int is- gis - kms notes

8/6/2019 Int is- Gis - Kms Notes

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International Information System

IT applications depend on a variety of global business drivers, caused by the nature of the

industry and its competitive or environmental forces

Global customers

Global products

Global operations

Global resources

Global collaboration


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GIS Geographic Information Systems

GIS is a system of hardware and software used for storage, retrieval, mapping, and

analysis of geographic data. Practitioners also regard the total GIS as including the operating

personnel and the data that go into the system. Spatial features are stored in a coordinate system

(latitude/longitude, state plane, UTM, etc.), which references a particular place on the earth.

Descriptive attributes in tabular form are associated with spatial features. Spatial data and

associated attributes in the same coordinate system can then be layered together for mapping and

analysis. GIS can be used for scientific investigations, resource management, and development

planning.

About the Technology

In its simplest form, the term "Geographic Information System," or GIS, is an acronym

for a technology that offers a radically different way in which we produce and use the maps

required to manage our communities and industries. Using computer programs, the technology

links items displayed on a map with records in a database with the answers displayed on a map.

The resulting combination, and the ability to manipulate the data in response to any number of

"what if" scenarios, provides government agencies, utilities and a long list of private industries

with a powerful and dynamic new tool that has opened doors in management effectiveness and


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organizational efficiency. A GIS creates intelligent super maps through which sophisticated

planning and analysis can be performed at the touch of a button.

The federal government uses this resulting geospatial information to manage forests, develop

defense strategies, establish tax valuations and manipulate census data to determine voting

districts. Utilities use geospatial info to automate vast transmission and distribution networks,

and to build and service pipelines and communication networks. Cities are using geospatialtechnologies for applications as diverse as routing sanitation and emergency vehicles, replacing

water mains and doing a better job of matching the right equipment to each job. Thousands of

private companies use geospatial information to make more informed decisions in areas ranging

from site selection, to marketing demographics, to analyzing competition. Once considered an

end to itself (e.g., a physical map), GIS today has rapidly evolved as an integral part of the

management process in a broad range of applications and sectors. For example, geospatial

systems are a key element in nearly every infrastructure development project of the multi-lateral

lending agencies.

"Automated Mapping and Facilities Management," or AM/FM, means exactly that: to automate

the mapping process and to manage facilities represented by items on the map. In the past, when

a map was needed, a crew of surveyors, draftspersons, and geographers would combine their

resources and develop a map on paper. This map was created by hand, updated by hand, and

reproduced by a professional printer. Today, it can be drawn on a computer screen using a

Computer Aided Drafting and Design (CADD) software program. The map program is then

connected to a database containing a variety of detailed information related to items on the map.

When the map is needed to answer a question, it is displayed on the screen automatically.

Updates are made quickly using a digitizing table, a mouse and a keyboard. The entire map, or

just portions of it, may be selected to be printed on a plotter. The process is similar to word

processing for maps.

The key advantage to AM/FM is the ability to share maps. State and federal agencies, along with

utility companies, which create their own respective maps can, for example, share maps witheach other. This not only saves money, but provides the ability to create hundreds of new maps,

many of which never existed before, for minimal cost.

"Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition", or SCADA, is the process by which real-time

information is gathered from remote locations for processing and analysis; and the process by


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which equipment is controlled. SCADA is used in the electric, telecommunications,

transportation, pipeline, water/wastewater, oil and gas, and infrastructure/government fields. GIS

and SCADA relate by allowing for "live" maps and real-time databases that are used to manage

large systems and networks. Through the integration, SCADA becomes spatially related, and

AM/FM/GIS systems become real-time. For example, gas pipeline companies use SCADA,

represented as a large wall model of its pipeline network in the region containing real-time

information on gas flow, pipeline pressures, sections under repair, alternative pipeline routings,

the location and dispatch of service crews, etc.

"Global Positioning System," or GPS, is a network of 24 satellites equipped with atomic clocks

and equally accurate position measuring telemetry gear. The network was originally designed as

a navigational aid for the military, but the civilian sector has leveraged the Pentagon's $10 billion

investment in technology infrastructure into a market for hardware, software and services that are

expected to grow to $20 billion annually by the year 2000. Armed with inexpensive GPS

receivers, for example, utility service crews can be quickly dispatched to the location of

underground utilities in need of repair. And the interface of GIS and GPS has resulted in a steady

stream of new applications on an ongoing basis.

Today there are tens of thousands of geospatial applications in use. Organizations throughout the

world are using the technology to transform manually produced maps and associated descriptive

records into powerful digital databases whose content can be used in applications as far flung as

managing utility distribution networks, to monitoring pollution, to planning alternative traffic

patterns, to redrawing voter districts, or tracking agricultural drought conditions. Once a tool that

was affordable only to the largest organizations, geospatial systems have become a cost-effective

option for even the smallest organizations.

