Integrated English -3

Unit Fifteen

The Roots of Happiness

Morning speech

Suggested topics: What is happiness /Defining happiness Ingredients/ determinants of happiness Money and happiness The road to happiness

What is happiness?

[Longman] the state of being happyhappy: having feelings of pleasure, for example because something good has happened to you or you are very satisfied with your life; satisfied, not worried --Longmanhappy: feeling or expressing pleasure, contentment, satisfaction, etc -- OALD

T or F

With the fast economic development of our country, Chinese people are becoming happier.

Happiness Index China Daily (11/20/2010)China ranks 125th on the Forbes' gross national happiness (GNH) index, though its GDP is now the second largest in the world. This does not surprise us, because 35.97 million people in China still live in extreme poverty. A high GNH may sound like pie in the sky, partly because the poor have to toil hard even to get enough food and clothes to survive. Some people have been having noodles and Chinese cabbages for supper for years; others live in such remote places that it takes them a whole day to get to a town. Such people encounter untold suffering even at the slightest rise in food prices. They suffer the most because of environment degradation, soaring housing prices and dwindling [to become gradually less in number] jobs, especially decent ones.

Economic growth amid bipolarizing income certainly cannot solve their problems. The beautification projects - taller buildings, wider roads and bigger cities - only makes these vulnerable people invisible. Households move in and out of poverty primarily because of shocks such as poor weather and crop failure, sickness or injury, and loss of job for the migrant worker in a family. …Although economic output has increased sharply over the past three decades, the corresponding rise in the satisfaction level of the majority of the people has been low. Instead, there has been substantial increase in depression and distrust.

T or F

1. Money cannot buy happiness.2. If you have got your health, you’ve got

just everything.3. Young, energetic people are happier

than old, weak people.4. Children bring a lot of joy and fulfillment

to parents. Therefore, the people who have children are happier than those without.

5. Socially active people are happier than socially inactive people.

…

Text I of Unit 15

The Roots of Happiness: An Empirical Analysis

Questions for general understanding

What kind of writing is the text?

An academic paper in the field of social sciences.

How is an academic paper organized?

Organization of an academic paper

1. Introduction2. Literature Review3. Methodology

Research question (s) Instruments Participants (subjects) Data collection and analysis

4. Results and Discussion5. Conclusion

What research is done in this paper?

What is the research question?What instruments are used in the study?Does the author report findings of his own study or does he report findings of other people’s studies?

What findings are reported?

1. Factors that are not very important2. Factors that are important3. Factors that are very important

Question: How does the author organize his findings?

Organization of findings

The writer organizes the findings in a logical order, according to the degree of importance. He starts with those factors that have little impact on happiness, goes on with those that are moderately important and ends with those very important factors.

Text structure (p. 224)

How many parts can the text be divided into?3 partsWhich paragraph(s) comprises each part?Introduction (Para.1)

Body (Para. 2-18)

Conclusion (Para. 19-22)

Part One: Introduction

Vocabularymuch of speculationhypothesisaboundcommercial

Language work

1. much of speculation: -- mostly a conjecture (or guess, opinion) without firm evidencespeculation: the act of guessing without knowing all the facts about something, or the guesses that you make Their speculations are still far from the truth. Former speculations about life on other

planets were mere guesses.

2. hypothesis: -- an idea that is suggested as a possible way of explaining a situation, proving an idea etc. , which has not yet been shown to be true Different hypotheses have been put forward

to explain why a number of ships and aircraft disappear in that area.

The hypothesis will be tested. to prove/disprove /confirm/reject a hypothesis

Note: "Hypothesis" is borrowed from Latin. Its plural form is "hypotheses."

More examples: basis (pl. bases), thesis (pl. theses), diagnosis (pl. diagnoses)

3. abound: -- to exist in very large numbers or quantities These essays abound in wit. I have visited several places abounding wit

h deer.

commercial

Adj. of or for commerce 商业的，贸易的 N. advertisement on TV or radio 广告

commerce n.commercialism n. (often derog) 商业主义；营利主义commercialize, -ise v.commercially adv.

Questions for discussion

1. Why does the author say that the question of the roots of happiness has been much of speculation?

2. How many questions are raised in the first paragraph?

3. Why does the author ask so many questions in the first paragraph?

1. Why does the author say that the question of the roots of happiness has been much of speculation?There are only commonsense hypotheses about what factors lead to happiness, but so far not much empirical or theoretical study has been made on the question. The hypotheses, which have not gone through theoretical evaluation, can only be called speculation.

