instruments daily questions.ppt

8/20/2019 Instruments Daily Questions.ppt

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1. What is the meaning of the term “cross-check”?IFH: The continuous and logical obserationIFH: The continuous and logical obseration

of instruments for attitude and !erformanceof instruments for attitude and !erformance

information.information.1-"#$: %bsering and inter!reting t&o or1-"#$: %bsering and inter!reting t&o ormore instruments to determine attitude andmore instruments to determine attitude and!erformance of an aircraft.!erformance of an aircraft.

Per Flight Training Guide, paragraphPer F

light Training Guide, paragraph1-5b:1-5b:

“ “'tudents &ill stand and ans&er'tudents &ill stand and ans&er

the dail( )uestions &ithout referencethe dail( )uestions &ithout reference

to &ritten material.”to &ritten material.”


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". In deelo!ing an instrument cross-

check* &hat are the most im!ortantinstruments to &atch?Those that gie the most !ertinent informationThose that gie the most !ertinent information

for an( !articular !hase of the maneuer.for an( !articular !hase of the maneuer.These are usuall( the instruments that shouldThese are usuall( the instruments that should

be held at abe held at a constant indication.constant indication.

Straight & Level Strai

ght & Level + ,ltimeter and Heading+ ,ltimeter and Heading

Indicator airs!eed should remain constantIndicator airs!eed should remain constant

&ith cruise !o&er set&ith cruise !o&er set

TurnsTurns + ,ltimeter and /ank Indicator+ ,ltimeter and /ank Indicator

li!bs"#escentsli!bs"#escents + ,irs!eed and Heading+ ,irs!eed and HeadingIndicatorIndicator


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0a. What are the !itch attitude controlinstruments?,ttitude indicator,ttitude indicator** altimeter* 'I* and airs!eedaltimeter* 'I* and airs!eedindicator.indicator.

0b. What are the bank attitude controlinstruments?,ttitude indicator* H'I 2 heading indicator* and,ttitude indicator* H'I 2 heading indicator* and

turn 3 sli! indicator.turn 3 sli! indicator.


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#. When should !o&er be ad4usted forleel-o5 during climbs and descents?

6ead leel-o5 b( 1$7 of the climb2descent6ead leel-o5 b( 1$7 of the climb2descentrate.rate.


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8. 9uring turns* the initial bank is started&ith reference to &hat instrument?

,ttitude indicator.,ttitude indicator.


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a. What feature of the attitude indicatorshould be used to determine angle ofbank?For angle of bank use the bank inde; !ointer.For angle of bank use the bank inde; !ointer.

%T': ST() $TT *%# is di+erent than the Pilot $TT%T': ST() $TT *%# is di+erent than the Pilot $TT*%#.*%#.

For direction use the miniature aircraft.For direction use the miniature aircraft.

* See next slide for visual aid * See next slide for visual aid

b. 9irection of bank?


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9egrees of /ank

/ank Inde;


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>. What is the method for determining thebank angle re)uired to obtain a standardrate turn? What bank angle is re)uired ata T,' of $ kts? @$ kts? 1$$ kts? 1$kts?

Ase 187 of T,'.Ase 187 of T,'.$ knots + 1" deg.$ knots + 1" deg.

@$ knots + 10.8 deg.@$ knots + 10.8 deg.

1$$ knots + 18 deg.1$$ knots + 18 deg.

1$ knots + "> deg.1$ knots + "> deg.


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a. Turns to a s!eciBed heading arenormall( made in &hat direction?

'hortest direction.'hortest direction.

b. When should rollout be started?

/efore reaching the desired heading. 6ead b(/efore reaching the desired heading. 6ead b(C the angle of bank.C the angle of bank.


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@. When making turns to a !redeterminedheading the bank angle should neere;ceed &hat? The bank angle should neer e;ceed theThe bank angle should neer e;ceed the

number of degrees to be turned.number of degrees to be turned.%T':%T': This rule-o-thu!b is pri!arilThis rule-o-thu!b is pri!arilocused on turns o /ocused on turns o /°° or less. For turnsor less. For turns

greater than /0 a standard rate turn shouldgreater than /0 a standard rate turn should

be used.be used.


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1$. When making minor corrections toaltitude* &hat rate of change should beused on the ertical s!eed indicator?

T&ice the siDe of the altitude deiation.T&ice the siDe of the altitude deiation.

i.e. If (ou are 8$E high* use 1$$ f!m descent.i.e. If (ou are 8$E high* use 1$$ f!m descent.


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11a. When should deiations in rate of climbor descent be corrected &ith !itch attitude?

1$$ f!m or less use !itch attitude* !roided1$$ f!m or less use !itch attitude* !roidedairs!eed does not change b( more than 8 kts.airs!eed does not change b( more than 8 kts.

11b. With !o&er?

1$$ f!m use !o&er.1$$ f!m use !o&er.


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1". If a !itch attitude change is indicatedb( one of the !itch attitude controlinstruments* &hat instrument should beused &hile making the initial ad4ustment?


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10. For unusual attitude recoer(* &hatse)uence of ight control ad4ustments arere)uired?

a.a.Jstablish a leel bank and !itch attitude.Jstablish a leel bank and !itch attitude.

b.b. Jstablish and maintain a heading.Jstablish and maintain a heading.c.c. ,d4ust to cruise or climb !o&er setting.,d4ust to cruise or climb !o&er setting.

d.d.Trim the aircraft.Trim the aircraft.


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1#a. 9oes uncoordinated ight hae an

e5ect on the accurac( of the attitudeindicator? Kes. Kes.

1#b. Will the attitude indicator self-correct for !recession error?

Kes. ,ttitude indicators ma( hae small errors in Kes. ,ttitude indicators ma( hae small errors ino!eration due to !recession. These ma( be causedo!eration due to !recession. These ma( be causedb( uncoordinated use of the aircraft controls inb( uncoordinated use of the aircraft controls inight or b( !oor mechanical condition of theight or b( !oor mechanical condition of theinstrument. The errors ma( also be caused b(instrument. The errors ma( also be caused b(accelerating or decelerating the aircraft in ight. Ifaccelerating or decelerating the aircraft in ight. Ifthe instrument is in good o!erating condition* thethe instrument is in good o!erating condition* theerecting mechanism &ill com!lete its correction oferecting mechanism &ill com!lete its correction ofthe error in a reasonable time after the error-the error in a reasonable time after the error-

inducing condition is no longer !resent.inducing condition is no longer !resent.


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18. What are t&o !ossible &a(s of

returning static !ressure to the ightinstruments should the !rimar( statics(stem fail during ight?'&itch to the alternate static air source if installed'&itch to the alternate static air source if installednormall( ented to a !oint inside the airframe notnormall( ented to a !oint inside the airframe notsusce!tible to icing. If an alternate static airsusce!tible to icing. If an alternate static air

sources is not aailable* break the glass on an( onesources is not aailable* break the glass on an( oneof the di5erential !ressure instruments. 'ince it isof the di5erential !ressure instruments. 'ince it isdiLcult to break the glass &ithout damaging thediLcult to break the glass &ithout damaging theinstrument* it is adisable to break the glass in theinstrument* it is adisable to break the glass in the'I since it is the least im!ortant of the !ressure'I since it is the least im!ortant of the !ressure

di5erential instruments.di5erential instruments.

'I &ill o!erate in reerse if still o!erational.'I &ill o!erate in reerse if still o!erational.,ltimeter and airs!eed indicator &ill lag because,ltimeter and airs!eed indicator &ill lag becausethe static !ressure must no& force its &a( throughthe static !ressure must no& force its &a( through

the calibrated leak in the 'I.the calibrated leak in the 'I.


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1. 9eBne the follo&ing and e;!lain its

releance to (ou as an ,rm( aiator:

The altitude read on the dial &ith a currentThe altitude read on the dial &ith a currentaltimeter setting set in the Mollsman &indo&.altimeter setting set in the Mollsman &indo&.

This is &hat &eThis is &hat &e

normall( use &hen &e (.normall( use &hen &e (.b.


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1c. 9ensit( altitude

The altitude for &hich a gien air densit(The altitude for &hich a gien air densit(e;ists in the standard atmos!here. If thee;ists in the standard atmos!here. If the

barometric !ressure is lo&er or thebarometric !ressure is lo&er or thetem!erature is higher than standard* thentem!erature is higher than standard* then

densit( altitude of the Beld is higher than itsdensit( altitude of the Beld is higher than itsactual eleation.actual eleation. This is i!portant or aircratThis is i!portant or aircrat peror!ance peror!ance1d. Ho& does ambient tem!erature e5ectindicated altitude and ho& is it corrected? J;!lain using FIHIn e;treme cold tem!eratures !ilots ma( needIn e;treme cold tem!eratures !ilots ma( needto select higher altitudes. It cannot beto select higher altitudes. It cannot becorrected b( setting the current altimetercorrected b( setting the current altimeter

setting. It must be allo&ed for b( adding asetting. It must be allo&ed for b( adding asafet( bu5er to a!!roach altitudes !er FIH*safet( bu5er to a!!roach altitudes !er FIH*

'ection 9.'ection 9.


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1>. What is the most common form ofs!atial disorientation and &hat causes it?

The “leans”. The leans occur &hen the !ilotThe “leans”. The leans occur &hen the !ilot

fails to !erceie some angular motion.fails to !erceie some angular motion.J;am!le: ,n undetected slo& roll that isJ;am!le: ,n undetected slo& roll that is

suddenl( corrected &ill feel like a turn hassuddenl( corrected &ill feel like a turn hasbeen entered in the o!!osite direction.been entered in the o!!osite direction.


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1. What is the most dangerous of allestibular illusions and &hat causes it?

Noriolis illusion. The feeling that the aircraftNoriolis illusion. The feeling that the aircraftis rolling* !itching and (a&ing at the sameis rolling* !itching and (a&ing at the sametime.time.=oement of uid in the semi-circular canals=oement of uid in the semi-circular canalsas a result of head moements during turns.as a result of head moements during turns.

Nauses oer&helming disorientation.Nauses oer&helming disorientation.


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1@. Ho& can icker ertigo be created in ahelico!ter?

Flicker ertigo ma( be created b( helico!terFlicker ertigo ma( be created b( helico!ter

rotor blades interru!ting direct sunlight at arotor blades interru!ting direct sunlight at arate of # to "$ c(cles !er second.rate of # to "$ c(cles !er second.