Gas and electric utilities use it to model distribution networks, issue work orders, dispatch

service crews, market to prospective customers and plan service expansions.

Telecommunications companies find it invaluable as they seek a competitive edge in the

management of outside plant facilities and in the marketing of long distance services.Government agencies rely on this technology to plan new land developments, determine tax

valuations, manage public works networks, route emergency vehicles, analyze crime and

accident patterns, manage transportation systems and study environmental issues. Private

businesses use it to make strategic decisions about locating new outlets and facilities,targeting

customers more effectively and determining the impact of new or potential competitors.


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Approximately 70 to 80 percent of the information managed by business is somehow connected

to a specific locationan address, street, intersection, or "xy" coordinate. Therefore, geospatial

technology is finding its way into every corner of the business world. And, because the

technology's uses are so widespread and diverse, the geospatial market is growing at an annual

rate of almost 35 percent. The commercial subsection of this market is expanding at a

phenomenal rate of 100 percent each year.

GITA can help you keep up with the vast changes taking place in this discipline and access the

educational channels you need to learn about the impact that geospatial information can have on

you and your organization.

GIS Process


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Where is GIS Used?

GIS is everwhere! There are many businesses, government agencies and others who are using

GIS

Government Agencies

Emergency Services

Real estate agents and bankers

property values, and tax information.

Health care professionals

Weather forcasting


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coatings to focus the area observed onto a plane in which detectors are placed. These detectors

are sensitive to a particular region in which the sensor is designed to operate and produce

outputs, which are either representative of the observed area as in the case of the camera or

produce electrical signals proportionate to radiation intensity. Spatial resolution: It is a measure

of the smallest angular or linear separation between two objects that can be resolved by the

sensor. The greater the sensors resolution, the greater the data volume and smaller the area

covered. In fact, the area coverage and resolution are interdependant and these factors determine

the scale of the imagery.

Spectral resolution:

It refers to the dimension and number of specific wavelength intervals in the

electromagnetic spectrum to which a sensor is sensitive. Narrow bandwidths in certain regions of

the electromagnetic spectrum allow the discrimination of various features more easily.

Temporal resolution:It refers to how often a given sensor obtains imagery of a particular area. Ideally, the

sensor obtains data repetitively to capture unique discriminating characteristics of the

phenomena of interest.

Radiometric sensitivity:

It is the capability to differentiate the spectral reflectance/ emittance from various

targets. This depends on the number of quantisation levels within the spectral band. In other

words, the number of bits of digital data in the spectral band will decide the sensitivity of thesensor.

Application of Remote Sensing and GIS


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Management

Based on remote sensing a variety of data pertaining to the coastal zone like,

identification of plant community, biomass estimation, shoreline changes, delineation of coastal

landforms and tidal boundary, qualitative estimation of suspended sediment concentration,

chlorophyll mapping, bathymetry of shallow waters, etc. can be collected and all

these data will help in effective coastal ecosystem management. The latest Indian satellites IRS

1C, 1D, P4 and P6 with their improved spatial resolution (PAN 5.8 m, LISS III 23.6 m, LISS

IV 5.8 m, WiFS 188 m and AWiFS 56 m), extended spectral range (inclusion of middle

infrared band in LISS III) and increased repetivity (5 days for WiFS data) have opened up new

applications in coastal zone. Preliminary analysis of IRS 1C, 1D data indicates that coral reef

zonation, identification of tree and shrub mangroves, mudflats, beach, dune vegetation, saline

areas, etc as well as better understanding of suspended sediment patterns are now possible. The

PAN data combined with the LISS III and LISS IV data are extremely useful in providing

detailed spatial information about reclamation, construction activity and ecologically sensitiveareas, which are vital for the coastal zone regulatory activities. The information available from

merged PAN and LISS III, IV data about coral reef zonation, especially for atolls, patch reef

and coral pinnacles, is valuable for coral reef conservation plans. The distinction between tree

and shrub mangroves in FCC (middle infrared, infrared and red bands) of LISS III provides vital

information on biodiversity studies (Ramachandran et. al., 2000a). The high temporal

resolution provided by the WiFS data is found to be a major improvement in studying the

behavior of suspended sediments in the coastal waters, which would help in understanding the

movement of sediments and pollutants (Nayaket.al., 1996).

Mangroves Satellite remote sensing has been found to be a very valuable application

tool in forest management including mangroves, not only in monitoring, but also carrying out

relevant observations, which can bring out the impact of deforestation on global climate. Remote

sensing of change detection is a process of determining and evaluating differences in a

variety of surface phenomena over time. For detection of land cover change, multi temporal data

of Landsat TM were found to be more suitable for identification of deforestation areas, mapping

the regeneration/ regrowth of forest area and tracing major changes in land cover.

