institutional diversity: some trends and some hypotheses richard yelland oecd directorate for...
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Institutional diversity: some trends and some hypotheses
Richard YellandOECD Directorate for Education
OECD/France International ConferenceCNAM, 8-9 December 2008
Growth in all tertiary qualificationsThe percentage of persons with a minimum of 2 years of tertiary education born in the
period shown below (2005)
EAG, 2007 A1.3a
B6.2
Expenditure on educational core services, R&D and ancillary services in higher education institutions as
a percentage of GDP (2004)% of GDP
1. Some levels of education are included with others. 2. Total expenditure at tertiary level including R&D expenditure3. Year of reference 2005.4. Total expenditure at tertiary level excluding R&D expenditure
The US spends more than twice as much per higher education student as the European Union.
Higher education is becoming an increasingly international concern
… especially in the English-speaking countries
Student mobility in tertiary education (2005)Percentage of international students enrolled in tertiary education
C3.1Note: The data on the mobility of international students presented are not comparable with data on foreign students in tertiary education (defined on the basis of citizenship) presented in pre-2006 editions of Education at a Glance .
There are big differences in what students are expected to pay,
although fees are not the only cost factor for students and their families
Average annual tuition feescharged by public colleges and universities for full-time national
studentsin US Dollars converted using PPPs (school year 2004/2005)
Italy (56%)Austria (37%), Spain (43%),
Czech Republic (41%), Denmark (57%), Finland (73%), Ireland (45%), Iceland (45%), Norway (76%), Poland (76%), Sweden (76%)
Canada (m)
Israel1 (55%)
Australia (82%), Japan (41%), Korea (51%)
United Kingdom1 (52%)New Zealand (79%), Netherland1s (59%)
United States (64%)
Belgium (Fr. and Fl.) (33%)
Turkey (27%), France (m)
0
500
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
USD
B5.11. Public institutions do not exist at this level of education and most of the students are enrolled in government dependent institutions.
This chart does not take into account grants, subsidies or loans that partially or fully offset the students’ tuition fees.
Although institutions have grown in size, the number of higher education
institutions has grown ,from about 1000 in 1955, and about 5000 in
1970 to maybe 17000 today
This growth in numbers has been accompanied by a diversification of
institutional type
What do we know about the future?
• Wealthy, ageing and diverse Societies
• The global knowledge economy
• The expanding web
• Social and cultural change
• Economic crisisTrends shaping education, OECD 2008
Expected demographic changes within the population aged 20-29 (2005-2015)
50556065707580859095
100105110115120125130
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A11.1
Expected demographic changes within the population aged 30 and over (2005-2015)
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A11.1
Policy futures: a focus on quality
• OECD Education Ministers’ meeting Athens June 2006
• OECD/UNESCO guidelines on cross-border tertiary education
• Proposed international assessment of higher education outcomes
– Experts’ meetings– Feasibility study
• IMHE Conference Paris 8-10 September 2008– Outcomes of higher education: quality, relevance and
impact
The challenge for higher education
• Improving access while maintaining and improving quality
– addressing the needs of the twenty-first century for human capital and innovation
– securing adequate funding– Improving efficiency
What are the implications for institutional differentiation?
• Factors that foster diversity– History– Location– Growth– Competition– Demand– Autonomy
• Factors that foster homogeneity– Rankings– Internationalisation– Regulation– Accountability
The problem we have to resolve
• Finding reliable and practical ways to value the various outputs of higher education so that diversity of institutional mission can be achieved without reinforcing hierarchies between institutions. – Can we do this without creating an excessive
administrative burden or causing new distortions?