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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA

Food insecurity indicators based on the 2002/03 HHBS (IAF) – The

experience of Mozambique

Alger December 2007

Presented by: Domingos Diogo

AFRICAN COMMISSION ON AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS(AFCAS), TWENTIETH SESSION



• 1. Objectifs

• 2.Why?

• 3. The 2002/03 HHBS

• 4. Preparação dados

• 5. Processamento de dados

• 6. The main resultss

• 8. Main findings

• 9. Recomendations

SUMARY



– To present to the AFCAs participants the level, magnitude and characteristics of food insecurity based on statistics in Mozambique;

– To discuss and share the experience on using data from HHBS for generating food insecurity indicators and using them for analysis and policy purposes;

1. OBJECTIVES



2. Why?

• Need of systematized statistical information on food insecurity.

• Use of HHBSv data in the production of derivates statistics.

• To enhance the policies formulation process as well the interventions and actions in the area of food security.


INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA 3. The 2002/03 HHBS

• When?: July 2002 to June 2003, Conducted by INE

• Objective: To estimate the HH expenditures, Income and highlight the main socio-economic characteristics at national and sub-national level;

Sample: Stratified in 3 steps and Randomly

o Primary Sampling Units (UPA)o Enumeration Areas (AE)o HouseHolds (AF)

• Size: 8747 AF

Urban Areas: 4020

Rural Areas : 4727


INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA 3. The 2002/03 HHBS

• Questionnaires: 4 questionnaires used in the 2002/03 HHBS:

– 1. Community questionaire (in the rural areas)– 2. Questionnaire on general characteristics of the HH.– Questionnaire on expenditures and income (monthly and

annual)– 4. Questionnaire on diary HH expenses

Operational approach

• Data collection refered 7 days of a week was done on 3 visits.

• Food Consumsion: 350 diferent types of food detected, obtained trough purchases, donations, own production or out-side HH food consumtion



4. PREPARAÇÃO DOS DADOS

• Using 2002/03 HHBS data base and other aditional

information, the folowing files files were criated

- FOOD.SAV : Contained Data on food consumsion

– HH.SAV; HM.SAV : Contained Data on HH Characteristics

– COUNTRY_NCT.SAV

– INDEXES.SAV

– AGE_HEIGHTS.XLS



5. ABOUT THE DATA

• Main problems:• Data on expenditure were used as proxy of consumsion;

• Data on income limited and not very reliable;

• Dificulty to quantify the amount of food consumed away;

• Data collected on the different unities of mesure

• Limited specification of the list of food products.

• The national table of energetic composition of food very limited and not complete.

Data on food consumsion processed using the FAO Food Security Statistics Module Software - FSSM


INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICASome concepts and definitions

• CRITICAL FOOD POVERTY• The prevalence of critical food

poverty (pCFP) refers to the proportion of persons living on less than the cost of the macro-nutrient balanced MDER (for MDER see below and for balanced diet see above) with food prices from households in the lowest income quintile. It can be estimated at national and sub-national levels.



• DEPTH OF FOOD DEPRIVATION• It refers to the difference between

the average dietary energy consumption of an undernourished population and its average minimum energy requirement (MDER).



• DIETARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION

Food consumption expressed in energy terms. At national level, it can be calculated from the FBS (see below); this estimate refers to both private and public food consumption.



• The minimum dietary energy requirement (MDER) refers to the amount of energy considered adequate to meet the energy needs for normative minimum acceptable weight for attained height while performing light physical activity in good health.



