instructors for biochemistry
DESCRIPTION
Instructors for Biochemistry . Biochemistry II Metabolism : The totality of the transformation of biomolecules (matter) and energy. Definition of Metabolism. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Instructors for Biochemistry
Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com
Biochemistry II
Metabolism: The totality of the transformation of
biomolecules (matter) and energy
Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com
Definition of Metabolism• The entire highly integrated and
regulated network of chemical transformations (as stepwise metabolic pathways catalyzed by many enzymes) occurring in a living organism (through which cells extract energy and reducing power from its environment, as well as synthesize the building blocks of its macromolecules and then the macromolecules themselves).
Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com
carbohydratecarbohydrate
Amino acidsAmino acids
Coenzymes (vitamines)Coenzymes (vitamines)
Amino acidsAmino acids
hormoneshormones
nucleotidesnucleotides
lipidslipids
22nd edition designed by Dr. Donald E. Nicholson22nd edition designed by Dr. Donald E. NicholsonDownloaded from
www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com
For maps of metabolic pathways see:
http://www.iubmb-nicholson.org/
Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com
metabolism is categorized into two types
• Catabolism (biodegradation): larger molecules (nutrients and cell constituents) are broken down (often via exergonic reactions) to salvage (reuse) their components or/and to generate energy.
• Anabolism (biosynthesis): The generation of biomolecules from simpler components (often via endergonic reactions).
The Ying & Yang of MetabolismDownloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com
(Fuels)
Exergonic Oxidation
Complex Metabolites
Endergonic Reduction
The Ying & Yang of Metabolism
SimplerMetabolites
BiodegradationBiodegradation
BiosynthesisBiosynthesis
Output of energyOutput of energy
Input of energyInput of energy
Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com
Major Roles of Metabolism
• Extract energy and reducing power from the environment (photosynthesis and oxidative degradation of nutrients).
• Generation (interconversion) of all the biomolecules for a living organism.
Thus comes the term “Dynamic Biochemistry”
Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com
(Fuels)
Extract energy and reducing power
ATP: Energy currency
Generate all biomolecules
The role of Metabolism
Also for mobility,transport of nutrients
and so on.
Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com
Classification of organisms based on trophic (“feed”)
strategies• Autotrophs—synthesize all cellular
components from simple inorganic molecules (e.g, H2O, CO2, NH3, H2S).
• Heterotrophs—Derive energy from oxidation of organic compounds (made by autotrophs).
Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com
Metabolism in various living organisms allow carbon, oxygen and nitrogen to be cycled in the
biosphere.
The cycling of matter is driven by the flow of energy in one
direction through the biosphere!
Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com
Metabolism allows the cycling of C/O and the flow of energy in the biosphere
H2O
glucose
Producers Consumers
Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com
Metabolism also allows the cycling
of N in the biosphere
(NH4+)
NO3-
NO2-
Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com
General Features of Metabolism
• Occurs in specific cellular (tissue and organ) locations as a series of enzyme-catalyzed linear, branched or circular reactions, or pathways.
• Highly coupled and interconnected (“Every road leads to Rome”).
• Highly regulated (often reciprocally) to achieve the best economy (“Balanced supply and demand”).
• The number of reactions is large (over 1000), however, the number of types of reactions is relatively small (what happens in animal respiration happens in plant photosynthesis).
• Well conserved during evolution: reflecting the unity of the life phenomena (“what happens in bacteria happens in human being”).
Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com
(乙酰辅酶 A)
Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com
General approaches for studying metabolism
• Purification and Chemical characterization of metabolites;
• Tracing the fates of certain biomolecules in living subjects (via such chemical labels as isotopes).
• Isolation of genetic mutants having genetic defects.
• Identification and characterization of enzymes.
Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com
Issues for current and future investigation on
metabolism• Continue to unveil new pathways and new regulation
strategies of metabolism.• Studies on enzymes.• Observation of metabolic processes in intact living organisms
(e.g., in the brains under various states)• Metabolism differences among various organisms or various
states of the same organism (for diagnosing and treating such diseases as cancer, infections of bacteria or viruses, obesity, etc; to understand aging).
• Appropriate and inappropriate nutrition.• Biotechnological application of knowledge learned from
metabolic studies in medicine, agriculture and industry.•
Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com
Nobel Prizes in revealing the Metabolism of living
matter (1)• 1907, Eduard Buchner: cell-free fermentation.• 1922, Archibald B. Hill: production of heat in the muscle?; Otto
Meyerhof: fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle.
• 1923, Frederick Grant Banting, John James Richard Macleod: discovery of insulin.
• 1929, Arthur Harden, Hand von Euler-Chelpin: fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes.
• 1929, Christiaan Eijkman: antineuritic vitamin; Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins: growth-stimulating vitamins.
• 1931, Otto Heinrich Warburg: nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com
Nobel Prizes in revealing the Metabolism of living
matter (2)• 1934, George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot, William Parry Murphy: liver therapy in cases of anaemia.
• 1937, Albert Szent-Gyorgyi: biological combustion, vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid.
