Institutional Corrections Definition Of Terms

Alcatraz - a US federal penitentiary, Often referred to as "The Rock",the small island of alcatraz was developed with facilities for a lighthouse,a military fortification, a military prison (1868), and a federal prisonfrom 1933 until 1963.

Alexander Maconochie - was a Scottish naval officer, geographer, andpenal reformer. He is known as the Father of Parole.

          His 2 Basic Principle of Penology          1. As cruelty debases both the victim and society, punishment             should not be vindictive but should aim at the reform of             the convict to observe social constraints, and          2. A convict's imprisonment should consist of task, not time             sentences, with release depending on the performance of a             measurable amount of labour.

Auburn Prison - Constructed in 1816 ,(opened 1819) it was the secondstate prison in New York, the site of the first execution by electricchair in 1890. It uses the silent or congregate system.

Banishment - a punishment originating in ancient times, that requiredoffenders to leave the community and live elsewhere, commonly in thewilderness.

BJMP - (Bureau of Jail Management and Penology) government agencymandated by law (RA 6975) to take operational and administrative controlover all city, district and municipal jails.It takes custody of detainees accused before a court who are temporarilyconfined in such jails while undergoing investigation, waiting final

judgement and those who are serving sentence promulgated by the court3 years and below.

          - created Jan. 2, 1991.          - Charles S. Mondejar - 1st BJMP chief.          - BJMP chief tour of duty, must not exceed 4 years, maybe            extended by President. Grounds:                                   1. In times of war                                   2. other national emergencies.          - Senior superintendent - the rank from which the BJMP chief            is appointed. This is the rank of the BJMP Directors of            the Directorates in the National Headquarters. This is also            the rank of the Regional Director for Jail Management            and Penology.          - Chief of the BJMP - Highest ranking BJMP officer. Appointed            by the President upon recommendation of DILG Secretary. Rank            is Director.          - BJMP Deputy Chief for Administration - the 2nd highest ranking            BJMP officer. Appointed by the President upon recommendation            of the DILG Secretary. Rank is Chief Superintendent.          - BJMP Deputy Chief for Operations - the 3rd highest ranking            BJMP officer. Appointed by the President upon recommendation            of the DILG Secretary. Rank is Chief Superintendent.          - BJMP Chief of the Directorial Staff - the 4th highest BJMP            officer. Appointed by the President upon recommendation of            the DILG Secretary. Rank is Chief Superintendents.

Borstal - a custodial institution for young offenders.

Borstal System - rehabilitation method formerly used in Great Britain fordelinquent boys aged 16 to 21. The idea originated (1895) with theGladstone Committee as an attempt to reform young offenders. The firstinstitution was established (1902) at Borstal Prison, Kent, England.

Branding - stigmatizing is the process in which a mark, usually a symbolor ornamental pattern, is burned into the skin of a living person, withthe intention that the resulting scar makes it permanent as a punishment

or imposing masterly rights over an enslaved or otherwise oppressed person.

Bridewell Prison and Workhouse - was the first correctional institutionin England and was a precursor of the modern prison. Built initially asa royal residence in 1523, Bridewell Palace was given to the city ofLondon to serve as the foundation for as system of Houses of Correctionknown as “Bridewells.” These institutions, eventually numbering 200 inBritain, housed vagrants, homeless children, petty offenders,disorderly women, prisoners of war, soldiers, and colonists sentto Virginia.

Bridewell Prison and Hospital - was established in a former royal palacein 1553 with two purposes: the punishment of the disorderly poor andhousing of homeless children in the City of London.

Bureau of Corrections - has for its principal task the rehabilitationof national prisoners, or those sentenced to serve a term of imprisonmentof more than three years.

          - has 7 prison facilities          - 1 prison institution for women          - 1 vocational training centre for juveniles.          - Classification Board - classifies inmates according to            their security status.          - Reception and Diagnostic Centre - (RDC) receives, studies            and classifies inmates committed to Bureau of Corrections.          - Board of Discipline - hears complaints and grievances with            regard to violations of prison rules and regulations.          - Iwahig Penal Farm - established in 1904 upon orders of Gov.            Forbes, then the Sec. of Commerce and police.          - New Bilibid Prison - established in 1941 in Muntinlupa            Camp Bukang Liwayway - minimum security prison.            Camp Sampaguita - medium security prison          - Davao penal Colony - established jan 21, 1932 (RA 3732)          - Sablayan Penal Colony and Farm - established Sept.27, 1954            (Proclamation No.72) location:Occidental Mindoro          - Leyte Regional Prison - established Jan.16, 1973

          - Old Bilibid Prison - First Penal Institution in the Phil.            designated as insular penitentiary by Royal Decree in 1865.  

