical sessions students perform practical as assigned in the curriculum and syllabus provided by

PMDC. They are also required to maintain a practical manual of the lab work. Understanding and

effectively using the microscope, lab apparatus, blood pressure apparatus etc.





study.

Assignments

Students are given written formative assignments on designated topics.

110

















(i) Lectures delivery by: Prof. Dr. Tanzeela Akram (subject in-charge IOD)

Dr. Ambreen Tauseef (Associate Professor)

Dr. Huma Saeed Khan (Associate Professor)

Dr. Ayesha Akmal (Assistant Professor)

Dr. Farhat Khurram (Assistant Professor)

Dr. Qudsia Umaira (Assistant Professor)

(ii) Demonstrators for practical sessions:

Dr. Mehwish Qamar, Aamina Quddus, Dr. Sarah Azam, Dr. Asma Khan, Dr. Muhammad Ilyas,

Dr. Sidra Zahid, Dr. Syeda Abeer Fatima, Dr. Amna Nadeem, Dr. Haseeb Ahmed Khan, Dr.

Ayesha Khalid, Dr. Umme Farwa, Dr. Qureshi, Dr. Hurria Hannan Khalid, Dr. Sarah Saad

(iii) Support staff: 11

111

Time Frame


Lectures: Monday (08:00 to 08:55am), Tuesday (8:55 to 9:50am), Thursday (12:10 to 01:05am),

Friday (08:00-09:00)

Tutorial: Tuesday (9:50 to 10:45am) alternate week

Practical: Wednesday (11:15am to 1:05pm), Thursday (1:05 to 3:00 pm), Friday (11:00am to

01:00pm)

Self-study: Friday (02:00 to 03:00pm)

112

Learning Objectives

At the end of first year BDS Oral Physiology course, the students will be able to:

Topic Learning objectives

Blood ➢ Enlist composition and functions of blood

➢ Explain plasma & plasma proteins and types of blood cells

➢ Discuss stages of erythropoiesis and factors required for maturation of RBCs

➢ Discuss formation of hemoglobin, transport and storage of iron

➢ Discuss anemia and its types

➢ Discuss types of polycythemia,

➢ Describe characteristics of leukocytes, Discuss reticulo-endothelial system,

➢ Describe types of leukemias

➢ Discuss function of platelets, formation of platelets plug, and clotting

mechanisms

➢ Explain types of blood groups, blood typing, blood transfusion reaction, and

erythroblastosis fetalis, and hemophilia

Nerve Physiology ➢ Define the following properties of ion channels: gating, activation, and

inactivation.

➢ Differentiate between the properties of electrotonic conduction, conduction

of an action potential, and saltatory conduction.

➢ Contrast the cell to cell spread of depolarization at a chemical synapse with

that at a gap junction.

➢ At the chemical synapse, contrast the terms temporal summation and spatial

summation.

➢ Understand how the activity of voltage-gated Na+, K+, and Ca2+ channels

generates an action potential and the roles of those channels in each phase

(depolarization, overshoot, repolarization, hyperpolarization) of the action

potential.

Muscle ➢ Draw and label neuromuscular junction, the sequence of events taking place

during neuromuscular transmission and factors affecting it.

➢ To understand the structure of Actin and myosin molecule and describe the

function of their subunits.

➢ Illustrate functional and histological differences in skeletal, smooth and

cardiac muscles.

➢ Appreciate the ionic and chemical basis of muscle contraction and explain

walk along theory of muscle contraction

➢ List the steps in excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle, and

describe the roles of the sarcolemma, transverse tubules, sarcoplasmic

reticulum, thin filaments, and calcium ions.

➢ Describe the roles of ATP in skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation.

➢ To explain the concept of summation, treppe, tetanization, rigor mortis &

muscle remodeling

➢ Differentiate between slow and fast muscle fibers.

➢ Classify smooth muscles into unitary and multi-unit muscles based on

structural and functional differences

113


➢ Explain the chemical processes involved in smooth muscle contraction and

relaxation

➢ Explain latch mechanism and stress relaxation

Biological

Membranes,

Solutes and

Solutions

➢ Understand the general concepts of homeostasis and the principles of

positive and negative feedback in physiological systems.

➢ Describe the structure and functions of cell.

➢ Describe the composition of a cell membrane. Diagram its cross section,

and explain how the distribution of phospholipids and proteins influences

the membrane permeability of ions, hydrophilic and hydrophobic

compounds

➢ Contrast the following units used to describe concentration: mM, mEq/l,

mg/dl, mg%.

➢ List the typical value and normal range for plasma Na+, K+, H+ (pH),

HCO3-, Cl-, Ca2+, and glucose, and the typical intracellular pH and

concentrations of Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+, and HCO3

➢ Write Fick’s Law of diffusion, and explain how changes in the

concentration gradient, surface area, time, and distance will influence the

diffusional movement of a compound.

➢ Define the equilibrium potential, and give internal and external ion

concentrations. Be able to calculate an equilibrium potential for that ion

using the Nernst equation

➢ Differentiate between: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, secondary active

transport, and primary active transport.