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"$. What is the correctie action fors!atial disorientation?

,. Gefer to the instruments and deelo! a good,. Gefer to the instruments and deelo! a goodcross-check.cross-check.

/. Oeer tr( to ( =N and I=N at the same time./. Oeer tr( to ( =N and I=N at the same time.i.e. %n Bnal a!!roach the


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"1a. 9eBne t&o t(!es of com!ass error

that result from the tendenc( of themagnetic com!ass to !oint do&n as &ell asnorth.2agnetic dip2agnetic dip the tendenc( of the com!ass tothe tendenc( of the com!ass to!oint do&n as &ell as north in certain!oint do&n as &ell as north in certain

latitudes is res!onsible for the northerl( 2latitudes is res!onsible for the northerl( 2southerl( turning error* and forsoutherl( turning error* and for acceleration "acceleration "

decelerationdeceleration error.error."1b. What is the ma;imum magneticcom!ass error that &ould result from a

standard rate turn in the Ft. Gucker area?0$ degrees.0$ degrees.

The ma;imum turning error for a standardThe ma;imum turning error for a standardrate turn is e)ual to the latitude at the localit(rate turn is e)ual to the latitude at the localit(

of the turn.of the turn.


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""a. J;!lain the terms ariation and

deiation as the( a!!l( to the magneticcom!ass.3ariation3ariation is the angular di5erence bet&een trueis the angular di5erence bet&een true

and magnetic north. 'ho&n as isogonic lines onand magnetic north. 'ho&n as isogonic lines onaeronautical chartsaeronautical charts

#eviation#eviation is the uncom!ensated error in theis the uncom!ensated error in thecom!ass that results from nearb( electricalcom!ass that results from nearb( electricale)ui!ment and metallic ob4ects.e)ui!ment and metallic ob4ects.

""b. ,re g(ro stabiliDed com!ass s(stems

G=I 2 H'I sub4ect to theseinuences? Kes* ho&eer the u; ale is normall( !laced Kes* ho&eer the u; ale is normall( !lacedin a remote !art of the aircraft &here magneticin a remote !art of the aircraft &here magnetic

deiation is at a minimum. 9eiation cardsdeiation is at a minimum. 9eiation cardsare re)uired for both the magnetic and g(roare re)uired for both the magnetic and g(ro

com!asses.com!asses.


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"0a. What is the di5erence bet&een a

“slaed g(ro” and a “free g(ro”?In the slaed mode* a direction-sensing deiceIn the slaed mode* a direction-sensing deicecalled a u; ale detects the earthEs magneticcalled a u; ale detects the earthEs magneticBeld &ith res!ect to the aircraft and orients theBeld &ith res!ect to the aircraft and orients theg(ro com!ass accordingl(. In the free g(rog(ro com!ass accordingl(. In the free g(ro

mode* the u; ale is disconnected and themode* the u; ale is disconnected and theg(ro is used onl( as a heading referenceg(ro is used onl( as a heading referenceindicator and is sub4ect to drift.indicator and is sub4ect to drift."0b. Ho& and &hen should the free g(romode be selected?

'elector s&itch on instrument !anel.'elector s&itch on instrument !anel.

Ase free g(ro mode &here the earthEsAse free g(ro mode &here the earthEs

magnetic Beld is unusable e;trememagnetic Beld is unusable e;tremelatitudeslatitudes


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"#. What do the terms radial* bearing andcourse refer to?

4adial:4adial: , magnetic bearing or course, magnetic bearing or coursee;tending from a %G* %GT,N or T,N,Oe;tending from a %G* %GT,N or T,N,O

facilit(.facilit(.(earing:(earing: The horiDontal direction to or fromThe horiDontal direction to or from

an( !oint. IFG bearings are based onan( !oint. IFG bearings are based onmagnetic north.magnetic north.

ourse:ourse: The intended direction of ight in aThe intended direction of ight in ahoriDontal !lane measured in degrees fromhoriDontal !lane measured in degrees frommagnetic north.magnetic north.


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"8. J;!lain the di5erence bet&een“homing” and “tracking” to an O9/.Which !rocedure should be used on IFGights?9uring homing* the aircraft &ill ( a cured9uring homing* the aircraft &ill ( a cured

course to the station if there is a cross&ind. Itcourse to the station if there is a cross&ind. Itis caused b( (ing to the head of the needle.is caused b( (ing to the head of the needle.

Tracking uses the a!!lication of cross&indTracking uses the a!!lication of cross&indcorrection to maintain a straight directcorrection to maintain a straight direct

course to the station.course to the station.

IFG clearances s!ecif( “direct” coursesIFG clearances s!ecif( “direct” courses

bet&een naaids.bet&een naaids.

Qra!hic e;am!le on ne;t slideQra!hic e;am!le on ne;t slide


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VOR


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"a. 9eBne the term: =I,

2ini!u! *F4 $ltitudes.2ini!u! *F4 $ltitudes. 9eBned as =J, on9eBned as =J, on

air&a(s* or =%N, if &ithin "" O= of a %G* orair&a(s* or =%N, if &ithin "" O= of a %G* orminimum altitude !ublished on a!!roachminimum altitude !ublished on a!!roach!rocedures* or 1$$$ ft aboe highest obstacle!rocedures* or 1$$$ ft aboe highest obstacle&ithin # O= oer at terrain* or "$$$ ft aboe&ithin # O= oer at terrain* or "$$$ ft aboehighest obstacle &ithin # O= in designatedhighest obstacle &ithin # O= in designated

mountainous areas.mountainous areas."b. 9eBne the term: =J,

2inu!u! *F4 'nroute $ltitude2inu!u! *F4 'nroute $ltitude. 6o&est. 6o&est!ublished altitude bet&een radio B;es &hich!ublished altitude bet&een radio B;es &hichassures naigational signal coerage andassures naigational signal coerage andmeets obstacle clearance re)uirements.meets obstacle clearance re)uirements.


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"c. 9eBne the term: =%N,

2ini!u! bstruction learance $ltitude2ini!u! bstruction learance $ltitude..


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"e. 9eBne the term: =N,

2ini!u! rossing $ltitude.2ini!u! rossing $ltitude. The lo&estThe lo&estaltitude at &hich a B; must be crossed &henaltitude at &hich a B; must be crossed &hen

!roceeding in the direction of a higher =J,.!roceeding in the direction of a higher =J,.

"f. 9eBne the term: =,

2ini!u! 3ectoring $ltitude.2ini!u! 3ectoring $ltitude. The lo&est ='6The lo&est ='6

altitude at &hich IFG aircraft &ill be ectoredaltitude at &hich IFG aircraft &ill be ectoredb( a radar controller* e;ce!t &hen on radarb( a radar controller* e;ce!t &hen on radar

a!!roaches* de!artures* and misseda!!roaches* de!artures* and misseda!!roaches. =a( be lo&er than the !ublisheda!!roaches. =a( be lo&er than the !ublished

=J,.=J,.


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">. Noncerning %Gs* &hat is the onl(!ositie method of identiBcation and &hatis the accurac(?

The onl( !ositie method of identiBcationThe onl( !ositie method of identiBcation

is b( its =orse Node identiBcationis b( its =orse Node identiBcation 44 b( theb( the

recorded automatic oice identiBcation &hichrecorded automatic oice identiBcation &hichisis alasalas indicated b( use of the &ord “%G”indicated b( use of the &ord “%G”follo&ing the ranges name.follo&ing the ranges name.

i.e. “=,GI,OO, %G”i.e. “=,GI,OO, %G”

Hearing ,TI' etc does notHearing ,TI' etc does not!ositiel( indicate that the %G is in serice!ositiel( indicate that the %G is in serice

for naigationfor naigation

The accurac( of course alignment isThe accurac( of course alignment is

generall( !lus or minus 1 9egree.generall( !lus or minus 1 9egree.


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". What is the normal range of 6 and Hclass %Gs at 1$$$ ft. ,Q6?

#$ O=#$ O=


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"@. a. What is the ma;imum distance (oucan Ble a direct route bet&een %Gnaigational facilities belo& 1#*8$$ ft ,Q6and be assured rece!tion?$ O=. J;ce!tions are in the IFG'.$ O=. J;ce!tions are in the IFG'.

"@. b. If (ou &anted to Ble the ma;imumdistance bet&een t&o %Gs* &here &ould(ou Bnd e;ce!tions to the ma;imumdistances give a speci6c

e7a!ple"location8 J;ce!tions are in the IFG'*J;ce!tions are in the IFG'*,ir!ort2Facilit( 9irector( ,2F9* and,ir!ort2Facilit( 9irector( ,2F9* andO%T,='.O%T,='.


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0$. When naigating bet&een t&ofacilities* &hen should the !ilot changeoer from one O,,I9 to the ne;t?

2ida 2ida bet&een facilities for straight routebet&een facilities for straight route

segments* or at ansegments* or at an intersection or!ing aintersection or!ing adoglegdogleg* or as de!icted b( one of* or as de!icted b( one of to s!bolsto s!bols used on aeronautical charts..used on aeronautical charts..


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01. If a course change is re)uired at an

intersection* &hen should that change bestarted?Jarl( enough to o!erate along the centerlineJarl( enough to o!erate along the centerline

of the ne& course b( taking into considerationof the ne& course b( taking into considerationturn radius* &ind* airs!eed* degree of turn andturn radius* &ind* airs!eed* degree of turn and

cock!it instrumentation.cock!it instrumentation.


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0". What are instrument 9e!arture


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00a. When &ould (ou choose to do a dierse

de!arture and ho& &ould (ou !erform it? QieQiere)uired climb rate in feet !erre)uired climb rate in feet !er !inute!inute climbingclimbingat $ kts.at $ kts.

9ierse 9e!arture is used &hen an air!ort has9ierse 9e!arture is used &hen an air!ort has

at least one instrument a!!roach !rocedureat least one instrument a!!roach !rocedureand there are no !ublished 9


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00b. Is there a di5erence in the re)uired

climb !er nautical mile de!arting a heli!adersus a run&a(? Qie re)uired climb rateQie re)uired climb rate

in feet !erin feet !er !inute!inute climbing at $ kts.climbing at $ kts.

Kes. 9e!arting a heli!ad is based on Kes. 9e!arting a heli!ad is based on

climbing at 08"E !er O= and climbing toclimbing at 08"E !er O= and climbing to#$$E aboe takeo5 area eleation before#$$E aboe takeo5 area eleation beforeturning.turning.