2. How many questions are raised in the first paragraph? Five questions.

1. What exactly makes a person happy?2. Do you believe it?3. Is health indeed the key?4. What if you’re healthy but poor,

unemployed, and lonely?5. Are these the factors that promote

happiness?

3. Why does the author ask so many questions in the first paragraph?The author intends to call the reader's attention to, and then proceed to explore the causes of happiness and consider whether the common beliefs are right or not. These questions have prepared the reader for the following discussion of what the real factors are.

Body (Para. 2-18)

In this part the author discusses the determinants of happiness. This part can be further divided into three subdivisions, with the first one displaying the findings of those unimportant factors, the second discussing those factors that are of moderate importance to happiness, and the third dealing with the factors that are very important.

Unimportant factors (What?)

1. Money2. Age3. Gender4. Parenthood5. Intelligence6. Physical attractiveness7. community

Vocabulary

4. highlight:-- to make a problem or subject easy to notice so that people pay attention to it The prime minister's speech highlighted th

e importance of military defense. The report of Department of Commerce hig

hlighted the need to reduce the tariffs.

5. determinant: -- something that strongly influences what you do or how you behave The windows and the views beyond

them are major determinants of a room's character.

6. influential: -- having a lot of influence and therefore changing the way people think and behave He has been influential in shaping economi

c policy. He holds the influential position of presiden

t of the chamber.

7. voracious consumption: -- the state of using in large amountsvoracious: eating or wanting large quantities of food; extremely eager to gain knowledge Marie is a voracious reader. She is

eager to read all sorts of magazines and books.

He has a voracious appetite.

8. come out short: -- to end up lacking in money9. affluent: having plenty of money They have a relatively affluent way of

life.

10. shift some: to change by a small degree

11. hassle: --n. [C, U] something that is annoying, because it causes problems or is difficult to do 困难，麻烦 It was worth all the hassle to have the room

redecorated.12. balance ... out: to become equal13. negligible: -- too slight or unimportant to have any effect 可以忽略的，不重要的 His contribution to the effort was negligible.

14. stereotype: -- a fixed idea or image of what a particular type of person or thing is like模式化的形象﹑ 思想﹑ 人物等 ; 老套 She believes that she is not a good mother

because she does not fit the stereotype of a woman who spends all her time with the children.

He doesn't conform to the national stereotype of an Englishman.

stereotypical adj.

15. tranquil: -- pleasantly calm, quiet and peaceful 平静，安宁 Twilight in the forest is a very tranquil perio

d. 黎明或黄昏 Mother remained tranquil despite the confu

sion around her.tranquility n.

16. pastoral: -- typical of the simple peaceful life in the country 乡村生活的 , 田园风光的 , 牧人的 The painting showed a typical pastoral scen

e of shepherds watching over their grazing sheep.

Unimportant factors1. Money and happiness2. Age and happiness3. Gender and happiness4. Parenthood and happiness5. Intelligence and happiness6. Physical attractiveness and

happiness7. Community

1. Money and happiness

RQ: Are affluent people happier than poor people?

F: A weak positive correlation: .12

Q: Wealthy people are only marginally happier than those in the middle classes or poor people. Why?

Q: What is the middle class? (Para.3)Not working class or upper class.The middle class is the class of people including those in professional and commercial occupations. The usual criteria are: relatively median income, secondary or higher education, and work in professional jobs.Business people, managers, doctors, lawyers, and teachers are usually regarded as middle class.

2. Age and happiness

RQ: Are younger people happier than older ones?

F: No. Age and happiness are consistently found to be unrelated.

Q: There is no correlation between age and happiness. Why?

3. Gender and happiness

RQ: Are men happier than women?Hypothesis: Women, who are treated for

depressive disorders about twice as often as men, are hypothesized to be less happy on average.

F: Almost no correlation between gender and happiness.

4. Parenthood and happiness

RQ: Are people who have children happier than those without children?

F: No correlation.Q: Parents are neither more nor less

happy than childless couples. Why?A: The good and bad aspects of

parenthood balance each other out.

5. Intelligence and happiness

RQ: Are people with higher IQ scores happier than those without?

F: No correlation is found either between IQ scores and happiness or between educational attainment and happiness.

What is IQ? (Para. 7)

IQ is the abbreviation of intelligence quotient. It is a number supposed to denote a person's intelligence and obtained by dividing one's mental age by one's chronological age and multiplying the result by 100. A person of average intelligence would thus have an IQ of 100.