➢ Describe how transport rates of certain molecules and ions are accelerated

by specific membrane transport proteins (“transporter” and “channel”

molecules).

➢ Describe how energy from ATP hydrolysis is used to transport ions such as

Na+, K+, Ca2+, and H+ against their electrochemical differences.

➢ Explain how energy from the Na+ and K+ electrochemical gradients across

the plasma membrane can be used to drive uphill movement of other

solutes (e.g., Na+/glucose co-transport; Na+/Ca2+ exchange or counter-

transport).

➢ Discuss the functions of mitochondria, lyzosomes, endoplasmic reticulum,

golgi apparatus and peroxisomes


Heart & Circulation

Physiologic anatomy of

heart and cardiac action

potential

➢ Know the physiologic anatomy of cardiac muscles and difference

between cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscles.

➢ Know the phases of action potential in cardiac muscle and auto-rhythmic

cells

114

➢ Appreciate characteristics of spread of cardiac impulse through

conductive system, atrial and ventricular myocardium and its

association with the function of heart.

Cardiac cycle ➢ To understand various cardiac events in relation to each other

➢ To understand and interpret cardiac cycle diagram

➢ Comprehend preload and afterload, its influence on stroke volume.

The Frank-Starling’s mechanism and role of autonomic regulation of

heart rate and pumping action.

ECG ➢ Comprehend genesis of ECG

➢ Understand significance of waves, segments and intervals of ECG

recording.

➢ Know general principles of analysis of ECG.

Control of Local Blood ➢ To know about acute and chronic control of local blood flow

➢ To know theories of metabolic control of blood flow

➢ To know about active and reactive hyperemia

Cardiac output ➢ Understand the determinants of cardiac output and factors affecting

cardiac output.

➢ Comprehend the factors affecting stroke volume, heart rate and total

peripheral resistance.

Venous return ➢ Recognize the role of veins in blood flow, their functions and factors

regulating venous return and significance of venous reservoirs.

➢ To understand factors affecting venous return

Arterial blood pressure ➢ Comprehend the determinants of arterial pressure, factors affecting

and mechanisms regulating blood pressure on short and long term

basis.

➢ Comprehend the individual and integrative role of baro receptors,

chemoreceptor and Renin-angiotensin – aldosterone system in

regulation of arterial pressure.

Heart sounds /

Coronary circulation ➢ To know about origin of heart sounds

➢ To know about murmurs

➢ To know about clinical importance of various heat sounds ➢ To know the pattern of coronary circulation and its basis

Circulatory shock ➢ Define shock, its types, stages of development and differences

between compensated and uncompensated shock.

➢ Understand the pathophysiology of compensated and uncompensated

shock.

➢ Comprehend the short term and long term compensatory mechanisms

in circulatory shock.

115

Topics Learning objectives

GIT

Chewing/

swallowing

➢ To know the mechanism of chewing reflex

➢ To be able to describe the process of swallowing

➢ To understand different phases of swallowing reflex

➢ To understand different steps occurring in the involuntary phase of

swallowing

Stomach Functions

& emptying

➢ To be able to categorize different functions of stomach

➢ To understand the process of stomach emptying

➢ To be able to explain the different factors regulating stomach emptying

Small intestine /

large intestine

➢ To understand functions of small intestine

➢ To be able to categorize different types of movements taking place in small

intestine

➢ To be able to categorize different functions of large intestine

➢ To be able to explain different types of movements taking place in colon

Defecation reflex /

Vomiting reflex

➢ To be able to explain the process of defecation

➢ To understand the pathway of defecation reflex

➢ To know different types of defecation reflex To understand the factors

leading to the process of vomiting

➢ To be able to explain the vomiting reflex

Functions of liver ➢ To be able to categorize different functions of liver

➢ To understand the role of liver in the metabolism of bilirubin

➢ To know the synthetic functions of liver

Nervous system

Organization of

Nervous System

➢ To be able to explain the general organization of nervous system

Neurotransmitters ➢ To be able to explain Types of Neurotransmitters and Synapses

➢ To know the Electrical Events During Neuronal Excitation and Electrical

Events During Neuronal Inhibition

➢ To know about the Transmission and Processing of Signals in Neuronal

Pools

Sensory receptors

& sensory

Pathways

➢ To understand Types of Sensory Receptors and the Sensory Stimuli

➢ To understand the Transduction of Sensory Stimuli into Nerve Impulses

➢ To know the Receptor Potentials and Adaptation of Receptors

➢ To know the functional anatomy of dorsal colum medial leminiscal system

and anterolateral pathway

➢ To understand the sensations carried by different sensory tracts

Pain/Touch

/Temperature

➢ To understand the Types of Pain and Their Qualities— Fast Pain and Slow

Pain

➢ To understand the Dual Pathways for Transmission of Pain Signals into the

Central Nervous System

➢ To understand the Referred Pain and Visceral Pain

116

➢ To know the Pain Suppression (“Analgesia”) System in the Brain and Spinal

Cord

➢ To know the physiology of Touch and temperature sensation

Muscle Spindle ➢ To understand the receptor function of the muscle Spindle and Muscle

