integrated, organic high tunnel bramble and vegetable production
TRANSCRIPT
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- Integrated, Organic High Tunnel Bramble & Vegetable Production Feb 2 2012
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• Scenic Valley Farm
• Scenic Valley Green Energy
• High Tunnel Construction and Comparison
• Bramble Spacing, Varieties & Nutritional Value
• Soil Preparation
• Irrigation and Fertigation Systems
• Trellis System
• Bramble Management & Fruiting Period
• Growth Characteristics & Winterization
• Market Potential & Blackberry Economics
• Intercropping
• SHARE Farm
• Payback
Overview
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• Designs and manages high tunnels, climate control systems, and solar thermal heating technology
• Five high tunnels in Minnesota and Wisconsin
• Produces organically certified tomatoes, peppers, blackberries, raspberries, herbs, and leafy green produce
• Decades of agriculture and engineering experience
Scenic Valley Farms
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Scenic Valley Green Energy • Solid, long-term investment
• Generate income from electricity
• Promote sustainability by reducing C02 emissions
• Gain energy independence and protection from volatile electricity prices
• Offset tax liabilities
Affordable, Clean Energy from Small Wind Turbines for Homes, Farms, Businesses, Public Facilities and Investors
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Blackberry Issues?
• Cold hardiness issues – Cane death
• Low temperature limit for thornless cultivars stated as 0 degrees, and for thorny cultivars, -10
– If not dead, flower bud injury • Flower buds killed even when vegetation is still
produced
– Gnomonia stem canker
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• Gnomonia stem canker
• May not be a problem without winter injury
Triple Crown
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Symptoms in Spring
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20’ x 150’
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‘Triple Crown’ Blackberries
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Blackberry Mkt. Yield
Planted in 2000 low
lb/foot lb/a temp (F)
2001 3.6 19,602 -2
2002 5.3 28,860 9
2003 5.6 30,274 -2
2004 4.3 23,414 -11
2005 – dug plants out (crown borers)
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High Tunnel Construction
• Tunnel selection • Compared tunnels
from FarmTek, Poly-Tex, Atlas, handmade PVC
• Site preparation • Gently sloping land
selected • Plowed and disc (wait
at least a year to kill weeds)
• Used black plastic to heat soil to destroy weeds
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High Tunnel Comparison
•The HTek is lighter weight plastic and appears less durable •The FarmTek gothic high tunnel does not shed snow easily •The FarmTek gothic style high tunnel is more labor intensive because tek screws are required in each purlin/bow connector •The FarmTek Quonset style high tunnel zippered ends tend to break and occasionally collapses under heavy snow load •FarmTek gothic plastic is loose fitting on straight bow sections
30’x96’ Poly-Tex FarmTek FarmTek Atlas PVC
FieldPro Gothic
Quonset Gothic SnowArch Handmade
Cost/sq ft uninstalled
$2.45 $2.03 $1.98 $2.52 $1.00
Strength 3 2 2 3 3/4
Ease on installation (hardest=3)
1 2 3 1 2
Plastic Mfr. GreenTek - 3 HTek -2 HTek – 2, Klerks - 3 GreenTek-3
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Bramble Spacing and Varieties
• Spacing in High Tunnel • Four rows per 30’ wide tunnel • Each row 7’ apart and 4 ½’ from side walls • Brambles 3’ apart with 132 plants per 30’x96’
tunnel
• Bramble Varieties • Primocane (thorny) – Prime Jim and Jan • Floricane (thornless) Arapaho, Apache, Natchez,
Navaho, Chester, Triple Crown, Ouachita, Doyle
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Blackberry Nutritional Value
• Healthiest food that rank highest in antioxidants- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2006)
• Blackberry extract is a rich source of Anthocyanins • Anthocyanins are a group of naturally occurring phenolic compounds
related to the coloring of plants, flowers and fruits. • Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties • Fruits produce these compounds to protect themselves from UV
damage • The good: Very low in saturated fat, cholesterol and sodium. Good
source of Vitamin E (Alpha Tocopherol), Folate, Magnesium, Potassium and Copper, and a very good source of Dietary Fiber, Vitamin C, Vitamin K and Manganese. The bad: A large portion of the calories comes from sugars. But they’re GOOD TASTING !!!!
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Soil Preparation
• Composted ½ mushroom compost and ½ dairy manure
• Mixed one wheelbarrow per ten foot of row and tilled into soil
• Perform soil nutrient analysis
• Mulched around plants with mushroom compost or woodchips
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Irrigation System • Installed drip irrigation
• Emitters within 8” on either side of bramble
• Each emitter releases ½ gallon per hour.
