integrated inventories in mammalogyaimup.unm.edu/documents/cook-mammals.pdf · in mammalogy...
TRANSCRIPT
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Integrated Inventories
in Mammalogy
Traditional
Specimen-based Field Inventories
& Other sources
Tissues
Parasites
Non-Traditional
Unvouchered Studies
Ancillary Data
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Integrated Archives—
Why, What, and How?
– Temporally Deep
– Geographically Broad, Site Intensive
– Geo-referenced
– Multiple Datasets tied to central voucher specimen
• Frozen Materials for Molecular Biology
• Parasites tied to Hosts
• Searchable Web-based Databases
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Significant questions (& educational themes) are
centered on our ability to assess change.
• Climate change
• Habitat conversion
• Pollutants
• Emerging pathogens & disease
• Introduction of exotics
• Loss of biotic diversity
Baseline or historic information is
crucial to documenting changing environments
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Museum Specimens –
Establish Historic Conditions
• Parasite and disease screening – Emergent diseases
– Historical/baseline infection rates
– Identifying new hosts or pathogens
• Stable-isotope ratios and ecology – predator/prey
– seasonal diet shifts
– primary productivity
• Toxins – mercury, POPs
• Genetic relationships – among individuals, populations, species
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Collection Coverage
Are existing collections adequate
for the bigger issues (research
questions or use in educational
exercises)?
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Specimens of Myodes (Clethrionomys) per USGS Quad (15,000 km2)
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Alces and Rangifer combined
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All Mammals
for one year (1997)
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Challenges for Museums
• Collections need to.. – Grow
• Large sample sizes, well distributed over time and space
– Integrate Multiple Data Sets • standard specimens & frozen tissues
• parasites and hosts
– Implement Protocols to Facilitate Material Availability • Networks for connecting managers, scientists, general public
• Cyberinfrastructure for Informatics (GIS, GenBank)
– Integrate into Education & Train Future Investigators
– Support Cutting Edge Research
– Respond to Societal Needs
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Archival
Observatory
Molecular genetics
Wayne, UCLA
Strobeck, Univ. Edmonton
Stable-isotope ecology
Schell, UAF Instit. Marine Science
Koch, Univ. of CA Santa Cruz
Scientific users (examples)
LTERs
Sevilleta, Portal
Mackenzie Mtns
Inventory
Hantavirus
Monitoring
Nat. Park Service
I & M
Long-term
Programs
Sample providers
Native groups
Independent investigations Los Alamos, Vermejo Park, Turner
Management agencies National Park Service, BLM
N M Dept. of Game & Fish
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Valles Caldera Trust
Parasitology
Hoberg, USDA National Parasite Lab
Henttonen, Finland, Manter Lab
specimens & samples
specimen data and
project metadata
BAO
COLLECTIONS Training, Research, Service
COLLECTIONS
DATABASE & WEB SITE (Z39.50/SQL-ODBC compliant)
OTHER
COLLECTIONS
Contaminants Assessments
AMMTAP
PUBLIC
Paleo-biogeography
Hopkins, UAF Geology
Heaton, Univ. of South Dakota
Pathology
babesiosis, hantavirus, CDC,UNM
Med. School, avian influenza, USDA
Policy initiatives
CORE BIOLOGICAL
RESEARCH
Assessment
Spatial Patterns
Temporal Dynamics
Health and Economic
Dimensions
CAFF
ITEX
OTHER
DATABASES
(e.g.GenBank)
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Field Expeditions in SE Alaska
• Voucher
• Tissues (frozen)
• Ectoparasites
• Endoparasites
• Feces
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Significant Habitat Loss Across the Tongass or on an Island by Island Basis?
Long Island 1987 Admiralty
Island
Etolin Island
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A Potential Lab in Ecology Inventory Results 1990-2009
• From 22 islands to 123 islands with specimens
• Documented Additional Species for Region – Fisher, heather vole (glacial relict?)
• Island records – S. monticolus NOT on Baranof or Chichagof
– Confirmed Zapus hudsonius on Revilla
– Sorex palustris on Wrangell Island, etc
• With these data can begin to assess relationships of presence, absence, island size and distance =
traditional island biogeography
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Shift to Island Centered Management • Insularity
– Increased Divergence
– Centers of Endemism
– Increased Probability of Extinction
• Introductions
• Disease
• Habitat Modification & Commercial Harvests
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Management Concerns
• Extinction
• Connectivity and Fragmentation
• Species Introductions
• Habitat Manipulation
• Over Harvesting
• Disease
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Hotspots of Diversity
Logged
Areas
Last Glacial
Unique Lineages
(Keen’s Mouse, also Flying
Squirrel, Ermine, spruce
grouse)
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Integrated Host-Parasite Approach
• Is SE AK a unique biogeographic unit?
• Are their concordant patterns of differentiation
across organisms (i.e., signal of common history)?
• Are we managing at the right scale?
• Are there species of conservation concern?
• What special problems does an archipelago create
for management?
• Can this complex landscape be simplified?
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Interior Alaska
Juneau, SE AK
Kuiu Island, SE AK
British Columbia
Montana
Chichagof Island, SE AK (2)
Admiralty Island, SE (2)
Vancouver Island, BC (2)
Montana
Haida Gwaii, BC (2)
Kuiu Island, SE AK (2)
Oregon (2)
Montana
Wyoming
Martes martes
11
13 39
100%
100%
Martes americana
cytochrome b (1140 bp)
N = 680
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• Stomach nematode Parasite of Mustelids
• Adult Length: 2-4 cm
• Intensity: 3-5 per stomach, Up to 200
• Pathology not fully explored – Anemia
– Ulcers
– No known cases reported from humans
Soboliphyme baturini
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Interior Alaska
Juneau, SE AK
Kuiu Island, SE AK
British Columbia
Montana
Chichagof Island, SE AK (2)
Admiralty Island, SE (2)
Vancouver Island, BC (2)
Montana
Haida Gwaii, BC (2)
Kuiu Island, SE AK (2)
Oregon (2)
Montana
Wyoming
Martes martes
11
13 39
100%
100%
Martes americana
cytochrome b (1140 bp)
N = 680
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Challenges for Mammal Inventories
• Fully Develop Methods For Depth and Breadth
– Time and Space
– Inventories (across taxa, share logistics)
– Sample size
• Population Level Analyses
– Connectivity and Fragmentation
– Wildlife Pathogens and Disease
• Comparative Studies
– How do we integrate across other taxa?
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Non-traditional mammal data
(from a museum point of view)
1. Unvouchered specimens
2. Valuable “ancillary” data
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Unvouchered specimens occur for
at least two reasons:
1. Research questions
(behavior, ecology, demography)
2. Regulatory constraints
(conservation, politics)
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Use of ancillary data is increasing:
1. Research
(e.g., Grinnell project)
2. Education
(e.g., Aim-UP! project)
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Types of unvouchered data:
1. Species ID
2. Capture locality
3. Standard measurements
(e.g., sex, weight)
(e.g., capture-mark-recapture studies)
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Types of unvouchered data:
1. Tissue samples
2. Telemetry fixes
3. Behavioral records
(e.g., coded observations)
(e.g., observational studies)
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Special data concerns:
1. Repeated records per
individual
2. Small spatial scales