Stretch Reflex

➢ To understand the Role of the Muscle Spindle in Voluntary Motor Activity

➢ To know the Clinical Applications of the Stretch Reflex

Muscle Tone ➢ To understand the maintenance of muscle tone

Cerebellum ➢ To know Functional Areas of the Cerebellum

➢ To understand Neuronal Circuit of the Cerebellum

➢ To know the Clinical Abnormalities of the Cerebellum

Basal ganglia ➢ To understand Function of the Basal Ganglia in Executing Patterns of Motor

Activity—The Putamen Circuit

➢ To know the Role of the Basal Ganglia for Cognitive Control of Sequences

of Motor Patterns— The Caudate Circuit

➢ To be able to explain the Functions of Specific Neurotransmitter Substances

in the Basal Ganglia

Speech ➢ To know the Functions of Specific Cortical Areas and Association Areas in

Speech

➢ To understand the Comprehensive Interpretative Function of the Posterior

Superior Temporal Lobe-Wernicke’s Area (a General Interpretative Area)

➢ To understand the abnormalities of speech

Hypothalmus /

Body temperature

regulation

➢ To learn the physiological important functions performed by hypothamlmus

➢ To know the mechanism of temperature regulation in human body and role

of hypothalamus in it

Autonomic

Nervous System

➢ To learn the structure and functions of autonomic nervous system

Special Senses

Physiology of

olfaction • To be able to explain Olfactory Membrane and Stimulation of the Olfactory

Cells

➢ To understand the Transmission of Smell Signals into the Central Nervous

System

Physiology of

middle ear

➢ To be able to describe Conduction of Sound from the Tympanic Membrane

to the Cochlea

➢ To understand the Transmission of Sound Through Bone

Inner ear ➢ To be able to explain Central Auditory Mechanisms and Auditory Nervous

Pathways

➢ To understand the function of the Cerebral Cortex in hearing and

determination of the direction from which sound comes

Refractive errors /

light and dark

adaptation

➢ To understand the basis of physiology of vision

➢ To be able to explain the light and dark adaptation

➢ To be able to explain Refractive errors

Visual pathways /

accommodation

reflex

➢ To know the anatomy of Visual Pathways

➢ To know the physiology of accommodation reflex

117

➢ Discuss physiology of vision, accommodation / light reflex, refractive

errors, light & dark adaptation, visual pathways,

Taste sensations ➢ Describe primary sensation of taste, taste buds and their functions,

transmission of taste sensation, dysfunctions of sense of taste along with its

neurological control from higher centers

Respiratory System

➢ Discuss muscles of respiration, pleural pressure, alveolar pressure,

compliance. Describe surfactant, work of breathing

➢ Explain tidal volume, IRV, ERV, residual volume, inspiratory capacity,

FRC, VC, TLC

➢ Discuss molecular basis of gas diffusion, factors affecting gas diffusion

➢ Discuss transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood

➢ Describe respiratory center, components of center

➢ Discuss changes in respiratory rate, minute ventilation, rate of breathing

during exercise

➢ Discuss effects of hypoxia, circulatory changes during acclimatization

➢ Discuss nitrogen narcosis, oxygen toxicity at high pressures

➢ Describe hypoxia and its types, oxygen therapy

➢ Discuss cause of cyanosis, effects of hypoxia on body systems

➢ Discuss briefly asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, atelectasis

Renal Physiology

➢ Describe structure of Nephron, blood supply of kidney

➢ Discuss glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, secretion, and factors

affecting GFR

➢ Discuss blood supply of urinary bladder, innervation of bladder, details

of micturition reflex

➢ Discuss terms such as atonic bladder, automatic bladder, neurogenic

bladder

➢ Discuss body fluid compartments, measurement of fluid volumes

➢ Describe strong and weak acids and bases, body buffer systems

Endocrine& Reproductive physiology

General Principles

of hormone action

➢ Explain the principle of negative and positive feedback control of hormone

secretion.

➢ Contrast the terms endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine, and describe major

differences in mechanisms of action of peptides and steroids hormones

➢ Contrast membrane bound and intracellular hormone receptors.

➢ Compare and contrast hormone actions that are exerted through changes in

gene expression with those exerted through changes in protein activity, such

as through phosphorylation.

➢ Contrast the signal transduction pathways involved in G-protein coupled

receptors, receptor enzymes (i.e., tyrosine kinase), and ligand-gated ion

channels.

118

Pituitary Gland –

Posterior

➢ List the target organs and functional effects of oxytocin primarily

reproductive and lactational.

➢ List the target cells for vasopressin and explain why vasopressin is also

known as antidiuretic hormone.

➢ Identify disease states caused by a) over-secretion, and b) under-secretion of

vasopressin and list the principle symptoms of each.

Pituitary Gland –

Anterior

➢ Describe the 3 major families of the anterior pituitary hormones and their

biosynthetic and structural relationships.

➢ Identify appropriate hypothalamic factors that control the secretion of each

of the anterior pituitary hormones, and describe their route of transport from

the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.

Growth Hormone ➢ Describe the relationship between growth hormone and the insulin-like

growth factors and their binding proteins in the regulation of growth.