• Semi automated system • Sensor and controller provide 6
zones with 6 irrigation times per zone
• Sensor provides moisture content (%), soil temperature, and EC
• Irrigation cycle suspended above pre-set soil moisture content
• Irrigated in 1.5 hour cycles at 7 am and 6 pm
• Irrigation increased to three 1.5 hour cycles during fruiting
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• Installed EZ Flow (1 gallon) inline fertigation
system • Applied organic liquid fertilizer containing fish
• Fish Aqua – OMRI approved • Discovered fish emulsion based fertilizer clogs
emitters • Drip tape not clogged by emulsion but emitters too
close = wasted water and fertilizer • Install drip tape future high tunnels • Plan to fertigate one time per week • Perform soil analysis beginning and end of season,
leaf analysis during growing season
Fertigation System
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Weed Management • Three Techniques Employed:
1.Wood chips, saw dust 2.Layer of cardboard boxes and
wood chips 3.Mushroom compost, straw 4.Black polyester material (14-
24 mil) in 3’ and 6’ wide sections
5. One mil black plastic within rows - tomatoes
• Polyester generally most effective and least labor intensive
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• Modified V/T system with bottom “T” 36” and top “T”66” above ground
• Run two strands of wire at tip of each crossbar
• Alternative: 4x4 non treated posts that are notched. Insert 2x4 “T”s
• Space posts 10’ apart • Year 1 canes tied to one side
of the strand and will bear fruit in year 2
• Fruit bearing year 2 canes will be pruned to ground to make room for the year 3 primocanes.
Trellis System
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Bramble Management
• Pruned Prime Jim and Jan to ground in winter.
• Tip when new canes reach five feet in summer • New blossom supporting laterals appear within
weeks
• Continual pruning generates new blossoms
• Secure floricanes to two wires. Tip at 5’. Cut 4’ laterals back to 18” and secure to two wires.
• Prune to ground as soon as done bearing
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Fruiting Period • Primocanes
• Fruiting began early August • Blackberries averaged 6-15 grams • Temperatures over 100° F hindered drupelet
formation • Brambles consumed large amounts of water • Difficult to harvest berries at optimal ripeness due to
softness • Thorns required gloves and heavy flannel shirt • Last harvest on Nov 18th (turned off supplemental
heat) • Numerous berries and blossoms still remained
on plant • Total yield from 12x40’ tunnel = 100 pounds
• Thornless Floricanes – All bore some fruit – Rabbits girdled canes on new first year growth.
Reduce production by 50% – HT1 Readstown fruited June 15th to August 6th – HT1 Rosemount fruited August 1st to September 7th – HT1 Readstown = 12 cases (one case = 12 5.6 oz
clams) – HT1 Rosemount =10 cases – Yield lower than expected for 2nd yr canes – 2nd year primocanes 20 times lateral growth as first
year – Natchez largest, sweetest and most berries by
volume
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Fruiting Period
The blackberries on November 14th
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• Brambles not shaded in Wisconsin • studier canes
• experienced faster growth
• developed more laterals
• Higher blossom counts and yields on primocanes in west vs. east end of high tunnel due to two extra hours of direct sunlight
• Better growth on root stock vs. culture stock
• Inconsistent growth of same variety frequently observed
Growth Characteristics
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• Winter Protection • Installed thermostatically controlled
170,000 BTU propane heater that fires at 5° F and deactivates at 9 ° F (minimum temperatures of zone 7b climate)
• Forcing dormancy is lengthy process due to elevated temperatures and snow insulation
• Pest Issues
• Rabbits girdled floricanes over several days
• Trapped the critter but would have destroyed crop in two weeks or less
• Rabbits avoided primocane variety
• Final irrigation cycle on November 7th
• Heavily watered previous week
• No moisture over winter is a concern
• Elevated February temperatures may promote premature budding.
• Ventilated conventional high tunnel thru the use of exhaust fans and monitor signs of budding
• Cooled solar thermal high tunnel with fans
Winterization
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Market Potential
• Wholesale food brokers usually pay $7-8/lb. organic June 1 thru Nov. 30 – Potential Dealers: Sun Belle Inc, Bergin Fruit and Nut
Company, Organic Valley Farms • Direct Market
– Supermarkets/Retail Outlets – Grocer Cooperatives – Restaurants – Farmers Market’s ≈ $3.50 a half pint (6 oz)
• Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) • Value Added Products (e.g. jams, jellies, pies, candies) • Schools and Universities
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Economics- Blackberries
Expense Income
High tunnel (30’x96’) , not including installation $8000
Irrigation and controller, trellis, fertigation tank $1400
Blackberry plants, tomatoes, spinach $400
End walls, side boards, door hardware, screws $800
Motorized rollup sides w/thermostat $900
Heater w/thermostat $350
Ventilation & Circulation w/thermostat $650
Plastic mulch $300
Income (2000#s per tunnel* at $8/organic blackberries pound - wholesale)
16000
Total $12800 $3200
*production levels reached in year four
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Future Tasks • Submitted SARE proposal to research
methods to extend the season into September and October – Install shade cloth
– Use various mulches
– Adapt pruning methods
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Intercropping
• Intercropping is the practice of growing two or more crops in proximity
• Important not to have crops competing with each other for physical space, nutrients, water, or sunlight
• SVF – blackberries, raspberries, strawberries, tomatoes, peppers, melons, eggplant, herbs
• Blackberries do not generate significant revenue until third growing season
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Irrigation Layouts
This tunnel is 30’x96’, three zones (Zone A(rows # 2,3,4) Zone B (row #1) Zone C (row #5) , one EZ flow constant pressure fertigation tank
Tunnel 2(solar thermal).This tunnel is 30’x96’ planted with blackberries, tomatoes and peppers, three zones(one each
for red, purple and green rows) , one EZ flow constant pressure fertigation tank.