The Magnitude of food shortage/deficit depends:

• On the quantity of energy in the comsumed food;

• On the inequalities in the access to food due the HH income;

• On the Minimum Dietery Energy Requirement (MDER)

• On the intensity of food Deprivetion


INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA Results

Statistics on food consumtion and food insecurity at national, provincial and by sub-populations groups were produced, according to:

Level of Income Geografic Location HouseHold Size Characteristics of the HH Head



7. RESULTY

Proportion of food deprivation in total population

29

97

68

35

92

52

2314 11

37

57

2835

21

3339

27

56

42

29 27

48

31 31 30 30 33

47

26 26 30

55 55

42

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Nat

ionw

ide

Qui

ntile

1

Qui

ntile

2Q

uint

ile 3

Qui

ntile

4

Qui

ntile

5 U

rban

Rur

al

1 to

2 m

embe

rs

3 to

4 m

embe

rs

5 to

6 m

embe

rs

7 o

r mor

e m

embe

rs

Mal

e

Fem

ale

15

to 3

0 ye

ars

old

31

to 5

9 ye

ars

old

60

or m

ore

year

s ol

d

Agr

icul

ture

In

dust

ry

Ser

vice

s P

ublic

Ser

vice

s

Nev

er g

one

to s

choo

l

Up

to h

igh

scho

ol

Oth

ers

Nia

ssa

Cab

o D

elga

do

Nam

pula

Zam

bezi

a

Tet

e M

anic

a

Sof

ala

Inha

mba

ne

Gaz

a

Map

uto

prov

inci

a

Cid

ade

de M

aput

o

Perc

ent



7. RESULTADOS

Deph and Intensity of Hunger in Urban and Rural Area of Mozambique

1617 1661 15961356 1358 1340

1150 1110 1220

19901690

2130

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Nationw ide Urban Rural

Kca

l/per

son/

day

MDER ADEC food deprived ADEC of 1st income quintil ADEC



7. RESULTADOS

FAO Indicators on hunger

29

52

23

14 11

37

57

2835

21

3339

27

56

42

29 27

48

31 31 30 30 33

47

26 2630

55 55

42

8 5 5 5 4 7 10 7 83

10 8 8 72 1 4 4 7

0

25

12

2

40

18

5

2633

2517

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Nat

ionw

ide

Urb

an

Rur

al

1 to

2

mem

bers

3

to 4

mem

bers

5

to 6

mem

bers

7

or m

ore

mem

bers

M

ale

Fem

ale

15

to 3

0

year

s ol

d 3

1 to

59

year

s ol

d 6

0 or

mor

e

year

s ol

d A

gric

ultu

re

Indu

stry

Ser

vice

s P

ublic

Serv

ices

N

ever

gone

to U

p to

hig

h

scho

ol

Oth

ers

Nia

ssa

Cab

o

Del

gado

N

ampu

la

Zam

bezi

a

Tet

e

Man

ica

Sof

ala

Inha

mba

ne

Gaz

a M

aput

o

prov

inci

a C

idad

e de

Map

uto

Prev alence of food depriv ation (%) Prev alence of Critical Food Pov erty (%)



7. RESULTADOS

Dietary energy consumption

11501500

1780

21602480

1690

2130

3490

2540

17801570

20301810

216019601870

2030

16701840

20902350

192018702000201019702200

1790

219020002000

1660172019301990

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Nat

ionw

ide

Qui

ntile

1

Qui

ntile

2Q

uint

ile 3

Qui

ntile

4Q

uint

ile 5

Urb

an

Rur

al

1 to

2 m

embe

rs

3 to

4 m

embe

rs

5 to

6 m

embe

rs

7 o

r mor

e m

embe

rs

Mal

e F

emal

e 1

5 to

30

year

s ol

d

31

to 5

9 ye

ars

old

60

or m

ore

year

s ol

d A

gric

ultu

re

Indu

stry

S

ervi

ces

Pub

lic S

ervi

ces

Nev

er g

one

to s

choo

l U

p to

hig

h sc

hool

O

ther

s

Nia

ssa

Cab

o D

elga

do

Nam

pula

Z

ambe

zia

Tet

e M

anic

a S

ofal

a In

ham

bane

G

aza

Map

uto

prov

inci

a C

idad

e de

Map

uto

(kca

l/per

son/

day)