➢ Describe the metabolic and growth promoting actions of growth hormone.

Thyroid Gland ➢ Identify the steps in the biosynthesis, storage, and secretion of tri-

iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) and their regulation.

➢ Explain the importance of thyroid hormone binding in blood on free and total

thyroid hormone levels.

➢ Describe the physiologic effects and mechanisms of action of thyroid

hormones.

➢ Differentiate between over-secretion and under-secretion of thyroid

hormones both in childhood and in adults. Explain what conditions can cause

an enlargement of the thyroid gland.

Hormonal

Regulation of

Calcium and

Phosphate

➢ Identify the normal range of dietary calcium intake, calcium distribution in

the body, and routes of calcium excretion.

➢ Identify the normal range of dietary phosphate intake, phosphate distribution

in the body, and routes of phosphate excretion.

➢ Know the cells of origin for parathyroid hormone and list its target organs

and cell types and describe its effects on each.

➢ Describe the functions of the osteoblasts and the osteoclasts in bone

remodeling and the factors that regulate their activities.

➢ Understand the causes and consequences of a) over-secretion, and b) under-

secretion of parathyroid hormone, as well as its therapeutic use.

➢ Describe the normal function of parathyroid hormone related protein

(PTHrP) and its role as a marker for some cancers.

➢ Identify the sources of vitamin D and diagram the biosynthetic pathway and

the organs involved in modifying it to the biologically active 1, 25(OH2)

D3.

➢ Identify the target organs and cellular mechanisms of action for vitamin D.

➢ Describe the negative feedback relationship between parathyroid hormone

and the biologically active form of vitamin D [1, 25(OH2) D3].

➢ Describe the consequences of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D excess.

➢ Name the stimuli that can promote secretion of calcitonin, its actions, and

identify which (if any) are physiologically important.

119

Adrenal Gland ➢ Identify the functional zones of adrenals and the principal hormones secreted

from each zone.

➢ Identify the major physiological actions and therapeutic uses of glucocorticoids

➢ Identify the causes and consequences of over-secretion and under-secretion of

glucocorticoids and adrenal androgens.

➢ Describe the principal physiological stimuli that cause increased

mineralocorticoid secretion. Relate these stimuli to regulation of sodium and

potassium excretion.

➢ Identify the causes and consequences of over-secretion and under-secretion of

mineralocorticoids.

➢ Describe the interactions of adrenal medullary and cortical hormones in response

to stress.

Pancreas ➢ Identify the major hormones secreted from the endocrine pancreas, their cells of

origin, and their chemical nature.

➢ List the target organs or cell types for glucagon and describe its principal actions

on each.

➢ List the major target organs or cell types for insulin, the major effects of insulin

on each, and the consequent changes in concentration of blood constituents.

➢ Identify disease states caused by over-secretion & under-secretion of insulin,

and describe the principal symptoms of each.

Reproductive

Physiology Female

➢ Describe the hormonal regulation of estrogen and progesterone biosynthesis and

secretion by the ovary. Identify the cells responsible for their biosynthesis.

➢ List the major target organs and cell types for estrogen action and describe its

effects on each.

➢ Describe the actions and cellular mechanisms of estrogen.

➢ List the principal physiological actions of progesterone, its major target organs

and cell types, and describe its effects on each.

➢ Explain the changes occurring in female body during pregnancy and their

hormonal basis

120

List of Practical

• RBC Count

• WBC Count

• Hb Estimation & ESR

• Red Cell indices + Determination of Haematocrit

• Osmotic fragility & Blood typing

• DLC + BT + CT

• Examination of Respiratory System & PEFR

• Examination of Spirometer & Stethography

• Examination of Chest (CVS) + Arterial Pulse

• Recording of B.P and ECG

• Examination of Sensory System

• Examination of Motor System

• Examination of Reflexes (superficial & Deep)

• First six Cranial Nerves & Temp Regulation

• Last six Cranial Nerves & Cerebellar System

• Visual Reflexes & colour vision

• Accommodation and light reflexes + Confrontation Method

• Hearing test

• Pregnancy test

• Specific gravity of urine

121

Learning Resources

Subject components Learning resources/Books

Blood Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical

Physiology, 13th Edition by John E. Hall.

Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems, 8th

Edition by Lauralee Sherwood.

Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 24th

Edition (LANGE Basic Science) by Kim E.

Barrett, Susan M. Barman, Scott Boitano,

Heddwen Brooks.

Electronic modes

Nerve physiology

Muscle

Biological membranes, solutes and solutions

Heart and circulation

Respiratory system

GIT

Nervous system

Special sensory including oral physiology

Endocrine and reproductive physiology

Renal physiology















resources.

122

Departmental Library

S.

No.