Ft !er min &ith J/ on ne;t clickFt !er min &ith J/ on ne;t click

'9-( 80kts 470’/min 352’/NM

08"E!er O= + #>$E !er minute climb U $kts08"E!er O= + #>$E !er minute climb U $kts


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0#a. Noncerning the hoer !o&er check*

describe ho& to !erform it.With the aircraft cleared and all actionsWith the aircraft cleared and all actions

announced* near the takeo5 !oint and inannounced* near the takeo5 !oint and indirection of takeo5* "E stabiliDed hoer V2- 1E*direction of takeo5* "E stabiliDed hoer V2- 1E*

com!are di5erence of hoer T &ith =a; Tcom!are di5erence of hoer T &ith =a; T

aailable:aailable:(elo 5(elo 5 + shallo& and normal a!!roaches to+ shallo& and normal a!!roaches to

large im!roed areas and normal takeo5s*large im!roed areas and normal takeo5s*

destination must allo& shallo&er than normaldestination must allo& shallo&er than normal

a!!roach &ith descent to ground if necessar(a!!roach &ith descent to ground if necessar(5 to ;5 to ; + normal a!!roaches and takeo5s+ normal a!!roaches and takeo5s

1/ to 1


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0#b. Noncerning the hoer !o&er check*gie the conditions for &hich additionalhoer !o&er checks must be !erformed.

,n(time the load or enironmental conditions,n(time the load or enironmental conditions

increase signiBcantl( 8increase signiBcantl( 8$$

N 2 8$$E


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08. 9escribe ho& to !erform an IT% from the

ground. ,ircraft aligned &ith take o5 heading* hoer,ircraft aligned &ith take o5 heading* hoer

!o&er and before takeo5 checks com!lete.!o&er and before takeo5 checks com!lete.N(clic neutral* get light on the skids. NomeN(clic neutral* get light on the skids. Nomeinside” and refer to ight instruments*inside” and refer to ight instruments*smoothl( increase collectie to takeo5 !&rsmoothl( increase collectie to takeo5 !&r187 T aboe hr !&r desired* 1$7187 T aboe hr !&r desired* 1$7

re)uired* maintain desired attitude leelre)uired* maintain desired attitude leela!ro; #$kt attitude* &hen takeo5 !&r is seta!ro; #$kt attitude* &hen takeo5 !&r is set

and a !ositie climb sho&n on the altimeterand a !ositie climb sho&n on the altimeterand 'I* ad4ust !itch " bar &idths belo& theand 'I* ad4ust !itch " bar &idths belo& thehoriDon for initial acceleration* a!!roachinghoriDon for initial acceleration* a!!roaching

climb airs!eed ad4ust controls for desiredclimb airs!eed ad4ust controls for desired

rate of climb and airs!eed.rate of climb and airs!eed.


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0. Which three instruments must be

checked and their alues called outerball( during a simulated engine failureat altitude and &hat additional actionsmust be com!leted if time !ermits?

=ust call out Gotor G


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0>. Where are non-standard IFG takeo5

minimums and de!arture !roceduresfound? 9o the( a!!l( to ,rm( helico!ter!ilots?

6o& ,ltitude Instrument ,!!roach6o& ,ltitude Instrument ,!!roach


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0a. What is the absolute lo&est &eather

that &ould !ermit an ,rm( aiator &ithless than 8$ hours of actual &eathere;!erience as !ilot in command to de!artfrom G&( 0 at /irmingham IOT6* ,6? M/H= GWK 0 + M/H= GWK 0 + $$E 2 " sm$$E 2 " sm


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0b. What if his co!ilot had more than 8$hours of &eather e;!erience as !ilot incommand? 'till $$E2" sm regardless of cre& e;!erience'till $$E2" sm regardless of cre& e;!erience

because of non-standard takeo5 minimumsYbecause of non-standard takeo5 minimumsY

Oote: Jen underOote: Jen under standard ta=eo+ !ini!u!standard ta=eo+ !ini!u! criteria (ou couldnEt reduce the minimumscriteria (ou couldnEt reduce the minimums

unless the co!ilot !erformed the takeo5unless the co!ilot !erformed the takeo5minimums a!!l( to the !ilot (ing the aircraftminimums a!!l( to the !ilot (ing the aircrafton takeo5.on takeo5.


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0@. J;!lain &hen to start the outboundtiming of a holding !attern. ,t a %G* ,9F*and an IntersectionFor entr(* outbound leg timing beginsFor entr(* outbound leg timing beginsoer2abeam the B; &hicheer occurs later.oer2abeam the B; &hicheer occurs later.

,9F + @$,9F + @$$$ abeam indicated on the tail of theabeam indicated on the tail of theG=I needle.G=I needle.

%G + @$%G + @$$$ abeam indicated on the tail of theabeam indicated on the tail of the

G=I needle or a change of the T%2FG%=G=I needle or a change of the T%2FG%=indicator.indicator.

Intersection + 'tart timing &hen the turn toIntersection + 'tart timing &hen the turn tooutbound is com!lete.outbound is com!lete.


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#$. ,re holding entr( !rocedures

determined from ground track or aircraftheading? What tolerance in degrees isconsidered to be &ithin good o!eratinglimits for determining the a!!ro!riate

holding entr( !rocedure?

$ircrat $ircrat

heading.heading.

V2- 8 degreesV2- 8 degrees

>#G /;/ deg>#G /;/ deg

G % # T 4 ?

/ @ / d e g

G % # T 4 ?

/ @ / d e g


49/146

#1. While in holding (ou ( a $ second

outbound leg after &hich (ou turn inbound andcross the holding B; at #0 seconds. Ho& long&ill (ou ( on (our ne;t outbound? J;!lainho& (ou got (our ans&er.

##seconds.seconds.

: $

s e c

# 0

s e c

'9-(

60sec 84sec 43sec


50/146

#". Kou are holding at /ITZK IOT as de!icted

on the 9othan %G GWK 1# a!!roach !late. Kou determine that the inbound driftcorrection is >[ left. Asing the !rocedure inthe ,I=2IFH* &hat heading &ould (ou ( on

the ne;t outbound leg?

%utbound H9Q 0#@%utbound H9Q 0#@°°

"1["1[

rightright

““Triple theTriple the

correction in thecorrection in theo osite direction””

> > º L e f t

º L e f t


51/146

#0a. 9escribe ho& to !erform a standard #8[

"[ Bnal a!!roach course turn">"[ Bnal a!!roach course turnright and interce!t the centerlineright and interce!t the centerlineof the inbound course.of the inbound course.

\A99 O9/


52/146

#0b. Ho& &ould (ou !erform an $2"$

!rocedure turn for that same a!!roach?

TurnTurn L'FT L'FT $[ to heading $1"[$[ to heading $1"[u!on reaching $1"[ turn GIQHTu!on reaching $1"[ turn GIQHTand interce!t the centerline of theand interce!t the centerline of the">"[ Bnal a!!roach course">"[ Bnal a!!roach courseinbound.inbound.

\A99 O9/


53/146

##. What is the di5erence bet&een a!rocedure turn and a !rocedural track?Qie an e;am!le of each from an I,


54/146

#8a. Ho& long should the aircraft be o&n

outbound before beginning a !rocedureturn?

For holding !attern !rocedural track* outboundFor holding !attern !rocedural track* outboundleg should be ad4usted for &ind to obtain a 1leg should be ad4usted for &ind to obtain a 1

minute inbound time.minute inbound time.

#8b. , holding !attern !rocedure track?

Oormall(* a minimum of one minute and thenOormall(* a minimum of one minute and thene;tended to lose additional altitude ore;tended to lose additional altitude or

com!ensate for aderse &ind e5ects. In nocom!ensate for aderse &ind e5ects. In no

eent ma( the distance outbound from theeent ma( the distance outbound from thestation e;ceed that !ublished on the a!!roachstation e;ceed that !ublished on the a!!roach

!late.!late.


55/146

#a. 9eBne the term: =',

2ini!u! Sae $ltitude.2ini!u! Sae $ltitude. T&o t(!es: =inimum 'ectorT&o t(!es: =inimum 'ector,ltitude and Jmergenc( 'afe ,ltitude.,ltitude and Jmergenc( 'afe ,ltitude.

2ini!u! Sector $ltitudes2ini!u! Sector $ltitudes 9e!icted on a!!roach9e!icted on a!!roachcharts and !roide 1$$$ ft obstacle clearance &ithin acharts and !roide 1$$$ ft obstacle clearance &ithin a"8 mile radius of the naigational facilit(. 'ectors are at"8 mile radius of the naigational facilit(. 'ectors are at

least @$ degrees in sco!e* are for emergenc( use onl(least @$ degrees in sco!e* are for emergenc( use onl(and do not guarantee radio aid to naigation.and do not guarantee radio aid to naigation.

'!ergenc Sae $ltitudes'!er genc Sae $ltitudes 9e!icted on9e!icted ona!!roach charts and !roide 1$$$ ft obstaclea!!roach charts and !roide 1$$$ ft obstacle

clearance "$$$ ft in mountainous areasclearance "$$$ ft in mountainous areas

&ithin a 1$$ mile radius and are normall(&ithin a 1$$ mile radius and are normall(used onl( in militar( !rocedures. used onl( in militar( !rocedures.


56/146

#b. 9eBne the term: %G%N,+-4oute bstruction learance $ltitude.+-4oute bstruction learance $ltitude.

,n o5 route altitude &hich !roides,n o5 route altitude &hich !roides

obstruction clearance &ith a 1$$$E bu5er inobstruction clearance &ith a 1$$$E bu5er in

non-mountainous terrain 2 "$$$E innon-mountainous terrain 2 "$$$E inmountainous. 9oes not guarantee an( t(!e ofmountainous. 9oes not guarantee an( t(!e ofsignal coerage.signal coerage.


57/146

#c. 9eBne the term: =9,

2ini!u! #escent $ltitude2ini!u! #escent $ltitude 6o&est altitude6o&est altitude='6 to &hich an aircraft on a non-!recision='6 to &hich an aircraft on a non-!recisiona!!roach is authoriDed to descend.a!!roach is authoriDed to descend.