Burning at Stake - a form of ancient punishment by tying the victimin a vertical post and burning him/her.

Cesare Beccaria - an Italian criminologist, jurist, philosopher andpolitician best known for his treaties On Crimes and Punishments (1764),which condemned torture and the death penalty, and was a founding workin the field of penology and the Classical School of criminology

Charles Montesquieu - a french lawyer, who analyzed law as an expressionof justice. He is famous for his articulation of the theory of separationof powers, which is implemented in many constitutions throughout the world.

Code of Justinian -  formally Corpus Juris Civilis (“Body of Civil Law”), Justinian I the collections of laws and legal interpretations developedunder the sponsorship of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I from AD529 to 565.

Commitment Order - is an act of sending a person to prison by means ofsuch a warrant or order.

Correctional Administration - the study and practice of a system ofmanaging jails and prisons and other institutions concerned with thecustody, treatment and rehabilitation of criminal offenders.

Corrections - describes a variety of functions typically carried outby government agencies, and involving the punishment, treatment, andsupervision of persons who have been convicted of crimes.

Death Row - refers to incarcerated persons who have been sentenced todeath and are awaiting execution.

Deterrence - as contended by Cesare Beccaria, proponent of theclassical theory, that punishment is to prevent others from

committing crime.

Director Charles S. Mondejar - the first Chief of BJMP. He took hisoath of office on July 1 of   1991.

District Jail - is a cluster of small jails, each having a monthlyaverage population of ten or less inmates, and is located in thevicinity of the court.

Draco - was the first legislator of ancient Athens, Greece, 7th centuryBC. He replaced the prevailing system of oral law and blood feud by awritten code to be enforced only by a court.

Ducking Stool - a chair fastened to the end of a pole, used formerlyto plunge offenders into a pond or river as a punishment.

Dungeon - a dark cell, usually underground where prisoners are confined.

Elmira Reformatory - located in new York, was originally a prison openedto contain Confederate prisoners of war during the Civil War. It becameknown as a “death camp” because of the squalid conditions and high deathrate in its few years of operation. Established 1876.

Elmira System - An American penal system named after Elmira Reformatory,in New York. In 1876 Zebulon R. Brockway became an innovator in thereformatory movement by establishing Elmira Reformatory for young felons.The Elmira system classified and separated various types of prisoners,gave them individualized treatment emphasizing vocational training andindustrial employment, used indeterminate sentences.

Ergastulum - is a Roman prison used to confine slaves. They were attachedto work benches and forced to do hard labor in period of imprisonment.

Exemplarity - the criminal is punished to serve as an example to othersto deter further commission of crime.

Expiation - (Atonement) execution of punishment visibly or publicly for

the purpose of appeasing a social group. Expiation is a group vengeanceas distinguished from retribution.

First Women's Prison - opened in Indiana 1873. Based on the reformatorymodel.

Four Classes of Prisoners   1. Insular or national prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term      of three years and one day to death;   2. Provincial prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term of six      months and one day to three years;   3. City prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term of one day      to three years; and   4. Municipal Prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term of one      day to six months.

Flogging - (Flog) beat (someone) with a whip or stick as a punishment.

Fred T. Wilkinson - last warden of the Alcatraz prison.

Galley - a low, flat ship with one or more sails and up to three banksof oars, chiefly used for warfare or piracy and often manned by slavesor criminals.

Goals of Criminal Sentencing          1. Retribution          2. Punishment          3. Deterrence          4. Incapacitation          5. Rehabilitation          6. Reintegration          7. Restoration

Golden Age Of Penology - 1870 - 1880

Guillotine - an ancient form of capital punishment by cutting thehead.

Halfway House - a center for helping former drug addicts, prisoners,psychiatric patients, or others to adjust to life in general society.

Hammurabi's Code - an ancient code which contain both civil and criminallaw. First known codified law prior to Roman law. Better organized andcomprehensive than biblical law. One of its law is lex taliones (an eyefor an eye)

Hedonism - the ethical theory that pleasure (in the sense of thesatisfaction of desires) is the highest good and proper aim of human life.