Book Name Edition Author

1. Guyton and Hall 12th Edition JOHN E. HALL

2. Guyton and Hall 13th Edition JOHN E. HALL

3. Human Physiology 3rd Edition Slivertborn

4. Principles of Physiology 3rd Edition Robert M. Berne

Matthew N. Levy

5. USMLE Step 1(Lecture notes) 2007-2008 Edition KAPLAN

6. Basis of Clinical Physiology Volume 2 Professor M. Akram

7. Manual of Experimental Physiology 1st Edition Prof. Dr. Shireen Khawar

8. Manual of Experimental Physiology 4th Edition Prof. Dr. Zafar Ali Choudry

9. Practical Physiology 1st Edition Prof. Dr. Shafiq Ahmed Iqbal

10. Basis of Clinical Physiology Volume 1 Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram

11. Basis of Clinical Physiology Volume 2 Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram

12. ACSM’s Resources for Clinical

Exercise physiology

13. System wise SEQs and MCQs with key

Reference: Physiology by Guyton 1st Edition Prof. Dr. Samina Malik

14. Applicton & Lange’s Review of

PHYSIOLOGY Twentieth Edition David G. Penney

15. Guyton and Hall Physiology Review Third Edition JOHN E. HALL

16. Human Physiology (A Study Guide for

Student) M. Yusuf Abro

17. Lab Manual Physiology (P-1) Second Edition M. Mazhar Hussain

18. Clinical Electrophysiology

19. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews

Physiology Robin R. Preston

20. Review of Medical Physiology Twentieth edition William G. Ganong

21. Board Review Series Physiology 2nd Edition Linda S. Costanzo

22. Clinical Scenarios in Physiology Saqib Sohail

23. Essentials of Medical Physiology

(JAYPEE) 5th Edition

K Sembulingam

Prema Sembulingam

24. Study Guide for Understanding

Statistics Seventh Edition Robert R. Pagano

25. High-Yield Physiology Ronald W. Dudek

26. Nerve And Muscle Excitation Second Edition Douglas Junge

27. Essentials of Medical Physiology Volume 1 Mushtaq Ahmad

123

S.

No.

Book Name Edition Author

28. Essentials of Medical Physiology Volume 2 Mushtaq Ahmad

29. MCQ’s Physiology 2nd Edition Vijaya D Joshi

30. Human Physiology (MCQ’s) 4th Edition Lan C. Roddie

31. Practical Physiology Second Edition G K PAL

32. Ganong’s (Review of Medical

Physiology) 23rd Edition Kim E. Barrett

33. Principles and Practice of Medicine Seventeenth

Edition Christopher R. W. Edwards

Technical Equipment and Lab Supplies

Sr. No Items/ Nomenclature

1. Blood Pressure sets

2. Bed Sheets

3. Centrifuge machine

4. Clinical hammer

5. Digital balance

6. Illuminated Snellen chart

7. DLC counter

8. Distillation plant

9. Haemocytometer

10. Haemometer

11. Hammer (steel)

12. Kymo graph

13. Microscope

14. Micropipette

15. Measuring tape

16. Neubauer’s chamber

17. Opthalmoscope

18. Over head projector (Apollo JL-3)

19. Peak flow meter

20. Perimeter

21. Pipette sucker

22. Stethoscope

23. Spirometer

24. Stethograph

25. Surgical trays (small, medium, large)

124


26. Stop match

27. Test tube rack steel

28. Tuning fork (256)



31. Torch

32. ECG machine

33. Examination couch

34. Exercise cycle

35. ESR stand

36. Weighing machine

37. White board

38. White board stand

39. Tourniquet

40. Burner

41. Burner stand

42. Pipette stand

43. Screw driver set

44. Plaier

45. Glucometer

46. Ishihara book

47. Refrigerator

48. Stabilizer

49. Divider

50. Table bell

51. Slide box plastic

52. Height weight machines

53. Snellen’s chart

54. Revolving screen

55. Syringe cutter

56. Gallon plastic

57. Bucket plastic

58. Magnetic strirrer

59. Biopac BSL physiology

60. Advance half body with box

61. Thermometer clinical

62. Beakers

63. Bottle with stopper

125


64. Bottler with stopper 24

65. ESR tubes

66. Glass funnel

67. HB diluting tube

68. Test tubes

69. Wintrob tube

70. Urinometer

71. Measuring cylinders (500ml, 250ml, 100ml)

72. Pipette 2ml

73. Pipette 5ml

74. Pipette 10ml

75. Thermometer

76. Ear model

77. Heart model

78. Kidney model

79. Eye model

80. Kidney model female complete

81. Stomach model

82. Lung model

83. Wall charts

84. Coin jars (500ml) plastic

85. Pricking pen

126


Internal Assessment


Examination.






examination.





year


Annual Examination







Academic Council.

Internal Examiner





External Examiner



127







Paper Setting









Paper Assessment




marking


particular subject.






examiners.









128



Pass Marks






Promotion


previous class

Re-totaling


specified fee.




Academic Audit


appropriate.




Withdrawal/Failure




129



PHYSIOLOGY

Theory




Pass Marks = 50




S.

No

TOPIC Number of MCQs (25)

(C1=15, C2=10)

1 mark each


• (07 x SAQs/ SEQs (C1 & C2)

= 07 marks each

• 02 x SAQs/ SEQs (C1 & C2)

= 08 marks each

1.