7. RESULTADOS

Monetary value of food consumption

5,3

2,93,6

4,65,2

7,5

6,3

4,9

7,8

6,2

4,9 4,75,4

5,05,6 5,4 5,0 4,8

5,6

6,7

7,6

6,0

7,7

4,9

7,0

5,6

4,24,8

5,96,6 6,4

3,2

5,1

6,6

7,6

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Nat

ionw

ide

Qui

ntile

1Q

uint

ile 2

Qui

ntile

3Q

uint

ile 4

Qui

ntile

5 U

rban

R

ural

1

to 2

mem

bers

3 to

4 m

embe

rs

5 to

6 m

embe

rs

7 o

r mor

e m

embe

rs

Mal

e F

emal

e 1

5 to

30

year

s ol

d 3

1 to

59

year

s ol

d 6

0 or

mor

e ye

ars

old

Agr

icul

ture

In

dust

ry

Ser

vice

s P

ublic

Ser

vice

s N

ever

gon

e to

sch

ool

Up

to h

igh

scho

ol

Oth

ers

Nia

ssa

Cab

o D

elga

do

Nam

pula

Z

ambe

zia

Tet

e M

anic

a S

ofal

a In

ham

bane

G

aza

Map

uto

prov

inci

a C

idad

e de

Map

uto

(Mts

$/pe

rson

/day

)



7. RESULTADOS

Dietary energy unit monetary value of food

2,7 2,62,4

2,6 2,4

3,0

3,7

2,3 2,22,4

2,83,0

2,7 2,82,6

2,7 2,72,4

3,33,6 3,6

2,5

4,0

2,6

3,5

2,8

2,1 2,2

3,33,0

3,2

1,6

3,1

3,8 3,9

0112233445

Nat

ionw

ide

Qui

ntile

1Q

uint

ile 2

Qui

ntile

3

Qui

ntile

4Q

uint

ile 5

Urb

an

Rur

al

1 to

2 m

embe

rs

3 to

4 m

embe

rs

5 to

6 m

embe

rs

7 o

r mor

e m

embe

rs

Mal

e

Fem

ale

15

to 3

0 ye

ars

old

31

to 5

9 ye

ars

old

60

or m

ore

year

s ol

d A

gric

ultu

re

Indu

stry

Ser

vice

s P

ublic

Ser

vice

s N

ever

gon

e to

sch

ool

Up

to h

igh

scho

ol

Oth

ers

Nia

ssa

Cab

o D

elga

do

Nam

pula

Z

ambe

zia

Tet

e M

anic

a S

ofal

a

Inha

mba

ne

Gaz

a M

aput

o pr

ovin

cia

Cid

ade

de M

aput

o

(Mts

/100

0kca

ls)



7. RESULTADOS

Share of food monetary value to total consumption (%) by Income decile

y = -23,67Ln(x ) + 112,5

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 5 10 15 20 25

Income decile (MTs$/person/day)

Perc

ent Decile

Log. (Decile)



4. RESULTADOS

Share of Food Dietary Energy Consumption

31,7

67,3

0,5

0,6 Share of food dietary energyconsumption from purchased to totalfood consumption (%)Share of food dietary energyconsumption from own production tototal food consumption (%)Share of food dietary energyconsumption from eaten away fromhome to total food consumption (%)Share of food dietary energyconsumption from other sources tototal food consumption (%)

