[int. med] history taking from sims lahore
TRANSCRIPT
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HISTORYObjective to address a provisional diagnosis
Diagnosis stands for
History Exam Investigation
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HISTORY : An analysis of primary information to understand the ongoing pathology in a sequential order & this is
Medicine – A problem solving activity, An academic exercise towards solution Through brain storming.
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CONTENTS OF HISTORY1) Introduction2) P/C3) HOPI4) Past history5) Treatment history6) Personal7) Family8) Social economic history
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Introduction means to know about Name- Age -
Residence Occupation
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PRESENTING COMPLAINT
Access throughOpen enquiryClosed enquiryClosed enquiry stands for three issuesA. ClarificationB. ReflectionC. Summary
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Aims & objectives of P/C1. To keep history in flow2. To indentify issues which needs further
elaboration 3. Should be able to put a symptom (chief
complaint) into a certain system.4. Therefore to plug the right complaint with
reference to a system is the main objective.
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Symptoms of GITPatient has a habit to give a diagnosis in very beginning or use vague terms, like in digestion, hyperacidity, flatulence etc, so needs to be discouraged. Symptoms are so many like ----------
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HISTORY OF PRESENTING ILLNESSExtremely important part of history. Here a
medical student is judged for 1. Communication skill 2. About the depth of knowledge i.e core
knowledge 3. About the breadth of his knowledge i.e his
vision about the problem- D/D ---------4. Medical Students has been Judged for his
ability to address a logical conclusion/provisional diagnosis of presenting complaint.
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A brief review of past history like known patient of CLD, Known patient of APD, known patient of IBD, etc can be pasted before the HOPI.
An important clue to understand the ongoing problem.
Most of the time the patients presenting complaint has been related with his known illness.
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OPENING SENTENCE OF HOPI
Is about initial status of patient that how long he was absolutely all right or
in usual state of health ------------
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FORMAT OF HOPI1. Symptom evaluation and its associations2. Working diagnosis 3. Differential diagnosis4. Systemic enquiry
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SYMPTOM EVALUATION
1. Symptom evaluation means complete elaboration of chief complaint in terms of onset, duration, progress aggravating / Reliving factor ----- etc & then associated features of presenting complaint
Objective is to explain features of P/C against a certain system.
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WORKING DIAGNOSIS Here the doctor ability has been assessed to
give a working diagnosis only through a history, means to be explain under a system.
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DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS This portion of HOPI is to access you
span/vision weather you are able to give other possibilities which closely mimic to your diagnosis through analysis of P/C
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SYSTEMIC INQUIRY Here a medical students has been accessed
whether he knows about the effects of presenting complaint on the rest of the systems.
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PAST HISTORYImportance of brief review of past before
history of presenting of illness -------Here the brief review in the very beginning
needs further elaboration in terms of hospital admission serious ailments, even the suffering since childhood needs to be explained here.
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IMPORTANCE OF THE PAST HISTORYAlthough it is small part of the history but
very much sportive for the present diagnosis which have been explained in the history of presenting illness.
It may not only change the present diagnosis but may influence whole treatment scenario.
Explain in terms of examples.
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PULMONARY COCK’SA past history of pulmonary tuberculosis may
indicate 1. Re-activation / re-infection of tuberculosis .2. Simply patient may come with the same
disease due to non compliance.3. A sufferer of MDR -------- needs dot therapy
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HISTORY OF CHOLECYSTECTOMYPatient might have the presenting complaint
of burbs , flatulence or upper abdominal discomfort .
Here this support of the past history may change the treatment because her the patient simply needs the explanation how to live without gallbladder
Primarily a dietary advise.
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RECENT HISTORY OF SURGERY/INFECTION OR VACCINATION
Presenting complaint--------- paraplegia Most likely diagnosis is GB syndrome.
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HISTORY OF BLOOD TRANSFUSION May be since childhood A clue for congentinal haemolytic anemia.May present with complication of repeated
blood transfusion -------.
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MAY PRESENT OF WITH UTIHistory of the urethral discharge/venereal
exposure ended with the diagnosis HIV .There are so many examples to code which
may influence not only the presence status but also change the treatment sunerio .
So this small part of past history is quite significant.
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TREATMENT HISTORYNow again a Caring part of his which not only have a dire consequences of
patient health/life but open new avenue of investigation or even become a charter of crime.
Patient sometimes not know about drugs so advise to bring drugs taken / prescriptions needs to be evaluated.
Even acquire details about Hakeem medication kushtas- ARSENIC INTAKE
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NON COMPLIANCE Patient may come with uncontrolled BP/DM ,compliance is the issue / not diagnosis, so
counseling is required. Rather change of treatment .
Some docs just change the dose without knowing previous management – it is quite dangerous.
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DRUG ALLERGY Treatment is important regarding H/O drugs
allergy/ Anaphylaxis /Serious side effects, like diarrhea, palpitation, broncho spasm ext. So this information in history will change your treatment plan.