Cell/General Physiology

Nerve and Muscle

05 01

2. Blood 04 01

3. GIT 04 01

4. Renal 02 01

5. CVS 03 01

6. Respiration 02 01

7. CNS / Special Senses 03 02

8. Endocrinology &

reproduction

02 01


130


A B C D

Roll no. Name All term exams/ tests/

pre annual exams or

any other exam

Total Marks of

Internal Assessment

out of 10

Total Marks

Sum of marks


total marks in all

exams


VIVA 50 marks Practical

40 marks

Total

Internal

Examiner

External

Examiner

OSPE

(20)

Experimental

physiology +

table viva

Practical

procedure

Practical

journal

Observed Unobserved

25 25 10 10 12 5 3 90


A B C D

Roll no. Name OSPE/ PTT/ Class tests though

out the year/ Pre annual Exams or

any other exam

Total Marks of

Internal assessment

out of 10

Total Marks

Sum of marks obtained x 10 / sum

of total marks in all exams

131

Curriculum Map Physiology

132

BIOCHEMISTRY STUDY GUIDE

133

Introduction to Biochemistry Department

Biochemistry department since the inception of the college has made a study and note-worthy progress.

The department is headed by Prof Dr Naheed Z Razwi ably supported by a team of seasoned and

experienced teachers. This department is well known for providing not only world class training to the

undergraduates but also in breeding curiosity to know the unknown. The faculty members of this

department who are highly qualified and dedicated are the source of inspiration for all their students to

seek guidance for their academic and professional excellence. They along with the Head of Department

have established an up-to-date laboratory as well as student lab that is an integrated life science teaching

solution that include hardware, software and curriculum materials that students and faculty used to record

data from their own bodies, animals or tissue preparations. A post graduate session has been established

where, under permission from the NUMS University we hope to start our M.Phil (Biochemistry) classes

in the very near future.

Aim

• To expedite the academic growth and development of the undergraduate students.

• To enhance the culture of research in both under and post graduate students.

• Development of trained medical faculty in basic sciences.

134

Resources


B. Supporting staff


Teaching Resources

Faculty Members

Department of Biochemistry

Faculty designated for BDS

1 Dr. Sahad Javed Chawla Assistant


2 Dr. Anam Zia Demonstrator BDS

3 Dr. Amna Noor Demonstrator BDS

Supporting Staff

• Lab assistant/technician assistant/personal assistant - 4

• Computer operator - 1

• Lecture hall attendant -1

• Store keeper - 1

135


Sr.

#.


1 Lecture hall


• Multimedia

• Microphone

• Computer system

• White Board

1

2 Biochemistry lab 1

3 Mini library 1

136

















137





• Practical


• Assignments








Practical and manual skills

In practical sessions students perform practical as assigned in the curriculum and syllabus provided by

PMDC. They are also required to maintain a practical manual of the lab work. Understanding and

effectively using the microscope, lab apparatus, blood pressure apparatus





study.

Assignments

Students are given written formative assignments on designated topics.

138

















(i) Lectures delivery by: Dr Sahad Javed Chawla (Assistant Professor & subject in-charge)

Prof. Dr. Naheed Z Razwi, Prof. Dr. Irum Fayyaz, Dr. Aamenah Malik, Dr. Huma Ashraf, Dr Hira

Sohail

(ii) Demonstrators for practical and tutorials sessions:

Dr. M. Omar Akeel, Dr Mustafa Haider, Dr Khadija Anjum, Dr. Anam Malik, Dr Anam Zia,

Dr Amna Noor, Dr Taskeen Zahra

(iii) Support staff: Personal assistants, lab assistants, store keeper, lecture hall attendant, computer

operator

139

Time Frame Course duration: 36 weeks

Lectures: Monday (08:55 to 09:50am), Tuesday (12:10 to 01:05pm), Wednesday (08:00 to 08:55

am), Friday (09:00 to 10:00am)

Practical: Wednesday (11:15am to 01:05pm), Thursday (01:05 to 03:00pm) Friday (11:00am to

01:00pm)

140

Learning Objectives


S. No Topic Learning Outcome

1. Introduction to

Biochemistry

• What is Biochemistry?

• The scope of biochemistry

• Importance of biochemistry

2. Biochemistry of

cell

• Introduction to cell (biochemical point of view)

• Scientific methods to study cell biochemistry

• Biochemical composition of cell

3. Biochemistry of

body fluids

• Ionization of water and weak acids and bases

• Concept of pH and pH scale

• Dissociation constant & titration curve of weak acids, the concept

of pK values

• Buffers, their mechanism of action

• Henderson-Hesselbalch Equation (No derivation)

• Biomedical Importance of - Osmosis, Osmotic pressure, surface

tension, viscosity & their importance related to body fluids

4. Biological

Membranes

• Biochemical composition

• Biochemistry of cell membrane-chemical composition

• Importance of lipid and proteins in membranes

• Biomedical Importance of selectively permeable membranes

• Chemistry of signals and receptors

• Mechanisms of signal transduction (e.g G Proteins associated

pathways)