GIS applications

Map Creation

Report Preparation


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Facilities Management

Analysis of Employer/Employee Demographics

Transportation Issues

Strategic Planning

Decision Making

Improved Decision Making

Reduced Errors

Reduced Risks

Improved Management and Control

Improved Service to Clients

Knowledge management systems :

In 1972, a team at Carnegie-Mellon University began development on ZOG (the namedoes not appear to be an acronym). In 1983, this system was installed on board the aircraftcarrier USS Carl Vinson, using twenty-eight networked PERQ workstations. It provided the crewwith a task management system and on-line procedure manuals. Two of the principal ZOGresearchers, Donald McCracken and Robert Akscyn, formed Knowledge Systems in 1981, andbegan work on a commercial product, Knowledge Management System (KMS). This wasimplemented as a distributed database using Sun and Apollo workstations, computers possessinghigh-resolution graphic displays. The software has been documented most thoroughly in "KMS:A Distributed Hypermedia System for Managing Knowledge in Organizations" by Akscyn,McCracken, and Yoder.

KMS is based on an extremely simple paradigm. Each screen may display either one frame(node) or two frames side by side (as in theMemex). Nodes may contain text and graphics.Reference and command links are available--these are indicated by a hollow or solid bullet. Twolink types are available. Tree links indicate hierarchical or structural relationships; annotationlinks indicate associative relationships. The latter are denoted by having "@" as their firstcharacter.

The user interface is most notable for what it does not have: pull-down menus, buttons, windows,and so on.

KMS today is the result of rethinking many user interface design issues. Mostly, this has meantlearning to do without things that previously seemed so necessary to us. We are trying to providethe KMS user with an environment in which there are few concepts to learn. (829)

The following list illustrates this concept:

only one command context is available; no distinction is made between editing, viewing,and navigating
http://elab.eserver.org/hfl0051.htmlhttp://elab.eserver.org/hfl0051.htmlhttp://elab.eserver.org/hfl0048.htmlhttp://elab.eserver.org/hfl0015.htmlhttp://elab.eserver.org/hfl0048.htmlhttp://elab.eserver.org/hfl0015.htmlhttp://elab.eserver.org/hfl0051.html


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anchors are not highlighted; they may be separated from other text by whitespace toindicate the special status of this text.

scrolling is not provided, since quick navigation between frames is seen as a moreefficient substitute

nodes are not typed no clipboard is necessary, since items may be moved directly destination anchors are not provided because frames themselves are small enough logical

units link properties are not required since one can just as easily follow the link as view its

descriptors no maps are provided, as they are not judged to be worth the extra complexity

Actions are initiated through the use of a three-button mouse. The on-screen pointer changesdepending on its location to indicate available actions. In this way selection, block editing, andnavigation functions are all provided without need for a menuing system. Additional globalcommands are available from a single line at the bottom of the screen. On-line help, importing,clusters, and versioning are all provided. Simple searches can be made on particular hierarchiesof nodes. The results are displayed as a frame. A general-purpose scripting language, similar inscope to HyperTalk, is available.

KMS has accomplished its developers' goal of providing full hypertext functionality with aminimum of overhead. Along with Intermedia, it is the most highly developed hypertext system.The two stand poles apart, however, in their interface model.

KM System Technologies application areas

Portals
http://elab.eserver.org/hfl0105.htmlhttp://elab.eserver.org/hfl0086.htmlhttp://elab.eserver.org/hfl0102.htmlhttp://elab.eserver.org/hfl0133.htmlhttp://elab.eserver.org/hfl0032.htmlhttp://elab.eserver.org/hfl0105.htmlhttp://elab.eserver.org/hfl0086.htmlhttp://elab.eserver.org/hfl0102.htmlhttp://elab.eserver.org/hfl0133.htmlhttp://elab.eserver.org/hfl0032.html


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Business Intelligence Data Warehousing, Data Mining Document Management Intelligent agents Search Engines Knowledge Resource Directories Customer Relationship Management Messaging / e-mail Groupware and Collaboration Technologies Web Calendars / Reminders

Decision Support Systems Workflow and Tracking Web Casting Content Management Web / multimedia based training / e-learning

KM System as a Human Process Knowledge management system, however, does not have to be acomputer system. It can be a process of

finding,

selecting,

organizing,

distilling and presenting information in a way that improves comprehension in a

specific area of interest, and

acquiring,

storing and

utilizing knowledge for such things as

problem solving,

strategic planning,


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decision making and

dynamic learning.

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