58/146

#d. 9eBne the term: 9,29H#ecision $ltitude " #ecision >eight #ecision $ltitude " #ecision >ei ght The altitudeThe altitude

2 height at &hich a decision must be made2 height at &hich a decision must be madeduring an I6' or


59/146

#>. When ma( a !ilot descend belo& the =9,

or continue an a!!roach belo& the 9H?

1.1. The a!!roach threshold of the run&a(* or theThe a!!roach threshold of the run&a(* or thea!!roach lights or other markings identiBablea!!roach lights or other markings identiBable&ith the a!!roach end of the run&a( or landing&ith the a!!roach end of the run&a( or landing

area must be clearl( isible to the !ilot.area must be clearl( isible to the !ilot. Ai.e.Ai.e.2ust be able to2ust be able to clearl identi clearl identi the landingthe landing

environ!entBenviron!entB

". The aircraft must be in a !osition from &hich a". The aircraft must be in a !osition from &hich asafe a!!roach to the run&a( or landing area cansafe a!!roach to the run&a( or landing area canbe made.be made.

n 6nal approach the P deter!ines i these ton 6nal approach the P deter!ines i these to

reCuire!ents can be !et hile the PD stas onreCuire!ents can be !et hile the PD stas on

the instru!ents read to e7ecute the !issedthe instru!ents read to e7ecute the !issed


60/146

#. 9eBne a ste!-do&n B; and use the

6%AI' ,G='TG%OQ OJW %G6J,O' IOT6='K 6%N GWK 1@ a!!roach to e;!lainho& one is used.

, B; !ermitting, B; !ermittingadditional descentadditional descent&ithin a segment of an&ithin a segment of aninstrument a!!roachinstrument a!!roach

!rocedure b(!rocedure b(identif(ing a !oint atidentif(ing a !oint at&hich a controlling&hich a controlling

obstacle has beenobstacle has beensafel( oer o&n. If onsafel( oer o&n. If onthe Bnal a!!roachthe Bnal a!!roachsegment the B; cannotsegment the B; cannotbe identiBed* thebe identiBed* the

altitude at the B;altitude at the B;


61/146

#@. Kou !lan a ight to 6,MJ NH,G6J' GJQI%O,6

6NH at 1$$ MI,' for the entire ight and &ant touse the %G-, a!!roach u!on arrial.

8$$-1 U JT, V 1hr8$$-1 U JT, V 1hrN,T-/ + @1-1"$N,T-/ + @1-1"$MI,'MI,'

a. What are (ourW]

!lanningminimums?

b. What is (our=9,?#$E ='6#$E ='6


62/146

8$. What are the !ilotEs res!onsibilities&hen being radar ectored?

1.1.


63/146

81. When ma( (ou leae the last assignedaltitude after being radar ectored to theBnal a!!roach course?

1.1.Nleared for the a!!roach.Nleared for the a!!roach.

".".Jstablished on Bnal.Jstablished on Bnal.

0.0.Within the distance limit for thatWithin the distance limit for thatsegment.segment.


64/146

8". What should the !ilot do if it becomesa!!arent that a radar ector heading &illcause the aircraft to ( through the Bnala!!roach course before an a!!roach

clearance has been receied?Nontinue on the last assigned heading andNontinue on the last assigned heading and

)uer( the controller.)uer( the controller.

Nontroller should adise !ilot if ector thruNontroller should adise !ilot if ector thru

course is !lanned.course is !lanned.


65/146

80. Geference the M/H= I6' a!!roach. Kou

are I=N* 8nm north of =c9JO 6%= on ado&n&ind ector of "#$$ and 0$$$E. If commo&ith ,TN is lost and (ou canEt establish commothrough an( means* &hat should (ou do?

9irect to the I,F at 0>$$E and e;ecute9irect to the I,F at 0>$$E and e;ecute

full I,


66/146

8#. Where is the =,< =issed ,!!roach


67/146

88. Nan a


68/146

8. What =9, should the !ilot descend to for an

,'G a!!roach to GWK 11 at 9%//IO' ,G/* Q,*circle to land GWK "@?

=9, 1$ ft.=9, 1$ ft.

=9, is for the run&a( to &hich the Bnal a!!roach is o&n=9, is for the run&a( to &hich the Bnal a!!roach is o&nGWK 11*GWK 11* %T %T the landing run&a(.the landing run&a(.


69/146

8>. If commo is lost &hile on Bnal duringa QN, a!!roach* should the misseda!!roach be started immediatel(?

Oo. Initiate lost commo !rocedures* not missedOo. Initiate lost commo !rocedures* not misseda!!roach !rocedures. If unable to reestablisha!!roach !rocedures. If unable to reestablishcommo or maintain FG* !roceed &ith acommo or maintain FG* !roceed &ith a!ublished instrument a!!roach !rocedure or!ublished instrument a!!roach !rocedure or

!reiousl( coordinated instructions. The!reiousl( coordinated instructions. The

missed a!!roach begins at the missedmissed a!!roach begins at the misseda!!roach !oint.a!!roach !oint.


70/146

8a. J;!lain: H,T

>eight $bove Touchdon>ei ght $bove Touchdon - The height of the- The height of the9H or =9, aboe the highest run&a(9H or =9, aboe the highest run&a(eleation in the touchdo&n Done Brst 0$$$Eeleation in the touchdo&n Done Brst 0$$$Eof the r&(. ,!!lies to straight-inof the r&(. ,!!lies to straight-in

minimums.minimums.


71/146

8b. J;!lain: H,,

>eight $bove $irport >ei ght $bove $irport - Height of the =9,- Height of the =9,

aboe the !ublished air!ort eleation.aboe the !ublished air!ort eleation.,!!lies to circling minimums.,!!lies to circling minimums.


72/146

8c. J;!lain: H,6

>eight $bove Landing>ei ght $bove Landing - The height aboe a- The height aboe a

designated helico!ter landing area used fordesignated helico!ter landing area used forhelico!ter instrument a!!roach !rocedures.helico!ter instrument a!!roach !rocedures.


73/146

8d. J;!lain: H,'

>eight $bove>ei ght $boveSuraceSurace - The- Theheight of theheight of the

=9, aboe the=9, aboe thehighesthighestterrain 2terrain 2surface &ithin asurface &ithin a8"$$ ft. radius8"$$ ft. radiusof the =,< inof the =,< in


74/146

8@. J;!lain ho& to com!ute the JTJ &henJ;!lain ho& to com!ute the JTJ &henlisting an alternate on the 99 Form 1>8.listing an alternate on the 99 Form 1>8.

The JTJ to the alternate airBeld shouldThe JTJ to the alternate airBeld shouldinclude:include:

a. The time from the missed a!!roacha. The time from the missed a!!roach!oint to the missed a!!roach holding !oint to!oint to the missed a!!roach holding !oint toinclude one circuit in the holding !attern.include one circuit in the holding !attern.

b. Time from the missed a!!roachb. Time from the missed a!!roach

holding !oint to the alternate to include timeholding !oint to the alternate to include timefor a!!roach and landing.for a!!roach and landing.


75/146

$. Noncerning the IFG Nre& =ission /rief* deBneNoncerning the IFG Nre& =ission /rief* deBne

the t&o challenge rule and most conseratiethe t&o challenge rule and most conseratieres!onse and gie an e;am!le of ho& each could beres!onse and gie an e;am!le of ho& each could be

used.used. To hallenge rule:To hallenge rule: If the < obseres that the


76/146

1. ,ns&er the follo&ing about Tem!orar( Flight,ns&er the follo&ing about Tem!orar( Flight

Gestrictions TFGs:Gestrictions TFGs:a. Ho& does the !ilot kno& a TFG is in e5ect?a. Ho& does the !ilot kno& a TFG is in e5ect?

O%T,= beginning &ith the !hrase “F6IQHTO%T,= beginning &ith the !hrase “F6IQHTGJ'TGINTI%O'.”GJ'TGINTI%O'.” b. What is considered the normal altitudeb. What is considered the normal altitude

and radius limits of a TFG?and radius limits of a TFG?

"$$$E aboe the surface* 0 nm radius."$$$E aboe the surface* 0 nm radius.

c. =a( ,TN authoriDe o!erations in a TFGc. =a( ,TN authoriDe o!erations in a TFGunder its o&n authorit( if the TFG is established forunder its o&n authorit( if the TFG is established for

an area hit b( a tidal &ae? J;!lain &hatan area hit b( a tidal &ae? J;!lain &hatregulation authoriDes2!reents ,TN from doing so.regulation authoriDes2!reents ,TN from doing so.

Kes because of 1# NFG 'ection @1.10>a" Kes because of 1# NFG 'ection @1.10>a"


77/146

". What are the normal com!onents of anIFG clearance?

1. ,ircraft I91. ,ircraft I9". Nlearance limit". Nlearance limit

0. 9e!arture !rocedure0. 9e!arture !rocedure#. Goute of#. Goute of

ight 8.ight 8.,ltitude data,ltitude data

. Holding instructions. Holding instructions>. '!ecial information>. '!ecial information

. Fre)uenc( and. Fre)uenc( andbeacon information.beacon information.


78/146

0a. What !arts of a clearance should be

read back if the clearance is receied&hile on the ground?

%n the ground* read back an( !ortion that is%n the ground* read back an( !ortion that isnot com!letel( understood or is re)uestednot com!letel( understood or is re)uested

b( ,TN* as &ell as hold short instructions.b( ,TN* as &ell as hold short instructions.

0b. What !arts of a clearance should beread back if the clearance is receied&hile on the ground? In the air?

In the air* read back altitude assignments orIn the air* read back altitude assignments orradar ectors as a means of mutualradar ectors as a means of mutual

eriBcation* all hold short instructions* anderiBcation* all hold short instructions* andaltimeter settings.altimeter settings.


79/146

#. When must !osition re!orts be madeon an IFG ight?

,t designated com!ulsor( re!orting !oints,t designated com!ulsor( re!orting !oints

along air&a(s and at each !oint on the ightalong air&a(s and at each !oint on the ight!lan used to deBne a direct route.!lan used to deBne a direct route.

9iscontinue re!orts &hen informed the9iscontinue re!orts &hen informed theaircraft is in “Gadar contact.”aircraft is in “Gadar contact.”