• Biochemistry of membrane transport mechanism -active transport,

Passive transport, simple and facilitated diffusion and their

biomedical role in human body

5. Biochemistry of

GIT

• Overview of digestion and absorption of

Lipids,

o Carbohydrates, Proteins

• Introduction, composition, functions, secretion, stimulants and

depressants of: - Saliva

o Gastric juice

o Bile

o Pancreatic juice

141


o Succusentericus

6. Enzymes • Introduction, definition

• Mechanism of catalysis

• Coenzymes, co-factors and their Biomedical role in human body

• Isoenzymes, their clinical importance

• Factors affecting enzymes activity in the human body

• Michaelis-Menten Equation and its biomedical importance (no

derivation of equations)

• Enzyme inhibitors and their classification and biomedical

importance

• Regulation of enzyme activity-overview

• Application of enzymes in clinical diagnosis and therapeutic use

7. Vitamins • Introduction, classification

• Fat soluble vitamins: chemistry, biochemical functions, deficiency

manifestations, daily allowances, sources and hypervitaminosis

• Water soluble vitamins: chemistry, biochemical functions,

deficiency manifestations, daily allowances, sources and

hypervitaminosis

8. Carbohydrate

Chemistry • Definition, biochemical functions and classification

• The biomedical importance of carbohydrates

• Structure and functions of Monosaccharides, and their derivatives

• Disaccharides - their important examples

• Oligosaccharides-their combination with other

macromolecules

• Polysaccharides- their important examples and biochemical role

9. Carbohydrate

Metabolism

• Overview of major Metabolic pathways (Glycolysis, TCA cycle,

Gluconeogenesis Glycogenesis, Gylocogenolysis) their biomedical

importance and hormonal regulation (Insulin, Glucagon)

• Glycolysis

• Phases and reactions of Glycolysis

• Energetics of Aerobic and Anaerobic glycolysis

142


• The fate of Pyruvate

• The Citric Acid Cycle

• Reactions, energetics of Citric acid cycle

• Diabetes Mellitus

10. Protein

Chemistry

• Definitions, Biomedical importance and classification of proteins

based on:

• Physiochemical properties

• Functional properties

• Nutritional properties

• Amino acids, their structure, properties and functions

• Classification and nutritional significance of amino acids

• Structure of proteins and their significance

• Separation of proteins e.g. salting out, Electrophoresis,

Chromatography, Centrifugation

• Plasma proteins & their clinical significance

11. Protein

Metabolism

• Amino acid oxidation, transamination, deamination,

decarboxylation, deamidation and transamination

• Transport of Ammonia

• Ammonia intoxication

• Urea cycle

12. Porphyrin and

Haemoglobin

• Chemistry and biosynthesis of haemoglobin

• Structure, functions and types of haemoglobin

• Oxygen binding capacity of hemoglobin, factors affecting and

regulating the oxygen binding capacity of haemoglobin

• Degradation of heme, formation of Bile pigments, its types,

transport and excretion

• Hyperbilirubinimea, their biochemical causes and differentiation

• Jaundice and its types

• Hemoglobinopathies (HP-S, Thalasemia) and theirbiochemical

causes

13. Lipid Chemistry • Definition, biomedical function, Classification of lipids

• Phospholipids, Glycolipids, Sphingolipids and their biochemical

Significance

• Fatty acids, chemistry, classification and biochemical function,

Essential fatty acids

• Eicosanoids, their classification and functions in health and

disease

• Steroids, sterol e.g. cholesterol, their chemistry, functions and

clinical significance

143


14. Lipid

Metabolism

• Mobilization and transport of fatty acids, triacylglycerol, and

sterols

• Oxidation of fatty acids

• Activation and transport of fatty acid in the mitochondria

• B-oxidation, fate of Acetyl CoA

• Ketogenesis and Ketolysis. Mechanism and utilization of Ketone

bodies and significance

• Overview of Lipoprotein Metabolism.

• Cholesterol Synthesis (rate limiting step)

• Hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis

15. Nutrition • Balanced Diet, DRIs (EAR, RDA, AI, UL), AMDR

• Proteins (Protein turnover, Amino acid Pool, Nitrogen Balance,

Protein Quality, Protein Requirement

• Biomedical importance, requirements of dietary Carbohydrates,

Proteins and Lipids

• Glycemic Index

• Protein-Energy Malnutrition (Kwashiorkor, Marasmus)

16. Minerals and

Trace elements

• Classification and biochemical role of Macro minerals (Na, K ,

Ca, Cl, PO4)

• Classification and biochemical role of Micro minerals (Fe, Zn,

Mg, Se, I, F, Cu, Cr, Cd, Mn)

17. Nucleotides • Nucleic acids, their types, structure and functions

• Chemistry and structure of nucleotides and their biochemical role

• Nucleotides, structure, their derivatives and their biochemical role

18. Genetics and

techniques

• Biotechnology and human disease

144

Learning Resources

Departmental library

Textbook of Medical Biochemistry (MN Chatterjea) 8th Edition

Lippincott’s Biochemistry 7th Edition

Pre Test Biochemistry and Genetics 4th Edition

Instant Biochemistry (Faiq) 2nd Edition

Biochemistry A Case-Oriented Approach 4th Edition

Textbook of Physiology and Biochemistry 9th Edition

Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistery 29th Edition

Hashmi’s complete Textbook of Biochemistry 5th Edition

BRS Biochemistry Molecular Biology & Genetics 5th Edition

Kaplan Medical Biochemistry and Genetics -

Essentials of Medical Biochemistry vol1 7th Edition

Essentials of Medical Biochemistry vol 2 7th Edition

Clinical chemistry : Principles, Methods and Interpretations 3rd Edition

Textbook of Biochemistry with clinical correlations 6th Edition

Clinical chemistry (MARSHALL) 2nd Edition

Organic Chemistry ( Vollhardt) -

Mathews Van Holde Biochemistry -

Recommended Books

Textbook of Medical Biochemistry (MN Chatterjea)