7. RESULTADOS



7. RESULTADOS

Share of dietary energy from own production to total food consumption

67,360,6

64,8 65,373,3

66,0

26,4

82,775,0 73,3

67,158,6

68,462,4

68,8 65,672,3

78,7

38,332,7 32,8

66,7

32,9

70,9

86,6

76,3 76,584,3 82,3

70,8

61,3 59,551,9

11,5

0,40

1020

3040506070

8090

100

Nat

ionw

ide

Qui

ntile

1Q

uint

ile 2

Qui

ntile

3Q

uint

ile 4

Qui

ntile

5 U

rban

R

ural

1 to

2 m

embe

rs

3 to

4 m

embe

rs

5 to

6 m

embe

rs

7 o

r mor

e m

embe

rs

Mal

e F

emal

e

15

to 3

0 ye

ars

old

31

to 5

9 ye

ars

old

60

or m

ore

year

s ol

d A

gric

ultu

re

Indu

stry

Ser

vice

s P

ublic

Ser

vice

s

Nev

er g

one

to s

choo

l U

p to

hig

h sc

hool

Oth

ers

Nia

ssa

Cab

o D

elga

do

Nam

pula

Zam

bezi

a T

ete

Man

ica

Sof

ala

Inha

mba

ne

Gaz

a M

aput

o pr

ovin

cia

Cid

ade

de M

aput

o

Perc

ent



7. RESULTADOS

Share of total calories of nutrients in total calories

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Proteins Fats Carbohydrates

Perc

ent

WHO/FAO (minimum) IAF 2002/03 WHO/FAO (maximum)



7. RESULTADOS

Share of each group of food in total energy consumption (%)

4917

25

012

62

00

12

02

02

000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

CEREALS AND PRODUCTSROOTS AND TUBERS AND PRODUCTS

SUGARS AND SYRUPS AND PRODUCTSPULSES

TREE NUTSOIL CROPS

VEGETABLES AND PRODUCTSFRUITS AND PRODUCTS

STIMULANTSSPICES

ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGESMEATEGGS

FISH AND FISH PRODUCTSMILK AND CHEESE

OILS AND FATS (vegetable oils)OILS AND FATS (animal fats)

NON ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGESMISCELLANEOUS AND PREPARED FOOD

%



7. RESULTADOS

GINI of Income - FULL (%)

3137

24

3728 29 31 31 29

2534

2822

39 38 3528

46

26

14

42

30 2833

2834

40 38 38

51

0102030405060

Perc

ent

GINI of Income - FULL (%)


INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA5. Main Findings

• Food Deprivation: 29% of the Total of Population

– In the Urban Areas: 52%

– In the Rural Areas: 23%

• Critical food Deprivation: 8%

• MDER: 1617 kcal/person/day

– In the Urban Áreas : 1661 kcal/person/day

– In the Rural Areas: 1596 kcal/Person/day

• ADEC: 1900 kcal/Person /dia

• DEUV: 2,7 Mts/1000 Kcal• Intensity of food Deprivition: 261 kcal/person/day


INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICAConclusions:

• - 1.Total expenditures were used as proxy of income as no reliable data for this variable were available.

• 2. As the objective of the survey was for different purposes the data for food consumption were not reliable and very limited, leading to use the purchasing information as proxy of the consumption which could affect overall results.


INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICAConclusions:

• 3- Weakness on the food quantities reported, particularly those from own production, were found to be out of range which probably referred to production instead of consumption.

• 4- In spite of having a detailed and very precise list of food items, the IAF 2002/03 contains a few broad groups of food items for which it was difficult to find corresponding nutrient values, since Mozambique does not possesses the composition for all food items.


INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICARecommendations:

• National Institute of Statistics should continue articulate and coordinate with others organisations involved in food security and agricultural data collection and key users of food security statistics, in all steps of survey implementation.

• The country should complete and update the food composition table as well the height and weight table for population above five years.

• More reliable estimates could be obtained with the review of the IAF questionnaires as to collect the household food outlay in terms of food stocks (from own consumption and purchases) food consumption and expenditure and food given away.


INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICARecommendations:

• The African countries should develop agricultural and food security statistic based on the national surveys in other to better monitor the MDG and FAO in partnership with other agencies should continue to support the countries in this excise.



Conclusion

• Further analysis on food supply and food requirement/consumption at national and sub-national level can highlight the deficit/surplus and policy interventions in order to improve food security status and living conditions of people in the country.



Muito Obrigado!Thank You!

Merci!Asante Sana!

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