instrumentation in bioengineering dr. sc. agr. m. samer | instrumentation in bioengineering | 18...

$: Instrumentation in Bioengineering Dr. sc. agr. M. Samer | Instrumentation in Bioengineering | 18 Cairo University X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) is a rapid analytical technique primarily$
Dr. sc. agr. M. Samer | Instrumentation in Bioengineering | 1Cairo University

Instrumentation in Bioengineering

In the framework of the undergraduate course “Instrumentation and Control Systems”

Mohamed Samer, Dr. sc. agr. Associate ProfessorBioresource EngineeringDepartment of Agricultural Engineering Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo UniversityE-Mails: [email protected]; [email protected]: http://scholar.cu.edu.eg/samer/biocv

mailto:[email protected]

http://scholar.cu.edu.eg/samer/biocv

http://scholar.cu.edu.eg/samer/biocv


Introduction


Instrumentation in Bioengineering are used for analyzing

waste air and wastewater, biofuels, chemicals, polymers

and bioproducts.

The bioproducts are, for example: food, feed,

pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, biochemicals, biopolymers

and biological materials (i.e. biomaterials).


Gas Chromatography (GC)

Covered in a Previous Lecture


High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

Covered in a Previous Lecture


Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)


Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) is a techniqueused to obtain an infrared spectrum of absorption, emission,photoconductivity or Raman scattering of a solid, liquid or gas.

An FTIR spectrometer simultaneously collects high-spectral-resolution data over a wide spectral range.

This confers a significant advantage over a dispersivespectrometer, which measures intensity over a narrow range ofwavelengths at a time.

The term FTIR originates from the fact that a Fourier Transform(a mathematical process) is required to convert the raw datainto the actual spectrum.


The Fourier Transform (FT) decomposes a function of time (asignal) into the frequencies that make it up.


The spectrum indicating the signature molecular of a samplecan be retrieved when infrared ray is radiated through a sample.

This is due part of the ray will be absorbed by the sample andsome is transmitted through the sample.

The usefulness of infrared spectroscopy arises because differentchemical structures (molecules) produce different spectralfingerprints.


FTIR Interferometer


Working Principle of FTIR


Source: PerkinElmer


X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD)


X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) is a rapid analytical technique primarilyused for phase identification of a crystalline material and canprovide information on unit cell dimensions.

The analyzed material is finely ground, homogenized, andaverage bulk composition is determined.

X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) ascertains the molecular structure of acrystalline material by diffracting x-rays through the sample.

An XRD analyzer obtains interference patterns reflecting latticestructures by varying the angle of incidence of the X-Ray beam.


Thus, the precision, speed of rotation, and beam size of the x-rays become important parameters by which to judge products.

Benchtop XRD can be targeted for:

1. single crystal diffraction for imaging lattices;

2. powder diffraction for phase determination;

3. identifying unfamiliar substances for use in inspection,crystallography, and pharmaceutical research correlatingcrystal structures with drug efficacy.


X-ray diffractometers consist of three basic elements: an X-raytube, a sample holder, and an X-ray detector.

X-rays are generated in a cathode ray tube by heating a filamentto produce electrons, accelerating the electrons toward a targetby applying a voltage, and bombarding the target material withelectrons.

When electrons have sufficient energy to dislodge inner shellelectrons of the target material, characteristic X-ray spectra areproduced.


Workflow for solving the structure ofa molecule by X-ray crystallography


X-Ray Diffractometer(XRD)


X-Ray Diffractometer in Motion


Elemental Analyzer


Elemental Analysis is a process where a material sample (e.g.soil, water, wastewater, bodily fluids, minerals, chemicalcompounds) is analyzed for its elemental & isotopiccomposition.

Elemental analysis can be qualitative (determining whatelements are present), and it can be quantitative (determininghow much of each are present).

Elemental Analysis (EA) almost always refers to CHNX analysis—the determination of the mass fractions of carbon, hydrogen,nitrogen, and heteroatoms (X) (N, O, S, P, Cl, Br, I) of a sample.


Principle of Elemental AnalyzerSource: Thermo Scientific


Principle of Elemental Analyzer

TCD: Thermal Conductivity Detector

• Combustion:

CHNX + O2 ---> N2 + NOx + O2 + CO + CO2 + CH4 + X- + SOx + H2O


Analyzer Software


This information is very important to help determine thestructure of an unknown compound, as well as to help ascertainthe structure and purity of a synthesized compound.

Elemental Analyzer


Elemental Analyzer


Catalogs


Videos


Cairo University

Thank You!

instrumentation in bioengineering dr. sc. agr. m. samer | instrumentation in bioengineering | 18...

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