Hulk - an old ship stripped of fittings and permanently moored,especially for use as storage or (formerly) as a prison.

Impalement - (Impaling) a form of capital punishment, is the penetrationof an organism by an object such as a stake, pole, spear or hook, bycomplete (or partial) perforation of the body, often the central body mass.Killing by piercing the body with a spear or sharp pole.

Institutional Corrections - refers to those persons housed in securecorrectional facilities.

Jail - is defined as a place of confinement for inmates under investigationor undergoing trial, or serving short-term sentences

          Gaol - old name/term of jail.

          Three Types of Detainees          1. Those undergoing investigation;          2. those awaiting or undergoing trial; and          3. those awaiting final judgment

          Jails - holds          a. Convicted offenders serving short sentences          b. Convicted offenders awaiting transfer to prison          c. Offenders who have violated their probation or parole

          d. Defendants who are awaiting trial

James V. Bennett - was a leading American penal reformer and prisonadministrator who served as director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons(FBOP) from 1937 to 1964. He was one of the strongest advocates in themovement in persuading Congress to close Alcatraz and replace it witha new maximum-security prison, eventually successful in 1963 whenit closed.

January 2, 1991 - the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology wascreated thru Republic Act 6975 as a line Bureau under the Departmentof Interior and Local Government.

Jean Jacques Villain - pioneered classification to separate women andchildren from hardened criminals.

Jeremy Bentham - a prison reformer, believed that the prisoner shouldsuffer a severe regime, but that it should not be detrimental to theprisoner's health. He designed the Panopticon in 1791.

John Howard - a philanthropist and the first English prison reformer.

Justice - crime must be punished by the state as an act of retributivejustice, vindication of absolute right and moral law violated by thecriminal.

lapidation - (Stoning) the act of pelting with stones; punishmentinflicted by throwing stones at the victim.

Lex Taliones - an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.

Lockups - Suspects usually stay in a lockup for only 24 to 48 hours.A suspect may later be transferred from the lockup to the jail.

Mamertine Prison -  was a prison (carcer) located in the Comitiumin ancient Rome. It was originally created as a cistern for a springin the floor of the second lower level. Prisoners were lowered through

an opening into the lower dungeon.

Mark System - developed in Australia by Alexander Maconochie, wherebycredits, or marks, were awarded for good behaviour, a certain number ofmarks being required for release.

Mittimus - is a process issued by the court after conviction to carryout the final judgment, such as commanding a prison warden to hold theaccused, in accordance with the terms of the judgment. Mittimus isoften attached on the commitment order issued by the court whenever theconvict is to be transferred to prison for service of sentence.

Mortality rate - A measure of the frequency of deaths in a definedpopulation during a specified interval of time.

Mutilation or maiming - an ancient form of punishment, is an act ofphysical injury that degrades the appearance or function of any livingbody, sometimes causing death.

National Prisons Association - was organized in Cincinnati in 1870.

Neo-Classical - children and lunatics should not be punished as theycan not calculate pleasure and pain.

          Classical Theory - pain must exceed pleasure to deter crime.          All are punished regardless of age, mental condition, social          status and other circumstances.

          Positivist Theory - criminal is a sick person and should be          treated and not punished.

          Eclectic - it means selecting the best of various styles          or ideas.

Newgate Prison - not a real prison but an abandoned copper mine ofSimsbury Connecticut. Inmates are confined underground (Black holeof horrors).

Operational capacity - the number of inmates that can be accommodatedbased on a facility's staff, existing programs, and services.

Panopticon - a prison design, allowed a centrally placed observer tosurvey all the inmates, as prison wings radiated out from thiscentral position.

Parole - refers to criminal offenders who are conditionally releasedfrom prison to serve the remaining portion of their sentence in thecommunity.

Parole and Probation Administration (PPA) - was created pursuant toPresidential Decree (P.D.) No.968, as amended, to administer theprobation system. Under Executive Order No. 292, the ProbationAdministration was renamed as the Parole and Probation Administration,and given the added function of supervising prisoners who, after servingpart of their sentence in jails are released on parole or grantedconditional pardon. The PPA and the Board of Pardons and Parole arethe agencies involved in the non-institutional treatment of offenders.

Penal Management - refers to the manner or practice of managing orcontrolling places of confinement such as jails and prisons.

PD No. 603 - was promulgated to provide for the care and treatment ofyouth offenders from the time of apprehension up to the terminationof the case.