7. Community and happiness

RQ: Are people living in rural areas happier than those living in suburban areas?

F: Although people show a clear preference for the stereotype of tranquil, pastoral life in rural areas, people living in suburban and rural areas are found to be equally happy.

Factors of moderate importance

1. Health2. Social activity3. Religion4. Culture

Vocabulary

17. adapt to: -- to gradually change one's behavior or attitudes so that one gets used to a new situation and can deal with it successfully The shrewd politician adapts his speech

to suit the interests of his audience. He was obliged to adapt himself to the

situation.

18. spectrum: --a complete range of opinions, ideas, situations etc., going from one extreme to its opposite The proposal has been supported by people

on all sides of the political spectrum. A wide spectrum of opinion was presented

at the meeting.

The plural form of "spectrum" is "spectra." More examples: curriculum (pl. curricula), datum (pl. data)

19. religiosity: -- the state of being excessively religious20. foster: -- to help an idea to develop over a period of time I'm trying to foster an interest in classic mu

sic in my children.

21. attribute: 1) v. attribute sth to sb/sth: regard sth as caused by sb/sth She attributes her success to hard work and

a bit of luck.2) n. a quality of feature, especially one that is considered to be good or useful属性，特质 Generosity is but one of her many attribute

s. Cruelty is a normal attribute of human beha

vior.

22. place a priority on: -- to deal with ... first and give it preferential treatmenttake/have priority over

23. disparity: -- a difference between two or more things, especially an unfair one There was such disparity in the standards o

f living between the rich and the poor.

Health and happiness

Q: Does good health make people happy?Finding 1: A moderate positive correlation (.32) is found between health status and happiness.-- Good health makes many people feel happy.Q: Why does health only have moderate impact on happiness?

Why does health have moderate impact on happiness?

Health is, of course, of great importance to one's subjective well-being, but it is not the most factor. Firstly, when one's health has unfortunately deteriorated, one can manage to retain happiness even with health problems. Secondly, people think good health is a matter of course. They usually won't treasure it when they are healthy. Nor will they relate it to happiness.

Social activity and happiness

Are people who are satisfied with their friendship networks and socially active happier than those who are not?Finding 2: People who are socially active report above-average levels of happiness; people troubled by loneliness tend to be very unhappy.

Religion and happiness

Finding 3: There is a modest correlation between religiosity and happiness.Q: Religious people are more likely to be happy than nonreligious people. Why?

A: (conjectures) religion can ①give people a sense of purpose and meaning in life; ②help people accept setbacks gracefully; ③connect them to a caring, supportive community; ④comfort them by putting ultimate mortality in perspective (by telling what is waiting for them when they die)

Culture and happiness

Finding 4: modest cultural variations in the key sources of happiness Q: How does individualism differ from collectivism? How do they correlate with happiness?A: ①Relationship harmony appears to be a more important determinant of happiness in collectivist cultures than in individualistic ones.②People from individualistic cultures report higher average levels of happiness than people from collectivist cultures.

Very important factors

1. Love and marriage2. Work 3. personality

Vocabulary

25. extraversion (also spelled as extroversion): the state of being outgoing and socially confidentintroversion introvert n. introverted adj.extrovert n. extroverted adj.

Love, marriage and happiness

Q: How are they related?Finding 1: Love and marriage are two most critical ingredients of happiness.①People being in love feel happy.②Married people are happier than those who are single or divorced.Q: Does marital satisfaction cause happiness or does happiness lead to marital satisfaction?A: Unclear.

Work and happiness

Finding 2: Job satisfaction is strongly related to general happiness. (Work is a key source of happiness.)Q: causal relations? A: Causation seems to flow both ways.

Personality and happiness

Finding 3: Strong correlations are found between personality (such as self-esteem, extraversion, optimism, a sense of personal control) and happiness.

Question for discussion

Name the factors that are not important to happiness, those that are somewhat important and those that are very important. Compare the number in each list. What insights have you gained from the difference?

Factors that are unimportant to happiness (money, age, gender, IQ, etc.) are mostly objective factors.Factors that are somewhat important to happiness are: health, social activity, religion and culture.The most important ingredients of happiness are: love and marriage, work and personality.The list gets shorter as the degree of importance increases. That is to say, only few factors will be really important to one's subjective well-being.