• 1943, Henrik Carl Peter Dam: discovery of vitamin K; Edward Adelbert Doisy: chemical nature of vitamin K.
• 1947, Carl Cori and Gerty Cori: catalytic conversion of glycogen; Bernardo Houssay: hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar.
• 1950, Edward Calvin Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein,Philip Showalter Hench: hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects.
• 1953, Hans Krebs: citric acid cycle; Fritz Lipmann: role of co-enzyme A in metabolism.
• 1955, Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell: nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes“.Downloaded from
www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com
Nobel Prizes in revealing the Metabolism of living
matter (3)• 1961, Melvin Calvin: carbon dioxide assimilation in plants.• 1964, Konrad Bloch, Feodor Lynen: cholesterol and fatty
acid metabolism.• 1971, Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.: mechanisms of the action of
hormones. • 1978, Peter Mitchell: chemiosmotic theory of biological
energy transfer.• 1982, Sune K. Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson, John R.
Vane: prostaglandins and related biologically active substances.
• 1985. Michael S. Brown, Joseph L. Goldstein: regulation of cholesterol metabolism.
Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com
Nobel Prizes in revealing the Metabolism of living
matter (4)• 1988, Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion, George H.
Hitchings: principles for drug treatment.• 1988, Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, Hartmut
Michel: photosynthetic reaction centre.• 1992, Edmond H. FischerEdwin G. Krebs: reversible
protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism.
• 1994, Alfred G. GilmanMartin Rodbell: G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells.
• 1997, Paul D. Boyer, John E .Walker: synthesis of ATP.• 1998, Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro, Ferid
Murad: nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system.
Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com
Nobel Prizes in revealing the Metabolism of living
matter (5)• 1999, Gunter Blobel: protein localization.• 2000, Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard, Eric R.
Kandel: signal transduction in the nervous system.• 2001, Leland H. Hartwell, Tim Hunt, Sir Paul Nurse:
regulators of the cell cycle.• 2002, Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz, John E.
Sulston: regulation of organ development and programmed cell death.
• 2004, Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko, Irwin Rose: ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation.
Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com
Major aspects that will be covered in Biochemistry II
• General principles for bioenergetics.• Oxidative degradation of fuels (glycolysis, - oxidation, -
ketoacid oxidation, citric acid cycle), generating NADH, FADH2, ATP, and CO2.
• Oxidation of NADH and FADH2 by O2 and generation of ATP and H2O (respiratory chains, ATP synthase).
• Biosynthesis of carbohydrates (including photosynthsis), fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides.
• Metabolites, chemical reactions, enzymes, regulations, with wide applications in medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology.
Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com
How to study metabolism• Compare and relate (interconnect) the chemical reactions (Where
are you in the metabolism network?)• Try to contemplate on the ways the living organisms used to
achieve a balanced and dynamic steady state (How could the multilayered regulation cooperate so effectively?).
• Understand the classical experiments and thoughts that led to the revelation of the knowledge described (Does He/she deserve the Nobel Prize?).
• Be aware of the nature of the data (Could this observations from in vitro studies be extended to what happens in vivo?).
• Understand the aspects that need further studies (Do I still have a chance to win a Nobel Prize?).
Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com
Enjoy Biochemistry II: a course that will allow you to learn
what life is really all about.
Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com
Scoring policies for this course
• Tests (attendance): 10%;• Critical reading of a research paper (one
paper for each two students): 15%;• Final Exam: 75%.
Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com
Date Chapter LecturerSept. 12 Over view of metabolism and Chapter 13: Principles of Bioenergetics Dr. Zengyi Chang
Sept. 19 Chapter 14 Glycolysis & and Pentose phosphate pathway Dr. Zengyi Chang
Sept. 26 Chapter 16 The Citric Acid Cycle Dr. Zengyi Chang
Oct. 10 Chapter 17 Fatty Acid Catabolism Dr. Yongmei Qin
Oct. 17 Chapter 18 Amino Acid Oxidation & Production of Urea Dr. Yongmei Qin
Oct. 24 Chapter 18 Amino Acid Oxidation & Production of Urea Dr. Yongmei Qin
Oct. 31 Chapter 19 Oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation Dr. Zengyi Chang
Nov. 7 Chapter 19 Oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation Dr. Zengyi Chang
Nov. 14 Chapter 14 GLuconeogenesis Chapter 15 Principles of Metabolic regulation: Glucose and GLycogen
Dr. Yongmei Qin
Nov. 21 Chapter 20 Carbohydrate Biosynthesis in plants Dr. Yongmei Qin
Nov. 28 Chapter 21 Lipid biosynthesis Dr. Yongmei Qin
Dec. 5 Chapter 21 Lipid biosynthesis Dr. Yongmei Qin
Dec. 12 Chapter 22 Biosynthesis of amino acids, nucleotides and related molecules
Dr. Zengyi Chang
Dec. 19 Chapter 22 Biosynthesis of amino acids, nucleotides and related molecules
Dr. Zengyi Chang
Dec 26 Chapter 23 Integration and hormonal regulation of mammalian metabolism
Dr. Zengyi ChangDownloaded from
www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com