          Under this law, a youth offender is defined as a child, minor          or youth who is over nine years but under eighteen years of          age at the time of the commission of the offence.

Pennsylvania and New York - pioneered the penitentiary movement bydeveloping two competing systems of confinement. The Pennsylvaniasystem and the Auburn system.

          Pennsylvania System - An early system of U.S. penology in

          which inmates were kept in solitary cells so that they could          study religious writings, reflect on their misdeeds, and          perform handicraft work.(Solitary System). 

          Auburn System - An early system of penology, originating          at Auburn Penitentiary in New York, under which inmates          worked and ate together in silence during the day and were          placed in solitary cells for the evening.(Congregate System)

Penology - a branch of Criminology that deals with prison managementand reformation of criminals.

          Poene (latin) - penalty          Logos (latin) - science

Pillory - a wooden framework with holes for the head and hands, in whichoffenders were formerly imprisoned and exposed to public abuse.        Prison -  which refers to the national prisons or penitentiaries managedand supervised by the Bureau of Corrections, an agency under theDepartment of Justice.

Prison Hulks - (1776-1857) were ships which were anchored in the Thames,and at Portsmouth and Plymouth. Those sent to them were employed in hardlabour during the day and then loaded, in chains, onto the ship at night.

Prison Reform - is the attempt to improve conditions inside prisons,aiming at a more effective penal system.

Probation - Probation in criminal law is a period of supervision overan offender, ordered by a court instead of serving time in prison.

          John Augustus - Father of Probation. Augustus was born in Woburn,          Massachusetts in 1785. By 1829, he was a permanent resident          of Boston and the owner of a successful boot-making business.            Father Cook - a chaplain of the Boston Prison visited the courts

          and gained acceptance as an advisor who made enquiries into the          circumstances of both adult and juvenile offenders

Provincial Jail - under the office of the Governor. Where the imposablepenalty for the crime committed is more than six months and the same wascommitted within the municipality, the offender must serve his or hersentence in the provincial jail.

          Where the penalty imposed exceeds three years, the offender          shall serve his or her sentence in the penal institutions of          the Bureau of Corrections.

Punishment - the infliction or imposition of a penalty as retributionfor an offence.

Quakers - (or Friends, as they refer to themselves) are members of afamily of religious movements collectively known as the ReligiousSociety of Friends. Many Quakers have worked for reform of the criminaljustice systems of their day. Quakers believe that people can alwayschange: their focus has been on reforms that make positive change morelikely, such as increased opportunities for education, improved prisonconditions, help with facing up to violent impulses, and much else.

          William Penn - founder of the Province of Pennsylvania, the          English North American colony and the future Commonwealth of          Pennsylvania.was the first great Quaker prison reformer.          In his ‘Great Experiment’ in Pennsylvania in the 1680s he          abolished capital punishment for all crimes except murder.          He also stated that ‘prisons shall be workhouses,’ that bail          should be allowed for minor offences’, and ‘all prisons shall          be free, as to fees, food and lodgings’. He provided for          rehabilitation, as he stipulated that prisoners should be          helped to learn a trade, so that they could make an honest          living when they were released.

          John Bellers - (1654-1725) was the earliest British Friend to          pay serious and systematic attention to social reform. He

          pleaded for the abolition of the death penalty, the first          time this plea had been made. He argued that criminals were          the creation of society itself and urged that when in prison          there should be work for prisoners so that they might return          to the world with an urge to industry.

          Elizabeth Fry -  (1780-1845) was the most famous of Quaker          reformers, though others were equally influential in raising          public awareness. Reforms such as the separation of women and          children from men and the development of purposeful activity          of work or education came about through pressure from          informed people.

RA 6975 - sec.60 to 65, created the BJMP.

         Rank Classification of BJMP               Director               Chief Superintendent               Senior Superintendent               Superintendent               Chief Inspector               Senior Inspector               Inspector               Senior Jail Officer IV               Senior Jail Officer III               Senior Jail Officer II               Senior Jail Officer I               Jail Officer III               Jail Officer II               Jail Officer I

RA 10575 - The Bureau of Corrections Act of 2013.

Rack - a form of torture or punishment wherein pain is inflicted toto the body through stretching.

Rated Capacity - the number of beds or inmates assigned by a rating

official to institutions within the jurisdiction.

Reformation - the object of punishment in a criminal case is to correctand reform the offender.

Reformatory Movement - The reformatory movement was based on principlesadopted at the 1870 meeting of the National Prison Association.