Conclusions (Para. 19-22)What data does the author collect as empirical evidence?What warning is given when using correlational data?How many insights are given? What are they? Find one key word for each insight.

Questions for Discussion

1. Are most of the determinants of happiness subjective or objective?

2. How does the author explain the fact that age, health, wealth, job are not very important to one's subjective well-being?

3. Why, according to the author, affluent people may still not be happy?

1. Are most of the determinants of happiness subjective or objective?

Most of them are subjective.

2. How does the author explain the fact that age, health, wealth, job are not very important to one's subjective well-being?

He thinks that these are objective factors. The feeling of happiness is largely subjective. It is how people feel about themselves that really counts.

3. Why, according to the author, affluent people may still not be happy?The author explains that one's subjective well-being is relative. People are likely to compare what they have achieved with what they expected or with what people around have achieved. They will feel happy when their achievements exceed their expectations or when they are doing better than their neighbors. But if, on the other hand, they find they haven't reached their expectations or their neighbors are richer than they are, they will not have the feeling of happiness, even when they earn six figure incomes.

Language work

1. much of speculation: -- mostly a conjecture without firm evidencespeculation: the act of guessing without knowing all the facts about something, or the guesses that you make Their speculations are still far from the

truth. Former speculations about life on other

planets were mere guesses.

2. hypothesis: -- an idea that is suggested as a possible way of explaining a situation, proving an idea etc. , which has not yet been shown to be true Different hypotheses have been put forward

to explain why a number of ships and aircraft disappear in that area.

The hypothesis will be tested.

Note: "Hypothesis" is borrowed from Latin. Its plural form is "hypotheses." More examples:basis (pl. bases), thesis (pl. theses), diagnosis (pl. diagnoses)

3. abound: -- to exist in very large numbers or quantities These essays abound in wit. I have visited several places abounding wit

h deer.

4. highlight:-- to make a problem or subject easy to notice so that people pay attention to it The prime minister's speech highlighted th

e importance of military defense. The report of Department of Commerce hig

hlighted the need to reduce the tariffs.

5. determinant: -- something that strongly influences what you do or how you behave The windows and the views beyond

them are major determinants of a room's character.

6. influential: -- having a lot of influence and therefore changing the way people think and behave He has been influential in shaping economi

c policy. He holds the influential position of presiden

t of the chamber.

7. voracious consumption: -- the state of using in large amountsvoracious: eating or wanting large quantities of food; extremely eager to gain knowledge Marie is a voracious reader. She is

eager to read all sorts of magazines and books.

He has a voracious appetite.

8. come out short: -- to end up lacking in money9. affluent: having plenty of money They have a relatively affluent way of

life.

10. shift some: to change by a small degree

11. hassle: -- [C, U] something that is annoying, because it causes problems or is difficult to do It was worth all the hassle to have the

room redecorated.

12. balance ... out: to become equal13. negligible: -- too slight or unimportant to have any effect His contribution to the effort was

negligible.

14. stereotype: -- a fixed idea or image of what a particular type of person or thing is like She believes that she is not a good

mother because she does not fit the stereotype of a woman who spends all her time with the children.

He doesn't conform to the national stereotype of an Englishman.

stereotypical adj.

15. tranquil: -- pleasantly calm, quiet and peaceful Twilight in the forest is a very tranquil perio

d. Mother remained tranquil despite the confu

sion around her.tranquility n.

16. pastoral: -- typical of the simple peaceful life in the country The painting showed a typical idyllic

pastoral scene of shepherds watching over their grazing sheep.

17. adapt to: -- to gradually change one's behavior or attitudes so that one gets used to a new situation and can deal with it successfully The shrewd politician adapts his speech

to suit the interests of his audience. He was obliged to adapt himself to the

situation.

18. spectrum: --a complete range of opinions, ideas, situations etc., going from one extreme to its opposite The proposal has been supported by people

on all sides of the political spectrum. A wide spectrum of opinion was presented

at the meeting.

The plural form of "spectrum" is "spectra." More examples: curriculum (pl. curricula), datum (pl. data)

19. religiosity: -- the state of being excessively religious20. foster: -- to help an idea to develop over a period of time I'm trying to foster an interest in classic mu

sic in my children.

21. attribute: -- a quality of feature, especially one that is considered to be good or useful Generosity is but one of her many attribute

s. Language is an attribute of human beings.

22. place a priority on: -- to deal with ... first and give it preferential treatment23. disparity: -- a difference between two or more things, especially an unfair one There was such disparity in the standards o

f living between the rich and the poor.

