= Instruments of The Orchestra

History of Music

Baroque Classical Romantic

Dates 1600-1750 1750-1825 1825-1900

ComposersJ.S. Bach

G.F. Handel A. Vivaldi

F.J. Haydn W.A. Mozart

L.V. Beethoven

Franz Schubert Frederic Chopin

Johannes Brahms

Musical Features

Small orchestras Strings

Woodwind Harpsichord

Larger orchestras Brass

Some percussion Symphony

Massive orchestras More percussion Longer pieces of

music

Percussion

Tuned Untuned

Marimba Drum Kit

Xylophone Cymbals

Timpani Maracas

Piano Tambourine

Glockenspiel Triangle

Woodwind

Reed Double Reed No Reed

Saxophone Oboe Flute

Clarinet Bassoon Piccolo

Brass

Embouchure Changing the shape of your mouth to change the pitch

Other Key Words

Conductor The director of the musical performance of the orchestra

Sforzando Suddenly loud

Musical TheatreMusical Theatre = Telling a story on a stage through the integration of singing, acting and dancing.

Types of Musical Book Musical = A combination of songs and spoken dialogue. E.g. 'Grease'. Sung-through = A musical that is sung throughout. E.g. 'Les Miserables'. Jukebox Musical = A musical where a story is built around existing songs, normally from one artist. E.g. 'Our House'.

Opera = A dramatic work using classical song to tell the story. E.g. 'Don Giovanni' Operetta = A style of opera, usually with less music, a 'light-hearted' story, but still with classical-style vocals. Gilbert & Sullivan were famous composers of operetta. E.g. 'The Mikado'.

Uses of Music Recitative = A section of vocal music, used to tell the story. It follows the ordinary rhythm of speech. Often has many words on the same note. Aria = Song for a solo voice, originating in opera and now used in musicals. Has an expressive melody to portray emotions. Underscore = Instrumental music played underneath dialogue.

Overture = Instrumental music played at the start of a musical, introducing musical ideas. There are normally no performers on stage. Reprise = A song that is repeated in a musical. It is normally changed to reflect a different situation. Leitmotif = A musical idea that represents a specific character, time or place.

Job Roles Director = Oversees how the cast perform the show. Musical Director = Teaches the music to the cast and leads the band/orchestra. Choreographer = Creates and teaches the dance routines for the show.

Costume Designer = Plans and creates the costumes for the cast. Sound Technician = Controls the volume and the quality of sound through the speakers. Lighting Technician = Plots and control the lights in a show.

Vocal Ranges Soprano = High female voice. Alto = Low female voice. Tenor = High male voice. Bass = Low male voice.

Vocal Techniques Syllabic - When the vocal melody only has one note per syllable. Melisma - When the vocal melody has more than one note per syllable. Vocalisation - Singing without using words e.g. 'Ahh' 'Ooo'. Rap - Singing fast rhythmic lyrics with little/no melody. Falsetto - A vocal technique used by men which creates a light sound in the very highest part of their voice. Men singing falsetto sing at the same pitch as a woman. Belt - In belt singing, you take quick breaths and use the strongest part of your voice to sing very loudly. Belt is normally used for the most dramatic or emotional section of the song.

Musical Theatre Composers Gilbert & Sullivan; Rogers & Hammerstein; Sondheim;

Lloyd-Webber; Lin-Manuel Miranda. Suggested Listening

'Summer Nights' - Grease

Grade 3 Theory

Time Signatures

4/4 4 crotchet beats per bar.

3/4 3 crotchet beats per bar.

2/4 2 crotchet beats per bar.

6/8 6 quaver beats per bar

3/2 3 minim beats per bar

Simple Each beat can be broken down into 2 notes.

Compound Each beat can be broken down into 3 notes.

Duple 2 beats in a bar

Triple 3 beats in a bar

Quadruple 4 beats in a bar

Example: Compound Duple = 6/8 (2 beats, split into groups of 3).

Remember: This is what tells us how to beam.

Ledger Lines

Key Signatures Up to 4 flats and sharps; Major and

minor keys.

Minor Scales

Harmonic Raise the 7th note of the scale.

Melodic Up: Raise the 6th and 7th Down: Flatten the 6th and 7th

Intervals Major, minor and perfect up to an octave

Type of Interval

Major As it would be in a major key

Minor Lowered a semitone

Perfect 4th, 5th and Octave

Learning Aids

Musical Language Quiz: https://gb.abrsm.org/en/theory2018/music-

theory-2018-quiz/

= History of Music

Baroque

Instrumentation

Chamber Orchestra Basso Continuo

Concerto Grosso Concertino

Solo Concerto Ripieno

Virtuoso Harpsichord

Classical

Dates & Composers

1750 - 1825

Joseph Haydn 1732 - 1809

W.A. Mozart 1756 - 1791

L.V. Beethoven 1770 - 1827

Musical Features

Balanced phrases Emphasis on elegance

Mainly diatonic harmony

Homophonic with some counterpoint

Musical Forms

Concerto Soloist with orchestra

Symphony Large orchestral work

Sonata Form Musical structure based on developing a theme.

String Quartet

Written for 2 violins, viola and cello Important Developments

Invention of the piano Sustain pedal

Development of clarinet Mozart’s Clarinet Concerto

Larger Orchestras Big symphonies.

Larger Venues Played in large concert halls

Romantic

Musical Features

Freedom of form and design Chromatic harmonies

Lyrical (song-like) melodies Much larger orchestras

Dramatic contrasts in dynamics and pitch.

Dates & Composers

1825 - 1900

R.A. Schumann 1810 - 1856

Johannes Brahms 1833 - 1897

Frederick Chopin 1810 - 1849

Musical Forms

Lied German songs written for voice and piano

accompaniment.

Music for Piano

Mazurka, Intermezzo, Nocturne.

Waltz Developed by Richard Strauss. Famous style

of dance written in 3/4.

Symphony Much larger.