          The reformatory was designed:          a. for younger, less hardened offenders.          b. based on a military model of regimentation.          c. with indeterminate terms.          d. with parole or early release for favorable progress             in reformation.

Rehabilitation - to restore a criminal to a useful life, to a life inwhich they contribute to themselves and to society.

Retribution - punishment inflicted on someone as vengeance for a wrongor criminal act.

Security Level - A designation applied to a facility to describe themeasures taken, both inside and outside, to preserve security and custody.

          The simplest security level categorization is:          a. maximum           b. medium          c. minimum

          Maximum - security facilities are characterized by very          tight internal and external security.                  Common security measures include: (Maximum)          - A high wall or razor-wire fencing          - Armed-guard towers          - Electronic detectors          - External armed patrol

          - A wide, open buffer zone between the outer wall or fence            and the community.          - Restrictions on inmate movement          - The capability of closing off areas to contain riots or            disruptions.

          Houses the following inmates:          - Those sentenced to death          - Those sentenced with min. 20 years          - Those remanded inmates/detainees with min. 20 years sentence          - Those whose sentences is under review by SC (min.20 years)          - Those whose sentences is under appeal (min.20 years)          - Those with pending cases          - Those who are recidivist

          Ultra-Maximum/Super-Maximum Security Prison -  house notorious          offenders and problem inmates from other institutions.          These institutions utilize: Total isolation of inmates,          Constant lockdowns

          Medium-security institutions - place fewer restrictions on          inmate movement inside the facility.

          Characteristics often include:(Medium)          - Dormitory or barracks-type living quarters          - No external security wall          - Barbed wire rather than razor wire          - Fences and towers that look less forbidding

          Houses the following inmates:          - Those sentenced to less than 20 years

          Minimum-security prisons - are smaller and more open.                      They often house inmates who:          - Have established records of good behavior          - Are nearing release

          Characteristics often include:(Minimum)          - Dormitory or barracks living quarters          - No fences          - Some inmates may be permitted to leave during the day            to work or study.          - Some inmates may be granted furloughs

Sing Sing Prison - was the third prison built by New York State. It isa maximum security prison.

Sir Evelyn Ruggles Brise - was a British prison administrator andreformer, and founder of the Borstal system.

Sir Walter Crofton - the director of Irish prisons. In his program,known as the Irish system, prisoners progressed through three stages ofconfinement before they were returned to civilian life. The first portionof the sentence was served in isolation. After that, prisoners wereassigned to group work projects.

Stocks - instrument of punishment consisting of a heavy timber frame withholes in which the feet  and sometimes the hands of an offender canbe locked.

Three major government functionaries involved in the Philippine correctional system:          1. DOJ          2. DILG          3. DSWD

          DOJ - supervises the national penitentiaries through the          Bureau of Corrections, administers the parole and probation          system through the Parole and Probation Administration, and          assists the President in the grant of executive clemency through          the Board of Pardons and Parole.

          DILG - supervises the provincial, district, city and municipal

          jails through the provincial governments and the Bureau of          Jail Management and Penology, respectively.

          DSWD - supervises the regional rehabilitation centres for          youth offenders through the Bureau of Child and Youth Welfare.

Transportation - a punishment in which offenders were transported fromtheir home nation to one of that nation's colony to work.

Twelve Tables - The Law of the Twelve Tables (Latin: Leges DuodecimTabularum or Duodecim Tabulae) was the ancient legislation that stoodat the foundation of Roman law. Established basic procedural rightsfor all Roman citizens as against one another

Underground Cistern - a reservoir for storing liquids, underground tankfor storing water. This was also used prison in ancient times.

Utilitarianism - a tradition stemming from the late 18th- and 19th-centuryEnglish philosophers and economists Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Millthat an action is right if it tends to promote happiness and wrong ifit tends to produce the reverse of happiness—not just the happiness ofthe performer of the action but also that of everyone affected by it.

Voltaire - believes that fear of shame is a deterrent to crime.

Walnut Street Jail - opened in 1790 in Philadelphia. Considered the 1ststate prison. Inmates labored in solitary cells and received largedoses of religious training.

Workhouses - European forerunners of the modern U.S. prison, whereoffenders were sent to learn discipline and regular work habits.

Zebulon Reed Brockway - was a penologist and is sometimes regarded asthe Father of prison reform and  Father of American Parole in theUnited States.