24. quadriplegic: -- a person who is permanently unable to move any part of their body below their neck25. extraversion (also spelled as extroversion): the state of being outgoing and socially confident26. glean: -- to find out facts and information slowly and with difficulty From what I'm able to glean, the news

isn't good.

Text comprehension -I

A. As the text is taken from a course book in psychology, the author is supposed to adopt a very objective and scientific tone for the sake of reliability and authority. And he actually does so by citing numerous researches throughout the text and making tentative assertions.

Text comprehension -II

1. F. Money has a weak correlation with the subjective feeling of happiness because even the rich and affluent may often be troubled by a lack of money given the age of "voracious consumption" we live in today.2. T. Intelligence and educational achievement have little to do with one's actual feeling of happiness according to the studies cited in Paragraph 7.

Text comprehension -II

3. T. Though good health seems to be an essential factor of happiness, people tend to take it for granted if they enjoy good health. Health means more to those that are plagued by serious, disabling health conditions.

4. F. Though marital status is, perhaps, the most important correlate of happiness, researchers cannot decide whether there is any causal relationship between them, i.e., whether it is good marriage that brings happiness or vice versa.

Text comprehension -III1. According to the definitions of

individualism and collectivism, China is a collectivistic society because in a traditional Chinese society, group goals are put ahead of personal goals and one's identity is defined according to the group one belongs to. A key determinant of happiness in such a society is relationship harmony, for one depends on the other members of the groups for the formation of his identities and the recognition of his values. Relationship harmony plays a less important role for people living in individualistic society.

Text comprehension -III

2. There is a strong correlation between work and happiness (work is the most important determinant of happiness next to love and marriage). But scientists cannot decide whether it is work that brings happiness or happy people tend to work well. One thing for sure is they have a mutual effect on each other.

Text comprehension -III3. Happiness does not depend as much on external circumstances as on one's interpretation of the external circumstances. In conclusion, the author reminds us of the fact that the determinants of happiness are subjective and objective realities are not as important as subjective feelings. That's why the external circumstances are considered less important than our interpretation of the external circumstances in our feeling of happiness.

Text comprehension -IV

1. It is hard to find out whether job satisfaction causes happiness or happiness leads to job satisfaction, but it is suggested that either of them has an effect on the other.2. Nothing, such as misfortune, weakness, difficulty, or insufficiency, can make it impossible for a person to achieve happiness unless he suffers from a fatal disease.

Structural analysis of the text

The writer organizes the findings in a logical order, according to the degree of importance. He starts with those factors that have little impact on happiness, goes on with those that are moderately important and ends with those very important factors.

Rhetorical features of the text

We can find two sources, namely. (Myers & Diener, 1995) and (Diener et al. , 1993) in Paragraph 3 and another two sources in Paragraph 4, which are (Inglehart, 1990; Myers & Diener, 1997).

Vocabulary exercises -I

1. picking out ... as an important part / the degree of a positive and pleasant mood

2. spending spree age / meet with an insufficiency of incomes

3. change by soft degrees/ more important4. Considering / Taking ... into account5. helping them judge or consider eventual

death in a wise and reasonable way6. except for

Vocabulary exercises -II

1. hassle 2. conjecture 3. empirical 4. hypotheses5. attributed 6. gleaned 7. negligible 8. stereotypes

Vocabulary exercises -III

I. balance out 2. sorting out 3. account for4. adapt to 5. turn out 6. contribute to

Vocabulary exercises -IV

1. admittance/admission 2. inconsistency 3. accountable4. triumphantly 5. affluence 6. instability

responsible ， answerable ， liable ， accountable ， amenable / ˋmin bl/ə ə

These adjectives share the meaning obliged to answer, as for one's actions, to an authority that may impose a penalty for failure. 这些形容词的共有意思是有义务对可能惩罚失误的当权者作出答复的，如对自己的行为。

Responsible often implies the satisfactory performance of duties, the adequate discharge of obligations, or the trustworthy care for or disposition of possessions: Responsible 常意指满意地履行义务、充分地行使职责或对其所有物可靠的照料或处置：“I am responsible for the ship's safety” (Robert Louis Stevenson). “ 我对轮船的安全负责” （罗伯特 · 路易斯 · 史蒂芬森）。“The people had given him his command, and to the people alone he was responsible” (J.A. Froude). “ 人民已给了他管理的权利，所以他对人民负责” (J.A. 弗劳德）。