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BLEEDING TENDENCY Patient may come with the complain of bloody
vomiting or generalized bleeding tendency may be due to decreased cell lines or decreased platelets because of some medication like warfarin therapy , excessive use of disprin or H/O chloramphinicol / Antineoplastic drugs/ Anti malarial like pyramethamine may cause such problem..
as recent incidence of PIC in last year where many patients have suffered because of bone marrow suppression- presented with bleeding tendency due to there Anti-co-agluents /statin.
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MENSTRUAL HISTORYThere the various symptoms regarding
menstrual history like dysmenorrhae ,Menorhegia/ Leading to Anaemia/ most likely diagnosis is for endocrinal disorder.
Similarly a patient come to you with the complain of– Migrain /epileptic fitts have a diagnosis of catamenial epliepsy,
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PERSONAL HISTORYImportant in terms of Social & Civil
Circumstances, which may influence the health so it is addressable under various subheading.
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ADDICTIONPerson must be asked about any type of
addiction because this part of history may favour diagnosis or current problem.
Addiction may be in terms of alcohol, smoking, Narcotic Abuse including I/V liners even H/O Pan, Niswar or Gutka intake to be asked.
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TWO ISSUES ARE IMPORTANTHow much i.e quantity & how long i.e
duration
SMOKING HAZARDS ARE
Peripheral vascular disorder
COPD, CA lung etc Toxic amblyopia
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TWO ISSUES ARE IMPORTANTHow much i.e quantity & how long i.e duration
These complications depends upon duration quantity.
ALCOHAL MAY CAUSE
PHYCOSIS
Proximal myopathy Neuropathy
CMP
Wernicke’s encephalopahty
an (acute emergency)
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DOMESTIC/ MARITAL RELATIONSHIP
Including Hobbies and different phycological ailments are the by product of these issues.
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TRAVEL ABROADMay expose the person to different disease
like yellow fever, sleeping sickness, schistosomiasis or exposure to venereal diseases
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FAMILY HISTORYThis part of the history is important in terms
of patient marriage status, numbers of children and their health status including any history of serious ailment from his father and mother side.
Here we are more concerned about the potentially inherited disorders.
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AUTOSOMAL DISORDER Genetic basis is quite striking like asthma in
which autosomal recessive character although less apparent but have a definite roll in the spread of disease particularly in OAD.
Next pattern of inheritence in families is about autosomal dominant chraracter like huntingtons chorea or congenital haemolytic anaemias.
Here we have to discourage about the issue of cousin marriage if the family history exist.
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X LINKED DISORDERSHere we are more concerned with the sex
linked disorders particularly the diseases effecting over X chromosome.
So haemophelia and vonwillibrand disease are the notorious X linked diseases.
Here females are carrier and males are the sufferers.
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In many common disorders like CHD, DM, HTN and dyslipidemia/Atheroma, the mode of inheritance is quite complex and influencet by environmental effects like diet, smoking, obesity and sedentary life style including the depressive illness in families which affect over the outcome of diseases.
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OCCOUPATIONAL HISTORY Here the exact nature and description of job
should be asked, not only the present but also past history of job should also be enquired.
In many diseases occupation is directly related to the present illness. Although nature of occupation has been asked in the very beginning during introduction but here it should be evaluated in detail.
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Most of the time respiratory diseases are the biproduct of occupational hazards. These depend upon the duration of exposure.
For example ILD is quite common among coal miners. Similarly cotton industry may expose the labourer to OAD.
Brucellosis is quite common in farmers dealing with cattles.
Organophosphate poising is quite common among villagers particularly working on cultivated land .
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SOCIOECONOMIC HISTORY This part of the history important in sense of
affordability whether the person is able, either to get the treatment or not.
Statistically certain diseases are more prevailing in different social circles like tuberculosis , C viral disease etc are more common in lower income group.
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SUMMARY OF THE HISTORY At the end of the history, medical students
has been asked to summaries the history it means
A medical students should know how to explain briefly about different aspects of the history
Including introduction of patient, his presenting complaint in terms of likely diagnosis , a few differential and relevant systemic inquiry should be explained briefly.
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General physical examinationFor the general physical examination we have
to have a certain sequagel.Through the sequence of general physical
examination the first and foremost issue isTo get the consent of the patient for
examination.• Here the doctor has to introduce him self
and has to explain the patient, for what purpose doctor want to examine the patient.
• This consent is very important in the sense the doctor has to make a physical contact for examination. Therefore the patient should be comfortable and confident for examination.
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POSITION OF THE PATIENTEvery system of the body has been examined
through making a definite position of the patient for the said system which should be convenient not only for the patient but also for the doctor.
For GIT the patient should lie in supine position with the hands along the side of the body.