80/146

8. What are the com!onents of a !ositionre!ort?1.1.I9I9

"."..GemarksGemarks


81/146

66. What does the radio ca consist o! "hen

makin# initia contact "ith $%& on a direct 'i#htto a N$V$() in a non*radar en+ironment,

(n a radar en+ironment,

Non*radar-Non*radar- On initia contact the iot shodOn initia contact the iot shod

in!orm the controer o! the aircra!t’s resentin!orm the controer o! the aircra!t’s resent

osition atitde and time estimate !or the ne1tosition atitde and time estimate !or the ne1t

reortin# oint.reortin# oint.

Radar-Radar- iot shod in!orm the controer o! theiot shod in!orm the controer o! theassi#ned atitde.assi#ned atitde.

e+e cimin# or descendin# ase+e cimin# or descendin# as

aroriatearoriate


82/146

67. What reorts mst e made to $%& "ithot

ein# reested,$t a times-$t a times-

9. Vacatin# a re+ios: assi#ned atitde9. Vacatin# a re+ios: assi#ned atitde

2. $titde chan#e "hie V;R on to2. $titde chan#e "hie V;R on to

3. or 90 kts

6. ?oss o! na+/commo6. ?oss o! na+/commo

caaiit: 7. (n!ormationcaaiit: 7. (n!ormation

reated to sa!et: o! 'i#ht 8.reated to sa!et: o! 'i#ht 8.


83/146

68. When an: art o! the rote e:ond theshort ran#e cearance imit diCers !rom thatseciAed in the ori#ina 'i#ht an the cearancemst incde "hat and "h:,

(! an: art diCers the cearance "i incde(! an: art diCers the cearance "i incdethe roosed rotin# e:ond said cearancethe roosed rotin# e:ond said cearance

imit. When ceared to a A1 short o! Aedimit. When ceared to a A1 short o! Aed

destination additiona cearance to roceeddestination additiona cearance to roceed

e:ond or instrctions to hod mst e issede:ond or instrctions to hod mst e issed

5 mintes rior to estimated arri+a at that5 mintes rior to estimated arri+a at that

A1.A1.

Wh:,Wh:, LOST COMMO!LOST COMMO!


84/146

@. What !reight !lanning items must,rm( aiators ealuate !rior to ight?

The aiator &ill ealuate aircraftThe aiator &ill ealuate aircraft

!erformance* de!arture* enroute and!erformance* de!arture* enroute anda!!roach data* notices to airmen Ootams*a!!roach data* notices to airmen Ootams*and a!!ro!riate F6I< or 9%9 !ublicationsand a!!ro!riate F6I< or 9%9 !ublications


85/146

>$. Ho& &ould (ou obtain O%T,= informationfor =arianna =uni on a ight de!arting fromNairns ,,F?

O%T,= information for 9%9 aircre&s isO%T,= information for 9%9 aircre&s is

obtained using the 9%9 internet O%T,=obtained using the 9%9 internet O%T,=9istribution s(stem 9IO' &hich is deried9istribution s(stem 9IO' &hich is deriedfrom the Anited 'tates Nonsolidated O%T,=from the Anited 'tates Nonsolidated O%T,=

%Lce at the F,, ,ir TraLc Nontrol '(stems%Lce at the F,, ,ir TraLc Nontrol '(stemsNommand Nenter* Herdon* ,. Nommand Nenter* Herdon* ,.

WWW.O%T,='.\N'.=I6WWW.O%T,='.\N'.=I6..

,lternate location: ,lternate location: WWW.O%T,='.F,,.Q%WWW.O%T,='.F,,.Q%

http://www.notams.jcs.mil/http://www.notams.jcs.mil/http://www.notams.jcs.mil/


86/146

>1. What is the di5erence bet&een 9* 6*

and F9N O%T,='?

99 series distant O%T,=' coers allseries distant O%T,=' coers all

naigation facilities* !ublic air!orts*naigation facilities* !ublic air!orts*sea!lane bases* and heli!orts listed in thesea!lane bases* and heli!orts listed in the

,ir!ort2Facilities Handbook* aailable thru,ir!ort2Facilities Handbook* aailable thruan( F''.an( F''.

66 series local O%T,=' includes informationseries local O%T,=' includes information

such as ta;i&a( closures* men andsuch as ta;i&a( closures* men and

e)ui!ment near run&a(s* lighting outages*e)ui!ment near run&a(s* lighting outages*etc. 9istributed thru local F'' onl(etc. 9istributed thru local F'' onl(

F9NF9N O%T,=' contain information of aO%T,=' contain information of aregulator( nature* ie amendments to I,


87/146

>". What does the follo&ing 9IO' O%T,=

mean?M9HO 9%TH,O GQO6

RWD 32 M$?=R O%= W(B


88/146

>0a. When should the initial acceleration

be started during an IT% from the ground?ForFor I=NI=N takeo5 from the ground* ad4ust thetakeo5 from the ground* ad4ust the

!itch attitude " bar &idths belo& the horiDon!itch attitude " bar &idths belo& the horiDonto begin the initial accelerationto begin the initial acceleration $FT'4 $FT'4 takeo5takeo5

!o&er is reached!o&er is reached $%# $%# both the 'I andboth the 'I andaltimeter sho& a !ositie climb.altimeter sho& a !ositie climb. >0b. When should acceleration be started on =N takeo5 &ith I=N transition?

ForFor =N=N takeo5 from the ground* a!!l(takeo5 from the ground* a!!l(for&ard c(clic to accelerate through JT6 asfor&ard c(clic to accelerate through JT6 asthe aircraft leaes the ground i.e. initiate athe aircraft leaes the ground i.e. initiate a

normal =N takeo5.normal =N takeo5.


89/146

>#. What is the !ro!er !ronunciation of thefollo&ing:

,ltitude X"8$$* 1$*$$$X,irs!eedX@$XTime X=idnightX

Fre)uenc( X1".@X

XT&o thousand Be hundredX* X%ne DeroXT&o thousand Be hundredX* X%ne Dero

thousandXthousandX

XOiner Dero knotsX controllers ma( omit theXOiner Dero knotsX controllers ma( omit the&ord XknotsX for airs!eed ad4ustments ie.&ord XknotsX for airs!eed ad4ustments ie.

Xreduce s!eed to eight DeroXXreduce s!eed to eight DeroXXZero Dero Dero DeroXXZero Dero Dero DeroX

X%ne t&o si; !oint ninerXX%ne t&o si; !oint ninerX


90/146

>8. What rate of climb must be obtainedon the 'I during an $ kt climb no &indto use standard takeo5 minimums fromG&( 0 at Tam!a* Fl.*


91/146

>.>. Noncerning TH-> fuel management !rocedures:Noncerning TH-> fuel management !rocedures: a. Ho& much fuel is re)uired at takeo5 on an IFG ight?a. Ho& much fuel is re)uired at takeo5 on an IFG ight?

Jnough fuel to reach the destination and alternate ifJnough fuel to reach the destination and alternate ifre)uired and hae a !lanned resere of 0$ min atre)uired and hae a !lanned resere of 0$ min at

cruise.cruise.

b. When must the initial airborne fuel reading beb. When must the initial airborne fuel reading beccom!lished?ccom!lished?

Within 1$ min of leel o5 or entering mission !roBleWithin 1$ min of leel o5 or entering mission !roBle


92/146

>c. Ho& is the fuel consum!tion check and>c. Ho& is the fuel consum!tion check andmonitoring !erformed?monitoring !erformed?

1.1. Initiate b( noting fuel remaining on analog gaugeInitiate b( noting fuel remaining on analog gaugeand time check FAJ6 F6%W indicating s(stem toand time check FAJ6 F6%W indicating s(stem toensure Q,6 GJ= &ithin 0 gal of analog.ensure Q,6 GJ= &ithin 0 gal of analog.

".". ,t 0$ to $ min after initial reading re!eat same,t 0$ to $ min after initial reading re!eat sameactions* additionall( erif( FAJ6 F6%W &ithin 0 gal ofactions* additionall( erif( FAJ6 F6%W &ithin 0 gal of!redicted. If analog and Q,6 GJ= &ithin 0 gal and!redicted. If analog and Q,6 GJ= &ithin 0 gal andFAJ6 F6%W &ithin 0 gal of !redicted use the FAJ6FAJ6 F6%W &ithin 0 gal of !redicted use the FAJ6F6%W indicating s(stem time remaining to com!uteF6%W indicating s(stem time remaining to com!ute

burnout* if not use the fuel )uantit( gauge toburnout* if not use the fuel )uantit( gauge tocom!lete the check.com!lete the check.0.0.


93/146

>>. What considerations should go intoselecting an enroute altitude for IFGo!erations?

Weather* 9irection of Flight* =J,* =%N,*Weather* 9irection of Flight* =J,* =%N,*

=,,* =G,* =N,* ,ircraft


94/146

>. When should a direct ight be usedand &hat t&o basic enroute considerationsthen become the !ilots res!onsibilit(?

%nl( if the mission re)uires it or if%nl( if the mission re)uires it or if

considerable saings of fuel or time can beconsiderable saings of fuel or time can berealiDed.realiDed.

The !ilot becomes res!onsible for obstructionThe !ilot becomes res!onsible for obstruction

clearances and O,,I9 range limitations.clearances and O,,I9 range limitations.


95/146

>@. Nan an airBeld listed as %Lcial/usiness %nl( or


96/146

$a. Wh( are militar( !ilots re)uired to

adise the TIJ-IO F'' of their actualde!arture time &hen de!arting from anon-militar( airBeld? The pilot !ust advise the tie-in FlightThe pilot !ust advise the tie-in Flight

Service Station serving that departure 6eldService Station serving that departure 6eld

o his actual departure ti!e. * the ta=eo+o his actual departure ti!e. * the ta=eo+ti!e is not passed, the aircrat ill arriveti!e is not passed, the aircrat ill arrive

unannounced at the destination.unannounced at the destination.

DDDDDD

*2P4T$%T %ote:*2P4T$%T %ote:

This isThis is

%T %T

or theor the

purpose o Eopening ! ight plan. The purpose o Eopening ! ight plan. The

concern is arriving atconcern is arriving at !ilitar !ilitar air6eldsair6elds

unannounced. The !ilitarunannounced. The !ilitar base operationbase o peration needs to =no hen aircrat ill arrive dueneeds to =no hen aircrat ill arrive due

to 3*P, par=ing, and servicingto 3*P, par=ing, and servicing


97/146

$b. Who is res!onsible and &hat are the

!rocedures for closing ight !lans?