Answerable suggests a moral or legal responsibility subject to review by a higher authority: Answerable 指接受高一级权威评判的道德或法律的责任：The court held the parents answerable for their minor child's acts of vandalism. 法庭要求父母对于其未成年孩子恶意破坏文物的行为负责。

Liable may refer to a legal obligation, as to pay damages, or to a responsibility to do something, as to perform jury duty, if called on: Liable 可指如赔偿损坏物等法律义务或指做某事的责任，如受召履行陪审员职责：Wage earners are liable to income tax. 劳动者应交纳所得税。During the war men between the ages of 18 and 35 were liable for military conscription. 在战争期间十八至三十五岁的男人都应服兵役。

Accountable especially emphasizes the requirement to give an account of one's discharge of a responsibility entrusted to one: Accountable 尤强调对委托给某人的职责的执行情况作出交代：“The liberal philosophy holds that enduring governments must be accountable to someone beside themselves; that a government responsible only to its own conscience is not for long tolerable” (Walter Lippmann). “ 自由派哲学认为长久的政府必须对除自己以外的他人负责；一个仅对自己良心负责的政府是不能持久的” （沃尔特 ·李普曼）。

Amenable implies the condition of being subject to the control of an authority and therefore the absence of complete autonomy: Amenable 指受当权者的控制，因而缺乏完全的自主权的状况：“The sovereign of this country is not amenable to any form of trial” (Letters of Junius)“ 这个国家的主权不受任何形式审判的支配” （朱尼厄斯的信）

Vocabulary exercises -V

1. endure 2. reveal your real mental state 3. mentioned4. respected 5. accept 6. talk annoyingly about

Grammar exercises -I

The negative form of "as ... as" is "not as ... as" or "not so ... as. " But "so" may not be used (1) after the contracted form such as "isn't," "don't," (2) when there are other lexical items in between the negative word and "as ... as" construction. E.g. : Sue does not act as quickly as Sam. However, when adverbs with negative meanings are used directly before the comparative construction, "so" is usually acceptable. Michael does not swim nearly as/so well as Paul.

Grammar exercises -II1. I have never seen anyone as/so happy as

Mary.2. John isn't as tall as his father. / John is not

as/so tall as his father.3. Michael does not swim as well as Paul.4. Michael does not swim nearly as/so well

as Paul.5. There is nothing quite as/so satisfying as

undergoing a difficult process and after long hard work discovering the true nature of that process.

6. He is not as/so wise as he is witty.

Grammar exercises -III

1. flows 2. are unfounded 3. were 4. get5. come 6. be 7. make8. invest

Grammar exercises -IV

1. shake 2. to do, (to) wait, to let 3. standing 4. finding5. take, make, drink 6. leave 7. being spoken 8. be, look

Grammar exercises -V

Given that…假定，鉴于，考虑到 Given that we do not have complete information abo

ut animal detection capabilities, we can only guess as to what the animals are actually sensing.

鉴于我们对动物的察觉能力没能完整的资料 , 对动物真正感觉到什么我们只有推测。

given prep. Taking into account 考虑到 Given her interest in children/Given that she is interes

ted in children, I am sure teaching is the right career for her. 考虑到她喜欢孩子 , 我可以肯定教书是最适合她的职业 .

considering

-- prep, conj in view of (the fact that); taking into consideration 考虑到 ; 就 ...而言She's very active, considering her age. 就她的年龄来说 , 她是够活跃的 . Considering he's only just started, he knows quite a lot about it. 考虑到他只是刚刚开始 , 他对此的了解已经不少了 .

provided

Also provided that, providing, providing that) conj on the condition or understanding that 在 ...情况或条件下 ; 假若 ; 倘若 ; 除非 : I will agree to go provided/providing (that) my expenses are paid. 假如为我负担费用 , 我就同意去 . Provided we get good weather it will be a successful holiday. 如果天气良好 , 我们的假日将过得非常好 .

Translation exercises -I

1. The speech made by Professor Zhang highlighted the importance of the solid foundation in learning English.2. It is believed that there is a correlation between smoking and lung cancer.3. Admittedly, he has courage and stamina/willpower/perseverance which we lack.4. We should try to see things in their true perspective.

5. I trust him, because what he says is always consistent with what he does.6. Both of them are in perfect harmony despite the great disparity in age.7. Everyone has the right to happiness regardless of their age, sex, or color.8. Relative to the city of New York, the town on the sea /seaside town /coastal town is very small.