Tunnel 1. This tunnel is 30’x96’ planted with four rows of blackberries on one zone and three rows of
tomatoes on another zone with one EZ flow constant pressure fertigation tank
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May 18th High tunnel 1
June 12th
May 18th High tunnel 1
June 12th
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June 24th High tunnel 2 July 3rd High tunnel 1
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July 3 High tunnel 2
High tunnel 1
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July 24th
High tunnel 2
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Oct 1st
High tunnel 3
July 21th
High tunnel 2
Nov 15th
High tunnel 3 Heirloom tomatoes &
Basil
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Dec 31stst High tunnel 2 (solar thermal)
15 varieties of spinach, lettuce, Asian greens, bok choi planted the middle of
October
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Boosting Produce Yields
• Yields typically 200-300% higher in high tunnels
• Our organic determinate tomato yields in 2011 = 20+ lbs per plant in solar thermal HT
• Established goal of 25-30 lbs/plant in 2012
SVF high tunnels outperformed yields at University of Minnesota Southwest Research and Outreach Center (SWROC)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
7/15/2011 8/15/2011 9/15/2011 10/15/2011
Ave
rage
mar
keta
ble
lbs
per
plan
t
SVF Weekly Determinate Tomato Harvest (2011)
SVF High Tunnels
Total = 19.5 lbs per plant
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All berries
Berries + Tomatoes
Berries + Tomatoes + Peppers (red)
Revenue yr 1 $0 $0+ $8775
$0+ $8775+ $7280
Revenue yr 2 $900 $900+ $4400
$900+ $4400+
2080
Revenue yr 3 $10500
$10500+ $0
$10500+ $0+ $0
Boosting High Tunnel Revenue
30x96’ high tunnel
Organic
Wholesale Pricing (MSP)
Blackberry=$8/# Tomato=$2.25/# Red Pepper=$3.5/# Green Pepper=$2/#
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Sustainable High Tunnel Agriculture + Renewable Energy (SHARE-d) High Tunnels
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• Joint venture high tunnel greenhouses
• Environmentally and financially sustainable
• Provides reliable supply of locally grown, organic produce
• Excess produce sold on the open market
• Harvest fruits and vegetables at optimum ripeness and flavor
• Increases yields and extends the growing season
• Merges the technologies to earn a rapid return on investment
Sustainable Agriculture. Clean Energy.
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Environmental Management System (EMS)
• Inexpensive climate control system for high tunnels
• User monitors and controls the climate from touch screen PLC, laptop, or Smartphone
• Ventilation, irrigation, and heating are monitored and controlled on-site or remotely
• SVF awarded $100,000 USDA Small Business Innovation Research Grant
• Testing at SVF high tunnels in both Minnesota and Wisconsin
• Expected operational date: March 2011
• Potential SBIR Phase II Commercialization Grant in 2013
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EMS Layout
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Small Wind Energy
Overview • Turbines of 100 kW or less
in size • Generates electricity for
SHARE farms • Creates income from excess
electricity • Solid, long-term investment • Investors receive federal,
state, and utility grants • Offsets investors’ tax
liabilities • Eliminates operational C02
emissions
Incentives • Federal Investment Tax
Credit or Grant (30%) • USDA Rural Energy for
America Program (25%) • Accelerated Depreciation
(30% for 30% tax bracket) • Wisconsin Small
Renewable Energy System Grant (25%)
• Electric Utility Grants (varies)
• Sale of excess electricity (≤ 40 kW)
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Solar Thermal Heating
• Solar panels collect heated air • Fans circulate heated air below
ground • Warms soil and air temperatures • Extends growing season to allow
for additional crops and harvests • Reduces propane fuel usage and
greenhouse gas emissions
• Qualifies for 30 percent Federal Investment Tax Credit • Reduces active
income tax liability
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• Web based e-commerce (operational on SVF website)
• Provides up to date information on fresh produce for sale
• Orders processed by credit card, check, or money order
• Buyers communicate order notes to producer
• Joint venture members given priority access to produce
• Designed for wholesale buyers, restaurants, grocer co-ops
• Open to registered users who complete a profile
Online Produce Market
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Estimated Return on Investment
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Contact Us
Craig Gundacker (612) 961-3871
Erik Gundacker (563) 650-3654
www.scenicvalleyfarms.com