To close ight plansTo close ight plans::Gef. ,G @8-1* 8-8 e.Gef. ,G @8-1* 8-8 e.


98/146

1. , seere thunderstorm should beaoided b( &hat distance if !ossible?

T&ent( milesT&ent( miles


99/146

"a. Ho& much does the elocit( of the surface

&ind usuall( di5er from the gradient &ind as aresult of surface friction?

Friction &ill reduce the surface &ind s!eed toFriction &ill reduce the surface &ind s!eed to

about #$ !ercent of the elocit( of the &indabout #$ !ercent of the elocit( of the &ind

gradient.gradient."b. In &hat direction can one e;!ect thesurface &ind to ar( from the gradient &indand b( ho& much?

The aerage surface &ind &ill o& acrossThe aerage surface &ind &ill o& acrossisobars to&ard the lo&er !ressure at about aisobars to&ard the lo&er !ressure at about a

0$ deg angle.0$ deg angle.

cont. ne;tcont. ne;t

slideslide


100/146

Inbound grounds!eed and drift correction &illInbound grounds!eed and drift correction &illdi5er to&ards the bottom of an a!!roachdi5er to&ards the bottom of an a!!roach

from &hat &as obtained at higher altitude.from &hat &as obtained at higher altitude.

"c. Ho& could this a5ect instrumenta!!roaches?


101/146

0a. What is the chief haDard to ight inthe icinit( of a cold front?

Nold Front: Turbulence ma( be e;treme*Nold Front: Turbulence ma( be e;treme*

thunderstorms* lightning* hea( rainthunderstorms* lightning* hea( rain

sho&ers* tornadoes* hail* and clear icing.sho&ers* tornadoes* hail* and clear icing.,lso* strong* ariable* gust( surface &inds,lso* strong* ariable* gust( surface &indsaround and under the thunderstorms.around and under the thunderstorms.

cont. ne;tcont. ne;t

slideslide


102/146

0b. What is the chief haDard to ight in

the icinit( of a &arm front?

Warm Front: Wide oercast area &ith lo&Warm Front: Wide oercast area &ith lo&ceilings and !oor isibilit( ahead of theceilings and !oor isibilit( ahead of thefront "$$ miles or more. =a( encounterfront "$$ miles or more. =a( encounter

embedded thunderstorms during &armembedded thunderstorms during &armmonths and seere icing during &inter.months and seere icing during &inter.


103/146

#a. What are the di5erent t(!es of icingand &here can icing conditions most likel(be e;!ected?

Nlear* rime* a combination of clear and rimeNlear* rime* a combination of clear and rimeglime* or frost. Icing conditions should beglime* or frost. Icing conditions should bee;!ected in cloud la(ers &here the aire;!ected in cloud la(ers &here the airtem!erature ranges from V2- # degreestem!erature ranges from V2- # degrees

Nelsius to - "$ degrees Nelsius.Nelsius to - "$ degrees Nelsius.

cont. ne;tcont. ne;tslideslide


104/146

#b. %utside of icing that can form inthunderstorms What icing condition isconsidered the most dangerous?

FreeDing rain is the most dangerous icingFreeDing rain is the most dangerous icingcondition outside of thunderstorms. It cancondition outside of thunderstorms. It canbuild haDardous amounts of ice in a fe&build haDardous amounts of ice in a fe&minutes* &hich is e;tremel( diLcult to breakminutes* &hich is e;tremel( diLcult to break

loose.loose.


105/146

8a. What three conditions are necessar( for

the formation of fog? 1.1. High relatieHigh relatie humidit(humidit( - tem! 2 de&!oint s!rea- tem! 2 de&!oint s!rea

of $ to "."of $ to "."degrees N.degrees N.

".". 6ight &ind6ight &ind - causes gentle mi;ing action.- causes gentle mi;ing action.

0.0.Nondensation nucleiNondensation nuclei - smoke* dust ect...- smoke* dust ect... 8b. What t(!e of fog normall( forms oer thesoutheastern A.'. during the &inter months?

,dection fog normall( forms oer the,dection fog normall( forms oer the'outheastern A.'. during the &inter'outheastern A.'. during the &intermonths--&arm air from the Qulf of =e;ico ormonths--&arm air from the Qulf of =e;ico or

the ,tlantic ocean moes oer a cooler landthe ,tlantic ocean moes oer a cooler landmass.mass.


106/146

a. What is the di5erence bet&een ,W%'-0 and ,'%'?

$HS-I $HS-I re!orts ,ltimeter* &ind* tem!2de&re!orts ,ltimeter* &ind* tem!2de&!oint* 9ensit( ,ltitude* isibilit(* and!oint* 9ensit( ,ltitude* isibilit(* and

clouds2ceiling.clouds2ceiling.

$SS $SS re!orts eer(thing that ,W%'-0 doesre!orts eer(thing that ,W%'-0 does!lus !reci!itation and remarks.!lus !reci!itation and remarks.


107/146

b. What is the receiable range of ,W%'b. What is the receiable range of ,W%'and ,'%'?and ,'%'?

,W%' and ,'%' both receiable to a,W%' and ,'%' both receiable to ama;imum range of "8nm and 1$*$$$ ,Q6.ma;imum range of "8nm and 1$*$$$ ,Q6.

6ocal conditions ma( limit ma; rece!tion6ocal conditions ma( limit ma; rece!tiondistance and 2 or altitude.distance and 2 or altitude.


108/146

c. Qie one e;am!le of ,W%' and one ofc. Qie one e;am!le of ,W%' and one of,'%' in the local area and state ho& (ou,'%' in the local area and state ho& (ou

could listen to them.could listen to them.

S J;am!lesS J;am!les

I,< gies fre)uenc(. IFG' and ,2F9 gie fre)I,< gies fre)uenc(. IFG' and ,2F9 gie fre)and !hone number.and !hone number.


109/146

>a. What is


110/146

>b. What is JF,'* ho& is it used* and

gie an e;am!le of one in the local area. SJ;am!leSJ;am!le

*8$$ ft on fre)uenc(on fre)uenc( 1"".$ mHD1"".$ mHD. 'erice is. 'erice isaailable fromaailable from am to 1$ !mam to 1$ !m. Nontact. Nontact

“Flight Watch”“Flight Watch” b( using the name of the ,irb( using the name of the ,irGoute TraLc Nontrol Nenter facilit( seringGoute TraLc Nontrol Nenter facilit( seringthe area of (our location* the aircraft I9* andthe area of (our location* the aircraft I9* andthe name of the nearest %Gthe name of the nearest %G


111/146

a. What is an ,IG=JT* a 'IQ=JT* and aa. What is an ,IG=JT* a 'IQ=JT* and aNonectie 'IQ=JT?Nonectie 'IQ=JT?

,IG=JTs:,IG=JTs:'ierra ^ IFG conditions and2or e;tensie'ierra ^ IFG conditions and2or e;tensie

mountain obscurations.mountain obscurations.Tango ^ =oderate turbulence* sfc &ind 0$Tango ^ =oderate turbulence* sfc &ind 0$

ktsV* non-conectie lo&-leel &ind shear.ktsV* non-conectie lo&-leel &ind shear.Zulu ^ =oderate icing and freeDing leelZulu ^ =oderate icing and freeDing leel

heights.heights.

'IQ=JT':'IQ=JT': 'eere icing* seere or e;treme'eere icing* seere or e;tremeturbulence* dust storms or sandstorms &ithturbulence* dust storms or sandstorms &ith

isibilit( belo& 0 miles* olcanic ash.isibilit( belo& 0 miles* olcanic ash.

Nonectie 'IQ=JT':Nonectie 'IQ=JT': 'eere* embedded* or lines'eere* embedded* or linesof thunderstorms. Im!lies seere or greaterof thunderstorms. Im!lies seere or greaterturbulence* seere icing* and lo&-leel &ind shear.turbulence* seere icing* and lo&-leel &ind shear.


112/146

b. If an ,IG=JT2'IQ=JT2Nonectieb. If an ,IG=JT2'IQ=JT2Nonectie

'IQ=JT is issued as !art of an ,rea'IQ=JT is issued as !art of an ,reaForecast* does that mean the conditionForecast* does that mean the condition

&ill e;ist along the !lanned route of&ill e;ist along the !lanned route ofight? What must a !ilot do?ight? What must a !ilot do?

The condition re)uiring the issuanceThe condition re)uiring the issuance

of a 'IQ=JT or ,IG=JT could in fact e;istof a 'IQ=JT or ,IG=JT could in fact e;istonl( in a small !ortion of the total forecastonl( in a small !ortion of the total forecastarea.area.

The !ilot must determineThe !ilot must determine

&hether or not the condition &ould be&hether or not the condition &ould beencountered and determine if he shouldencountered and determine if he should

continue as !lanned* modif( the !lan* orcontinue as !lanned* modif( the !lan* orcancel the ight.cancel the ight.


113/146

@. What is the ight cre& re)uirementfor an IFG ight in a TH->?

=inimum ight cre& for IFG o!erations is=inimum ight cre& for IFG o!erations is toto

pilots pilots* one in the right front seat and one in* one in the right front seat and one in

the left front seat. ,G @8-1 !ara #-"#b allo&sthe left front seat. ,G @8-1 !ara #-"#b allo&sight trainees undergoing instrument trainingight trainees undergoing instrument trainingto be at one set of the controls !roided theto be at one set of the controls !roided theother !ilot is an IJ or I< &ho is current andother !ilot is an IJ or I< &ho is current and

)ualiBed in the TH->. Nurrenc( can be)ualiBed in the TH->. Nurrenc( can bemaintained in an %H-8,2N !er ,G @8-1*maintained in an %H-8,2N !er ,G @8-1*ho&eer the I< or IJ &ould also hae to haeho&eer the I< or IJ &ould also hae to hae!assed an annual stan ride in the TH-> in!assed an annual stan ride in the TH-> inorder to !erform those duties IFG.order to !erform those duties IFG.