Translation exercises –II关于幸福，人们有着不同的观点。有些因素，人

们或许会认为有影响力，实际上与幸福没有很大的关系，这些因素中最为常见的是金钱、年龄和性别。但是，有些因素则有点重要，它们包括健康和社会活动。健康的身体可能是幸福的一个必备条件，然而，许多人尽管身染疾病，仍然设法过着幸福的生活。因为人是社会动物，所以他们的友谊网络有助于他们的幸福。文章作者认为，幸福的最重要的因素是爱、工作和性格。大部分人同意，没有爱的生活是痛苦的。工作中获得成功是幸福的主要源泉之一。说来奇怪，有些人似乎命里注定是幸福的，而另外一些人则命里注定是不幸福的，这和一个人的性格很有关系。

Exercises for integrated skills -I

Throughout history human beings have sought to improve their external situation, / yet despite all our efforts we are no happier. / It is true that from the point of view of material development / many countries are making progress. / Technology is becoming more and more sophisticated, / and worldly knowledge has increased dramatically. / Superficially it looks as if our world is improving, / but if we look a little more deeply / we shall see that there are now many problems that never existed before. / Terrifying weapons have been invented, / our environment is being poisoned, / and new diseases are appearing. / The results of the unbridled (抑制不住的，无法约束的 ) pursuit of happiness from external sources remind us / that it is time we sought happiness from a different source.

Exercises for integrated skills -II

1. as 2. state 3. polls 4. consider 5. feels 6. contribute 7. whether 8. out 9. for 10. in11. cope 12. than 13. alone 14. correlation 15. other

Listening exercises -

The Perfect Society Presenter: I suppose everyone wishes the world could be a perfect place, where everyone lives in happy harmony. Well, we're going to hear about three visions of the perfect society. Going back to Ancient Greece first, Plato was born in 427 BC and he called his imaginary perfect society "The Republic." Er ... Philippa ...

Philippa: Now, Plato's Republic has only got 5,040 citizens. The political leaders of the Republic are called "guardians." Now, children in Plato's Republic go to school until they're twenty years old and then they do tests. The ones who fail these tests become businessmen, workers, farmers, and they're capitalists who are permitted to own property and to use money. The ones who pass the tests do another ten years of education and then they do more tests, and the ones who fail these tests become soldiers and they live in a society where they own no property and they don't have any money, they share everything.

The ones who pass these further tests go on to study philosophy for another five years, and then they live practical lives in the world ... in the real world for another fifteen years and then when they're 50, they become "guardians," the political leaders. And their only possession is in fact power.Marriage is interesting; In Plato's Republic marriage is completely controlled by the state and it's very selective and only the best marry the best. And children: The very ... the superior children are allowed to survive but in fact all the rest are killed at birth. And they're brought up not by their parents, but they're brought up collectively as a group.

Presenter: Well, thank you, Philippa. Now, Thomas More lived from 1477 to 1535 and he actually invented the term Utopia, didn't he, Terry?Terry: Yes. Yes, he took it from the Greek and it means "No place" On the political side it's not everything we'd consider right now, but he had it ruled by a king, where slaves did menial work, and where women were inferior to men. On the plus side, however, all religions were tolerated. No money changes hands, in fact there is no monetary system at all, so there's no love of property and acquisition, therefore there's no greed, therefore no theft.

Every adult male works six hours a day at a job that he likes to do and a job which serves the needs of the community. He doesn't receive payment, as I said, in money: He receives what he needs from a common store – food, drink, that sort of thing for his family. Each group of 30 families elect a leader, and every ten leaders elect a chief ... er ... the chief becomes a member of the national council. The national council elects one king, who rules for life, so it's a sort of democratically elected king. Er... education ... well, that emphasizes vocational subjects, obviously subjects which will be useful to the people who work, for the benefit of the community, so it all ties in.

Presenter: Fine! H. G. Wells, who was born in 1866 and died in 1946, also had a vision of Utopia. Polly ...Polly: Well, Wells's Utopia is a world state, so that means one government for the whole world. And in this world government the state owns all the land and all the sources of power and food. But individuals can still own and inherit property, so you can have some personal things. He's really into high-tech, he has these visions of these amazing electric trains that go at 300 kilometers per hour and they've got libraries and sofas and reading rooms – it's really just extraordinary. And he thinks that most work should be done by machines, which is a nice idea, so people have a lot of free time.