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EXPOSURE OF THE PATIENTThe person should be exposed properly for
examination In GIT, the person should be exposed up till
the mid chest and bellow up till the groins.But remember one thing, exposure does not
mean indecent exposure but take into account the socioeconomic, cultural and religious norms of the society.
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VISUAL SURVEY OF THE PATIENT.Always approach to the patient on the right
side and after taking consent, make the position, do the proper exposure and get
An aerial/ panoramic view of the patient from head to toe then come to foot end of the patient, sit at the level and do the same exercise.
During the visual survey you have to notice the following issues.
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1. Appearance of the patient 2. Apparent age 3. Nutritional status4. Level of consciousness 5. Behavior of the patient
Therefore the doctor has to comment about these five expects during the aerial view.For example, you can make statement like this
A cooperative middle age male looking emaciated lying on bed comfortably well oriented in time place and person.
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VITALS OF THE PATIENTRegarding vitals doctor has to comment
about 1.Pulse2.B.P3.Temp.4.R R5.After taking the vital doctor has to
summaries the statement like pulse is 76/min. Regular in rhythm patient is narmotensive, afebrile, while respiratory rate is 16/min.
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Signs of the patient • Doctor is required to check the following
signs for general physical examination.1. Anaemia2. Jaundice 3. Cyanosis4. Edemia 5. Clubbing6. Lymph nodes
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Anemia By definition when hemoglobin level is below
the normal range with respect to patient age and sex Sites for anemia Anemia has been checked over skin, mucous
membrane, Conjunctiva and over the palms /nails.
Rest of the sign depends upon the severity and type of anaemia but in general physical examination one has to comment simply over the presence of anaemia.
The main symptoms are tiredness , fatigability , SOB, heavy headedness and palpitation.
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JAUNDICE It is the yellow pigmentation of skin and sclera.Caused by elevation of serum bilirubin.Clinically jaundice is evident when serum
bilirubin level is more then 2 to 2.5mg/dl collectively.
Sites for Jaundice . Skin Palmer Creases Sclera
Pathologically Jaundice is classified as Non obstructive Obstructive jaundice
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OEDEMABy defination oedema means accumulation of
fee fluid in interstitinal space. as you know body fluid is present in two
compartments . Vascular Extra vascular
Extra vascular is further divided into two compartments.intera cellular Extra cellular/ interstitial fluid.
Clinically patient may come with complain of swelling mainly over the extremities .
This swelling may be localized or generalized.
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Nature of swelling If the swelling has indentation at the site of
pressure, It is called pitting in nature now it may be sign or symptoms.
If swelling has no indentation, it is called non pitting oedema .
It can be explain through various examples and the accumulation of fluid is due to increased hyodostatic pressure in both pitting and non pitting oedema.
It may be due to decreased oncotic pressure
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Sites Dorsum of foot Distal/3 of tibiaSacrumBellow medial malleolus. The pressure of finger at the said site should
be maintained at least for thirty seconds.
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EtiologyIt is variable If it is due to increased hydrostatic pressure
then the causes are CCF Constrictive pericarditis. Cor-pulmonale Drugs Iatrogenic
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Decreased oncotic pressure may be due to.CLDNephrotic syndromMalabsorption
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Cyanosis By definition it is a bluehes discoloration of
skin and mucous membrane due to Ecessive accumulation of reduced Hb in
blood at least 5gm/dl of reduced Hb. In severe anemia cyanosis may be absent.In polycythemia it may occur quickly.
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TypesCentral because of systemic insult. Main cause is inpimpaired oxygenation of
blood.
Defective ventilation/ perfusum due to respiratory disease.
Admixture of deoxygenated blood that is venous into systemic circulation e.g reversal shunt in congenital heart diseases like VSD/ fallots tetrollogy/ SBE.
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Peripheral cyanosis It is vascular in origin e.g raynauds
phenomenon/raynauds disease.Sites.
Peripheral cyanosis has been seen over extremities which are cold and by warning cyanosis may become absent.
Central cyanosisCentral cyanosis has been checked over
extremities which are warm and in mucous membrane that is under surface of tongue and tip of Nose.
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ClubbingIt is a morphological change in the shape of
nails.
Normaly nails are curved from the side to
side and straight longitudenaly.
Normaly there is an angle between nail bed
and soft tissue junction seen as a gap if
straight line is drawn bridging the cuticle and
soft tissue.
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Pathology and grades of clubbingPathologically there is deposition of vascular
spongy tissue. Grades
Grade - 1. Spongy tissue is deposited is under nails angle which has
been obliterated – GAP absent.
Grade -2. Nails become convex from side to side and from above
downward and the shape of the nails may become like inverted spoon.
Grade -3. Terminal phalanges will become drumstick
appearance.
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Grade -4Disease may extend to lower and of long bones
causeing painful swelling of wrist at the lower ends of radius and ulna called pulmonary osteodystrophy .
In the examination of GIT, clubbing is not so common but only present in malabsorption syndrom.