114/146

@$. What is the aircraft currenc(@$. What is the aircraft currenc(

re)uirement for an ,rm(


115/146

@[email protected] are '!ecial FG 'FG minimumsWhat are '!ecial FG 'FG minimums

for:for: K'7plain ho ou arrived at each K'7plain ho ou arrived at eachanser.anser.

a.a.Nairns ,,F M%ZG?Nairns ,,F M%ZG? Nairns 'FG minimums !ublished in ,


116/146

@"a. When !lanning to de!art 'FG* &hat&ould go in the “TK


117/146

@0. Would it be legal for an ,rm( aiator &ith less@0. Would it be legal for an ,rm( aiator &ith lessthan 8$ hours of &eather e;!erience as !ilot inthan 8$ hours of &eather e;!erience as !ilot in

command to de!art from “Q” !ad at Nairns ,,Fcommand to de!art from “Q” !ad at Nairns ,,F&ith an obseration of 1$$ ft oercast* isibilit(&ith an obseration of 1$$ ft oercast* isibilit(12 mile* fog* GWK GG 1#$$ ft.?12 mile* fog* GWK GG 1#$$ ft.?

Oo* ho&eer it &ould be legal to de!art from GWKOo* ho&eer it &ould be legal to de!art from GWK because GG a!!lies to the run&a( for &hich it because GG a!!lies to the run&a( for &hich it

is re!orted.is re!orted.


118/146

@#. Kou are !lanning an IFG ight to Tro( =uni Kou are !lanning an IFG ight to Tro( =uni

T%I to arrie at noon and the I6' glideslo!e isT%I to arrie at noon and the I6' glideslo!e isO%T,=Ed out of serice.O%T,=Ed out of serice.a. 'tate &hich a!!roach !rocedure &ould allo&a. 'tate &hich a!!roach !rocedure &ould allo&the minimum &eather forecast to Ble there andthe minimum &eather forecast to Ble there ande;!lain ho& (ou arried at (our ans&er.e;!lain ho& (ou arried at (our ans&er. minimaminima

table ne;t clicktable ne;t click

W; to Ble: 0$$-12" U JT, V 1hr for W; to Ble: 0$$-12" U JT, V 1hr for

%T'%T': Kou must hae an alternate because: Kou must hae an alternate becauseGadar is re)uired “for the a!!roach to beGadar is re)uired “for the a!!roach to be

””

N,TJQ%GK ,=*(?= 7 642*3/4 250 E300*3/4F=*?O& 7 880*9 488 E500*9F

N)G 7 H20*9 528 E600*9F

&(R&?(NI H40*9 543 E600*9F

$R 7 642*9 250 E300*9F$R 7 642*9 250 E300*9F


119/146

@# N%OT. Kou are !lanning an IFG ight to Tro( Kou are !lanning an IFG ight to Tro(=uni T%I to arrie at noon and the I6'=uni T%I to arrie at noon and the I6'glideslo!e is O%T,=Ed out of serice.glideslo!e is O%T,=Ed out of serice.b. 'tate &hich a!!roach !rocedure &ould allo&b. 'tate &hich a!!roach !rocedure &ould allo&the minimum &eather forecast to Ble therethe minimum &eather forecast to Ble there&ithout listing an alternate and e;!lain ho& (ou&ithout listing an alternate and e;!lain ho& (ou

arried at (our ans&er.arried at (our ans&er.

@$$E 1-12" UJT, V1hr for 6%N GWK >.@$$E 1-12" UJT, V1hr for 6%N GWK >.

N,TJQ%GK ,=*(?= 7 642*3/4 250 E300*3/4F=*?O& 7 880*9 488 E500*9F

N)G 7 H20*9 528 E600*9F

&(R&?(NI H40*9 543 E600*9F

$R 7 642*9 250 E300*9F

=*?O&7 880*9 488 E500*9F


120/146

@8. %T$2: PF% $SS TS. 'tate the minimum'tate the minimum eather eather

forecast re)uired to Ble IFG to


121/146

@. 9othan 9HO* ,6* is (our intended destination*but for this ight (ou need an alternate and &ould like

to use Jnter!rise =uni J9O* ,6. What minimum W]forecast &ould allo& the use of J9O as (our alternate?

I,< and minima table ne;tI,< and minima table ne;t

""$$-0 U JT, V 1hr using the transition from GG'.""$$-0 U JT, V 1hr using the transition from GG'.J9O is unmonitored so FG descent criteria isJ9O is unmonitored so FG descent criteria is

a!!lied. =ust be enroute altitude* not


122/146

@@a. What are the dimensions of class N

airs!ace?

P, basic design &ith minor site s!eciBcP, basic design &ith minor site s!eciBc

ariationsP _ 8 O= inner ring from theariationsP _ 8 O= inner ring from thesurface to #$$$ ft. ,Q6. _ 1$ O= outersurface to #$$$ ft. ,Q6. _ 1$ O= outerring from 1"$$ ft ,Q6 to #$$$ ft. ,Q6. _ring from 1"$$ ft ,Q6 to #$$$ ft. ,Q6. _%uter area "$ O= radius from lo&er leel of%uter area "$ O= radius from lo&er leel ofcommo 2 radar coerage to ceiling of ,


123/146

@@b. Is an ,TN clearance re)uired to enter@@b. Is an ,TN clearance re)uired to enterclass N airs!ace FG?class N airs!ace FG?

Oo. If the controller res!onds to a radio callOo. If the controller res!onds to a radio call&ith* Xaircraft callsign standb(*X&ith* Xaircraft callsign standb(*X radioradio

communicationscommunications hae been established andhae been established andthe !ilot can enter the airs!ace.the !ilot can enter the airs!ace.

Gemember* class “/” re)uires a clearance.Gemember* class “/” re)uires a clearance.


124/146

1$$. %n a FG ight* must (ou communicate &ith%n a FG ight* must (ou communicate &ithan(one to de!art from or land to an airBeldan(one to de!art from or land to an airBeld

bordered b( a magenta segmented line &hen thebordered b( a magenta segmented line &hen the&eather is 1$$$ and " miles?&eather is 1$$$ and " miles?

Kes. It is class XJX surface based airs!ace and


125/146

1$1. When is a trans!onder &ith mode N re)uired?1$1. When is a trans!onder &ith mode N re)uired?

F,G @1-"18 2 ,I=F,G @1-"18 2 ,I=

1. In class ,* / or N airs!ace areas1. In class ,* / or N airs!ace areas". In all airs!ace aboe the ceiling and &ithin the". In all airs!ace aboe the ceiling and &ithin thelateral boundaries of class / or N airs!ace u!&ard tolateral boundaries of class / or N airs!ace u!&ard to1$*$$$ feet ='6.1$*$$$ feet ='6.

0. Within 0$ O= of an air!ort listed in ,!!endi; 9*0. Within 0$ O= of an air!ort listed in ,!!endi; 9*

'ection 1 of this !art from the surface u! to 1$*$$$ ft'ection 1 of this !art from the surface u! to 1$*$$$ ft='6.='6.#. Within 1$ O= of an air!ort listed in ,!!endi; 9*#. Within 1$ O= of an air!ort listed in ,!!endi; 9*'ection " of this !art from the surface to 1$*$$$ ft'ection " of this !art from the surface to 1$*$$$ ft='6 e;cluding the airs!ace belo& 1"$$ ft ,Q6 outside='6 e;cluding the airs!ace belo& 1"$$ ft ,Q6 outside

of the lateral boundaries of the surface area of theof the lateral boundaries of the surface area of theairs!ace designated for that airs!ace.airs!ace designated for that airs!ace.8. In all airs!ace of the # contiguous states and the8. In all airs!ace of the # contiguous states and the9istrict of Nolumbia at and aboe 1$*$$$ ft ='6*9istrict of Nolumbia at and aboe 1$*$$$ ft ='6*

e;cluding the airs!ace belo& "8$$ ft ,Q6.e;cluding the airs!ace belo& "8$$ ft ,Q6.


126/146

1$". Is it legal to Ble IFG through a1$". Is it legal to Ble IFG through aGestricted ,rea? Through a =%,?Gestricted ,rea? Through a =%,?

)es.)es. ,TN &ill clear an aircraft through,TN &ill clear an aircraft throughthe areas IFG if the areas are not actiethe areas IFG if the areas are not actieor if se!aration can be !roided &ith theor if se!aration can be !roided &ith theusing agenc(.using agenc(.


127/146

1$0. What minimum rate of descent is1$0. What minimum rate of descent is

needed at @$ kts ground s!eed during Bnalneeded at @$ kts ground s!eed during Bnala!!roach for the O9/-N at =arianna =uni*a!!roach for the O9/-N at =arianna =uni*F6 =,I?F6 =,I?

9// p!9// p!

O%TJ: , greater rate of descent than 8$$f!mO%TJ: , greater rate of descent than 8$$f!mma( sometimes be necessar( due to highma( sometimes be necessar( due to high

ground s!eeds or short Bnal a!!roachground s!eeds or short Bnal a!!roachsegments so that isual reference &ith thesegments so that isual reference &ith therun&a( enironment can be established asrun&a( enironment can be established as

earl( as !ossible before reaching the missedearl( as !ossible before reaching the missed

a!!roach !oint.a!!roach !oint.

B6*G600!m 9080’ 9-48

$ l i h h % i d


128/146

1$#. J;!lain ho& to ( the %G misseda!!roach !rocedure at Nairns ,,F if isual

contact &ith the ground is lost &hile circlingsouth to land to G&( "#.

0

1 ?

:

" #

PF3isual contact los

=ake initial climbing turn to&ards the=ake initial climbing turn to&ards thelanding run&a( and continue the turn untillanding run&a( and continue the turn untilestablished on the missed a!!roach course.established on the missed a!!roach course.


129/146

1$8. Qie at least 8 situations &here a1$8. Qie at least 8 situations &here a

!rocedure turn &ould!rocedure turn &ould

notnot

be o&n.be o&n.

1.1. When being radar ectored to Bnal.When being radar ectored to Bnal.

".". When arriing from oer a O% . When cleared for a straight-in a!!roach.


130/146

1$. J;!lain the di5erence bet&een a “isual1$. J;!lain the di5erence bet&een a “isuala!!roach” and a “contact a!!roach.”a!!roach” and a “contact a!!roach.”

3isual $pproach:3isual $pproach: ,n IFG a!!roach clearance that can,n IFG a!!roach clearance that canbebe gien b( ,TNgien b( ,TN &hen the W] is at least&hen the W] is at least 1$$$E1$$$E ceiling andceiling and 0 miles0 miles isibilit(. The !ilot mustisibilit(. The !ilot mustremain clear of clouds and hae either the air!ortremain clear of clouds and hae either the air!ort

or !receding aircraft in sight.or !receding aircraft in sight.

ontact $pproach:ontact $pproach: ,n IFG a!!roach clearance that,n IFG a!!roach clearance thatcan onl( becan onl( be initiated b( the !ilotEs re)uest.initiated b( the !ilotEs re)uest. TheThe!ilot must remain!ilot must remain clear of cloudsclear of clouds* hae at least* hae at least 11milemile isibilit(* and can reasonabl( e;!ect toisibilit(* and can reasonabl( e;!ect tocontinue to the destination air!ort in thosecontinue to the destination air!ort in thoseconditions.