Lippincott’s Biochemistry

Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistery

Hashmi’s complete Textbook of Biochemistry

Essentials of Medical Biochemistry vol1

Essentials of Medical Biochemistry vol 2

145















resources.

146

Technical Items in Biochemistry Lab


86. Centrifuge machine (Hettich EBA20)

87. Digital balance (AND GR200)(Setra RS232)

88. D/W Apparatus (Hemilton WSC/4)

89. Microscopes (Austria MC50)

90. Magnetic stirrer (VELP SCIENTIFICA)

91. Over head projector (APPOLLO JL 3)

92. Oven (Lab) (Binder ED53)

93. Spectrophotometer (OPTIMA SP300)

94. Water Bath (MEMMERT)

95. Micro pipettes (Capp Aero Single &Techno)

96. pH Meter (Jenway 3510)

97. Stop watch (FAST TIME)

98. DNA Model

99. Glucometer (CC LEVER CHECK-TD 4225)

100. Vortex Mixer (VELP SCIENTIFICA)

101. Beaker (Glass) 1 L

102. Beaker (Glass) 100 ML

103. Beaker (Glass) 500 ML

104. Beaker (Plastic) 1000 ML

105. Burette 1000 ML With Bottle with stand

106. Benson Burner

107. Centrifuge Tube (Measuring)

108. Centrifuge Tube (Plain)

109. Centrifuge Tube (Plastic)

110. Cylinder 1 L

111. Cylinder 100 ML

112. Cylinder 500 ML

147


113. Dropper (Glass) With Rubber

114. Dropper Plastic

115. Flask 100 ML Conical

116. Funnel 6”

117. FUNNEL SMALL 75 Mm

118. Glass Rods

119. Pipettes (Glass) 0.1 ML

120. Pipettes (Glass) 1 ML




124. Pipette Stand

125. Pipette Sucker

126. Reagent Bottles Brown 1 L

127. Reagent Bottles Brown 125 ML

128. Reagent Bottles Brown 2.5 L

129. Reagent Bottles Brown 500 ML

130. Reagent Bottles White 125 ML

131. Reagent Bottles White 2.5 L

132. Reagent Bottles White 500 ML

133. Safety Goggle

134. Test Tube (disposable items)

135. Test tube Holder

136. Test tube Stand (Plastic)

137. Test tube Stand (Steel)

138. Test tube Tongs

139. Tourniquet

140. Tripod Stand

141. Urinometer

148


142. Volumetric Flask 1 L

143. Volumetric Flask 100 ML



146. Washing brush

147. Steel Mug

148. Wire Gauze

149. Sprit lamp

150. Iron stand Rack for chemical

151. Glass Rack

152. Syringes cutter

149


Internal Assessment


Examination.






examination.





year


Annual Examination







Academic Council.

150

Internal Examiner





External Examiner









Paper Setting









Paper Assessment



151


marking


particular subject.






examiners.











Pass Marks






152

Promotion


previous class

Re-totaling


specified fee.




Academic Audit


appropriate.




Withdrawal/Failure




153



BIOCHEMISTRY

Theory




Pass Marks = 50




S.

No

Topic Number of MCQs

(25) (C1=15,

C2=10)

1 mark each


• (07 x SAQs/ SEQs (C1 &

C2) = 07 marks each

• 02 x SAQs/ SEQs (C1 &

C2) = 08 marks each

1. Nucleotides and Nucleic Acid,

GIT

02 01

2. Lipids Chemistry & Metabolism 02 01

3. Chemistry of CHO &

Metabolism

04 01

4. Minerals and Trace elements 02 01

5. Porphyrins & Hemoglobin 02 01

6. Protein & Amino Acids

Chemistry of Metabolism

03 01

7. Enzymes 03 01

8. Biochemistry of cell & Body

Fluids + Biological membranes

03 01

9. Vitamins 04 01


154


A B C D

Roll no. Name All terms, pre annual

exams or any other

exam

Total marks of

Internal Assessment

out of 10

Total marks

Sum of marks


total marks in all

exams


Viva

50 marks

Practical

40 marks

Total

Examiner 1

Examiner 2 Principal Writing Practical Viva Practical

Notebook

25 marks 25 marks 10 marks 25 marks 05 marks 90 marks


A B C D

Roll no. Name OSPE/ PTT/ Class

tests though out the

year/ Pre annual

exams or any other

exam

Total marks of

Internal Assessment

out of 10

Total Marks

Sum of marks


total marks in all

exams

155

Curriculum Map Biochemistry

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