Now, his world is governed by this special ruling class and you have to take a test to qualify, and if you qualify you're not allowed to smoke or drink or gamble, but you can tell the rest of the world what to do!Personal details of every person on the planet are kept in what I guess a huge computer, and this information is used to control population and labor and tell the underlings how to live their lives. And if you want to have children, you have to produce this record that shows you're healthy, and you have enough money and you're the right age.

And after you have your children, the state takes them away from you and they take them to this place where they teach you good habits and make you want to learn, except I don't know how they make you do that.

Listening exercises -AAs what constitutes "good points" and "bad points" is a matter of opinion, there are no "correct answers" here. What listed below are the main points mentioned by the three speakers. They can either be "good" or "bad.“

Plato's REPUBLIC (about 360 BC)Population: only 5,040 citizensOccupations:-- those finish school at 20 – businessmen, workers and farmers (permitted to own property and to use money)-- those finish school at 30 – soldiers (own no property, don't have any money, share everything)-- those finish school at 35 – guardians (live another 15 years of practical lives in the real world before they could be called real guardians, possess power)

Marriage:-- completely controlled by the state-- very selective – only the best marry the bestChildren -- only the superior children are allowed to survive-- all the rest are killed at birth-- children are brought up not by their parents, but brought up collectively as a group

Thomas More’s UTOPIA (1516)On the political side: -- ruled by a king -- slaves did menial work -- women were inferior to menOn the plus side: -- all religions were tolerated -- no monetary system -- no love of property and acquisition -- no greed -- no theft

Working system: -- adult male works six hours a day -- no payment in money Election system: -- democratic -- 30 families elect a leader -- ten leaders elect a chief -- the chief becomes a member of the national council -- the national council elects one kingEducation: -- vocational subjects are emphasized

H. G. Wells's A MODERN UTOPIA (1905)A world state: -- one government for the whole world -- state owns all the land, sources of power and food -- individuals can still own and inherit property

High-tech: -- electric trains – 300 kilometers per hour -- libraries, sofas and reading rooms -- machines do most of the work -- a huge computer keeps personal details of every person on the planet Ruling class: -- take a test to qualify -- not allowed to smoke or drink or gamble -- can tell the rest of the world what to do

Children: -- before having children – you must be healthy, have enough money and of the right age -- after having children – the state takes them away to be brought up in a place where they are taught good habits and made to want to learn

Text II Of Happiness

G1

Questions for discussion

1. They are human efforts, the gift of God and chance. We believe that happiness chiefly derives from human efforts. We may as well regard happiness as a kind of reward for the efforts we have made.2. It is believed that happiness is a kind of energy of soul according to virtue. In other words, happiness is something that is connected with soul and virtue. That's why beast devoid of soul and virtue can not be happy.

3. Virtuous energies are the essential constituents of happiness and the contrary energy are the negation of happiness. For when we have performed something virtuous, we are most likely to feel that we have been nice or good, helpful or noble and then we naturally feel happy; nevertheless, if we have done something wicked, our conscience tells us that we have been mean, bad or disgusting and then we cannot possibly feel happy. Of course it is an exceptional case if one is a wicked man.

4. A happy man is in reality good and wise, so he will never do hateful and worthless actions, bear every accident of fortune in a proper manner and acts in the most honorable manner that the circumstances admit of.

5. He should be considered as a man among the blessed.

What is happiness?

Here are 10 definitions of happiness given by greatest minds in history. What do you think of them?

1. Happiness is when what you think, what you say, and what you do are in harmony. -- Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948), Indian nationalist leader

2. Happiness is that state of consciousness which proceeds from the achievement of one’s values. -- Any Rand (1905-1982), American writer

3. Happiness is something that you are and it comes from the way you think. -- Wayne Dyer (1940- ), an American self-help advocate, author, and lecturer

4. Happiness is essentially a state of going somewhere, wholeheartedly, one-directionally, without regret or reservation.--William H. Sheldon (1898-1977),

5. Happiness is not a reward - it is a consequence. Robert Ingersoll

6. Happiness is different from pleasure. Happiness has something to do with struggling and enduring and accomplishing. George Sheehan

7. Happiness is the meaning and the purpose of life, the whole aim and end of human existence. Aristotle

8. Happiness is not something you experience, it’s something you remember. Oscar Levant

9. Happiness is not a station you arrive at, but a manner of traveling. Margaret Lee Runbeck

10. Happiness is the spiritual experience of living every minute with love, grace and gratitude. Denis Waitley