131/146

1$>. J;!lain the di5erence bet&een being1$>. J;!lain the di5erence bet&een being

cleared for a “straight in a!!roach” ersus acleared for a “straight in a!!roach” ersus a“straight in landing.”“straight in landing.”

'traight in ,!!roach'traight in ,!!roach means e;ecuting anmeans e;ecuting aninstrument a!!roach !rocedure &ith noinstrument a!!roach !rocedure &ith no!rocedure turn.!rocedure turn.

'traight in landing'traight in landing is landing on a run&a( alignedis landing on a run&a( aligned&ithin 0$ degrees of the Bnal a!!roach course&ithin 0$ degrees of the Bnal a!!roach courseas o!!osed to !erforming a circle-to-landas o!!osed to !erforming a circle-to-landmaneuer.maneuer.


132/146

1$. Kou are de!arting Tallahassee Gegional* F6 T6H IFG from the Kou are de!arting Tallahassee Gegional* F6 T6H IFG from theintersection of ta;i &a(s “,” and “=” and the W] is 0$$E ceilingintersection of ta;i &a(s “,” and “=” and the W] is 0$$E ceiling

and 02# mile isibilit(. N6ON 9J6 cleared (ou direct to the 'ZWand 02# mile isibilit(. N6ON 9J6 cleared (ou direct to the 'ZW%G at "$$$ ft. The to&er sa(s X


133/146

1$@. Kou are on an IFG ight from 9othan* ,6 to1$@. Kou are on an IFG ight from 9othan* ,6 toTallahassee* F6. Kou are cleared direct GG'* ->Tallahassee* F6. Kou are cleared direct GG'* ->

'ZW* climb maintain 0$$$* e;!ect #$$$ at %,69K'ZW* climb maintain 0$$$* e;!ect #$$$ at %,69Kintersection.intersection.

a. If commo is lost " miles !rior to %,69Ka. If commo is lost " miles !rior to %,69Kand (ou are I=N* &hat altitudes &ould (ou ( forand (ou are I=N* &hat altitudes &ould (ou ( forthe remainder of the ight?the remainder of the ight?

=aintain 0$$$ until reaching %,69K since this=aintain 0$$$ until reaching %,69K since this

altitude is higher than the =J, of "8$$* u!onaltitude is higher than the =J, of "8$$* u!oncrossing %,69K climb to and maintain #$$$ sincecrossing %,69K climb to and maintain #$$$ sincethis altitude is higher than the =J, for thethis altitude is higher than the =J, for theair&a(.air&a(.

RR=

>2000

O$?)D =$(M? M$


134/146

1$@b. What altitudes &ould (ou ( if commo1$@b. What altitudes &ould (ou ( if commo

&as lost " miles after crossing %,69K?&as lost " miles after crossing %,69K?

=aintain 0$$$ because (ou hae alread( gone=aintain 0$$$ because (ou hae alread( gonebe(ond the B; that the e;!ected change in altitudebe(ond the B; that the e;!ected change in altitude

&as to take !lace and this altitude is higher than&as to take !lace and this altitude is higher thanthe !ublished =J, for the remainder of the air&a(.the !ublished =J, for the remainder of the air&a(.

RR= >

2000

O$?)D =$(M? M$


135/146

11$. When ma( a !ilot leae a clearancelimit if communications &ith ,TN haebeen lost?

1.1.When the clearance limit isWhen the clearance limit is a 67 ro!a 67 ro!hich an approach beginshich an approach begins* commence* commencedescent and a!!roach as close asdescent and a!!roach as close as

!ossible to the e;!ect further clearance!ossible to the e;!ect further clearancetime if one has been receied* or if onetime if one has been receied* or if onehas not been receied* as close ashas not been receied* as close as

!ossible to the e;!ected time of arrial!ossible to the e;!ected time of arrialas calculated from the Bled or amendedas calculated from the Bled or amended

&ith ,TN estimated time enroute.&ith ,TN estimated time enroute.

continuedcontinued


136/146

11$. continued

". If the clearance limit is". If the clearance limit is not a 67 ro!not a 67 ro!

hich an approach begins,hich an approach begins, leae theleae the

clearance limit at the e;!ect furtherclearance limit at the e;!ect furtherclearance time if one has been receied* orclearance time if one has been receied* orif none has been receied* u!on arrial oerif none has been receied* u!on arrial oerthe clearance limit* and !roceed to a B;the clearance limit* and !roceed to a B;

from &hich an a!!roach begins andfrom &hich an a!!roach begins and

commence descent or descent andcommence descent or descent anda!!roach as close as !ossible to thea!!roach as close as !ossible to theestimated time of arrial as calculated fromestimated time of arrial as calculated fromthe Bled or amended &ith ,TN estimatedthe Bled or amended &ith ,TN estimated

time enroutetime enroute

111 K d t f 00$ d 0$$$E111 K d t f 00$ d 0$$$E


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111. Kou are on a radar ector of 00$ degrees* 0$$$E111. Kou are on a radar ector of 00$ degrees* 0$$$Eand e;actl( half&a( bet&een the /MM O9/ /onifa(* F6and e;actl( half&a( bet&een the /MM O9/ /onifa(* F6

and the GANMG 6%= J6, 6-1 !anel F. The &eather isand the GANMG 6%= J6, 6-1 !anel F. The &eather is18$$ 'NT* 1$*$$$ /MO and # miles isibilit(. Kou &ere18$$ 'NT* 1$*$$$ /MO and # miles isibilit(. Kou &erelast told to e;!ect the I6' GWK to Nairns ,,F. Iflast told to e;!ect the I6' GWK to Nairns ,,F. Ifcommunications &ith ,TN has been lost and all attem!tscommunications &ith ,TN has been lost and all attem!tsto re-establish communications fail* &hat &ould (ou do?to re-establish communications fail* &hat &ould (ou do?

=aintain =N* 'A,WM >$$* !roceed FG to=aintain =N* 'A,WM >$$* !roceed FG toNairns ,,F and land as soon as !racticable b(Nairns ,,F and land as soon as !racticable b(entering the traLc !attern and &atching forentering the traLc !attern and &atching forlight gun signals from the to&er.light gun signals from the to&er.

>$$>$$FGFG


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11"a. Ho& could (ou obtain an IFG11"a. Ho& could (ou obtain an IFGclearance de!arting from /onifa(-clearance de!arting from /onifa(-Tricount(* F6?Tricount(* F6?

1.1.Nontact Qainesille F'' b( !hone.Nontact Qainesille F'' b( !hone.

".".Nontact Nairns ,!!roach Nontrol b( !hone.Nontact Nairns ,!!roach Nontrol b( !hone.0.0.If able to remain FG* de!art FG and callIf able to remain FG* de!art FG and call

F'' or ,


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11"b. 6ist 0 &a(s to close an IFG ight !lan to /onifa(-Tricount(.

1.1. ,ttem!t commo &ith Qainesille F'' on standard,ttem!t commo &ith Qainesille F'' on standard1""." 2 "88.#1""." 2 "88.#

".". ,ttem!t commo &ith Qainesille F'' on 1"".1 and,ttem!t commo &ith Qainesille F'' on 1"".1 andreceie ia =,I %G on 11#.$receie ia =,I %G on 11#.$

0.0. Nontact ,TN Nairns ,


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110. When making an IFG a!!roach to an110. When making an IFG a!!roach to an

air!ort not sered b( a control to&er or F''*air!ort not sered b( a control to&er or F''*after ,TN adises XNhange to adisor(after ,TN adises XNhange to adisor(fre)uenc( a!!roedX* &hat information shouldfre)uenc( a!!roedX* &hat information shouldthe !ilot broadcast oer the adisor(the !ilot broadcast oer the adisor(fre)uenc(?fre)uenc(?


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11#a. If (ou re)uest and are cleared to11#a. If (ou re)uest and are cleared to

“maintain FG on to!” &hile on an IFG ight“maintain FG on to!” &hile on an IFG ight!lan* must (ou maintain basic cloud clearance!lan* must (ou maintain basic cloud clearanceand should (ou use IFG or FG altitudes?and should (ou use IFG or FG altitudes?

Kes* (ou must maintain basic cloud clearance Kes* (ou must maintain basic cloud clearance

aircraft must com!l( &ith basic FG &eatheraircraft must com!l( &ith basic FG &eatherminimums and ( at the a!!ro!riate FGminimums and ( at the a!!ro!riate FGaltitude.


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11#b. What is an “oer-the-to!” ight and11#b. What is an “oer-the-to!” ight and

associated limits?associated limits?

It is a FG ight aboe a cloud or fog la(erIt is a FG ight aboe a cloud or fog la(er&hich can not e;ceed 0$ minutes unless the&hich can not e;ceed 0$ minutes unless theaircraft is e)ui!!ed for I=N and all IFGaircraft is e)ui!!ed for I=N and all IFG

re)uirements can be met for the remainderre)uirements can be met for the remainderof the ight.of the ight.


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118. 6ist 0 &a(s (ou can land at (our118. 6ist 0 &a(s (ou can land at (our

destination from an IFG ightdestination from an IFG ight &ithout&ithout (ing an instrument a!!roach !rocedure.(ing an instrument a!!roach !rocedure.

Qie e;am!les of &hen this could be usedQie e;am!les of &hen this could be usedto (our adantage.to (our adantage.1.1.Nontact a!!roachNontact a!!roach

".".isual a!!roachisual a!!roach

0.0. Nancel IFGNancel IFG

Qood &eather* lo& fuel* ,!!roach !rocedureQood &eather* lo& fuel* ,!!roach !rocedureon other side of air!ort.on other side of air!ort.

11 Wh t i th i i th t it11 Wh t i th i i th t it


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11. What is the minimum &eather to !ermit11. What is the minimum &eather to !ermitBling an IFG ight !lan to the 9othan GegionalBling an IFG ight !lan to the 9othan Gegional

,ir!or

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