integrated pest management of california citrus · integrated pest management of california citrus...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Integrated Pest Management of California Citrus · Integrated Pest Management of California Citrus Dr. Beth Grafton-Cardwell ... and carbaryl are also used for cottony cushion scale](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050418/5f8dba7adf92c4696339db83/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Integrated Pest Management of California Citrus
Dr. Beth Grafton-CardwellDept of Entomology, UC Riverside
and Director of Lindcove Research and Extension [email protected]
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Grapefruit4%
Lemons17%
Navels45%
Valencias10%
Mandarins24%
CALIFORNIA CITRUS ACREAGE 2018 262,700 ACRES (106,310 HA)
Grapefruit Lemons Navels Valencias Mandarins
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California Citrus Growing Regions
DesertGrapefruit & lemons
CoastalLemons
San Joaquin Valley navels & mandarins (>75% of citrus)
Southern Interior Mixed varieties
Lindcove
UC Riverside
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Cutworm/Earwig Katydid Thrips
Equipment Hail Wind/sand Branch rubbing
Fresh fruit market
Price per box Juice Choice Fancy
Navels $1.50 $13.13 $25.30
Valencias $1.60 $12.50 $20.50
Mandarins $0.28 $17.50 $29.70
Export marketsJapanS. KoreaChinaAustraliaNew ZealandCanada
These numbers vary from year to year, as the season progresses and for different citrus varieties
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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Citrus Red Mite
Citrus Thrips
Katydid
California red scale
Citricola scale
San Joaquin Valley Citrus IPM
UC IPM Guidelines for Citrus
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Mite damaged Undamaged
Predatory mite, Euseius tularensis
Summer heat + virus
Rind damageLower yieldThreshold: 8 adult mites/leaf
Citrus Red Mite, Panonychus citri
Fairly easily controlled by natural enemies and soft pesticides such as oils and miticides
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Wingless thrips nymphs
Winged, adult citrus thrips
Wingless, 1st and 2nd instar thrips
Citrus Thrips, Scirtothrips citri
Predatory mite, Euseius tularensis
Rind damage
Natural enemies help, but don’t bring scarring below an economic threshold.
Treatments are applied from petal fall until the fruit is 2.5 cm in diam.
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Forktailed Bush Katydid, Scudderia furcata
Rind damage
Biological control is minimal and damage is heavy = pesticides are necessary
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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Citrus Red Mite
Citrus thrips + katydids
Oils, miticidesSan Joaquin ValleyPest ManagementNavels & Mandarins
Broad spectrum
Soft on natural enemies
3-4 insecticides/year
Thrips: spinetoram, cyantraniliprole, spinosad, abamectin, formetanate
Katydids: pyrethroid, diflubenzuron, kryocide
Bloom
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0,0%
0,5%
1,0%
1,5%
2,0%
Mean %
fru
it infe
ste
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pe
r g
rove
***
a
b
ab
-
0,25
0,50
0,75
Me
an
# fru
it s
ca
rre
d p
er
bin a
b
ab
***
Mandarins need specific citrus thrips guidelines
Thrips, katydids and earwigs cause less damage to Afourer than navels or clementines
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Citricola Scale, Coccus pseudomagnoliarum
Sooty moldYield
Biological control is very poor and broad spectrum insecticides are needed
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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Citrus Red Mite
Citrus thrips + katydids
Oils, miticidesSan Joaquin ValleyPest ManagementNavels & Mandarins
Citricola scale acetamiprid, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, buprofezin
Broad spectrum
Soft on natural enemies
4-5 insecticides/year
Bloom
Thrips: spinetoram, cyantraniliprole, spinosad, abamectin, formetanate
Katydids: pyrethroid, diflubenzuron, kryocide
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California Red Scale, Aonidiella aurantii
Downgrading of fruitYield Loss
Biological control is very effective if broad spectrum insecticides are avoided and trees are cared for
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California Red ScaleMonitoring: pheromone traps, % infested fruits, crawler tapes
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0
5000
10000
15000
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13-Mar 27-Apr 11-Jun 26-Jul 9-Sep 24-Oct
Ma
le s
ca
le p
er
ca
rd
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250
300
Cra
wle
rs p
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tap
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Male Scale Crawlers
550 DD
1100 DD
1650 DD
Pesticide treatments timed using degree days = accumulation of the average daily
temperature above the lower developmental threshold (53oF)
Insecticides
Insecticides
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Chemical control:Soft pesticides:• Oil• pyriproxyfen* (Esteem) (1998) • buprofezin (Applaud/Centaur) (1998)• spirotetramat (Movento) (2008)
Broad spectrum pesticides:• chlorpyrifos* (Lorsban)• carbaryl* (Sevin)
California red scale management
*resistant populations
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0
100.000
200.000
300.000
400.000
500.000
600.0001
99
1
19
93
19
95
19
97
19
99
20
01
20
03
20
05
20
07
20
09
20
11
20
13
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15
20
17
Acr
es
Tre
ate
d
Insecticides Used for Scale Controlin the San Joaquin Valley
Carbaryl Methidathion Chlorpyrifos Imidacloprid Acetamiprid
Thiamethoxam Pyriproxyfen Buprofezin Spirotetramat
Chlorpyrifos is also used for caterpillars, katydid, ants, and soft scale pestsMethidathion, malathion, and carbaryl are also used for cottony cushion scaleImidacloprid and acetamiprid are used for GWSS, but provide some scale control
California red scale
Citricola
Scale
+other pests
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0
2000
4000
6000
80003
-19
4-2
4-1
6
4-3
0
5-1
4
5-2
8
6-1
1
6-2
5
7-9
7-2
3
8-6
8-2
0
9-3
9-1
7
CR
S M
ale
s p
er c
ard
Orchard 2 - California red scale
CRS males
When to spray: decision makingPest Control Advisors have traditionally used pheromone cards to watch populations on a weekly basis – or put them out during the 4th flight to decide which orchards to spray next year.
4th flight > 1000 scales treat next year
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During the season: check leaves and twigs and the wood for live scale
• Is the scale just on the dusty roads or throughout the orchard? (edge effect)
• Look at the interior and tops of the tree to see if scale is building there (improve coverage)
• Rub your thumb lightly over the scales and see if they easily rub off (get to know live vs dead scale)
• One month after treatment, take samples back to the office and look closely at 2nd and 3rd instar scales to see if they are healthy or parasitized (is biological control helping?)
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Walk the orchard and check fruit for live scaleAt harvest check bins of fruit
Estimate the % of fruit with >10 scales
If you find more than 5% of fruitinfested, the block likely needs a treatment next year
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carbarylOil
pyriproxyfenbuprofezin
Aphytis
spirotetramat – all stages, but mostly on leaves and fruit
0
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13-Mar 27-Apr 11-Jun 26-Jul 9-Sep 24-Oct
Cra
wle
rs p
er
tap
e
Male
scale
per
card
Male Scale Crawlers
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Recommendations for chemical control of California red scale:
•Timing: treat the stage that is most sensitive
•Treat generations 1 or 2 when the scale population is uniform in stage (exception is spirotetramat, which seems to work in fall)
•Use the selective insecticides that allow natural enemies to survive when you can
•Rotate products to avoid resistance
•Good coverage: 750-1500 gpa (7000-15000 l/ha) (spirotetramat 2500-5000 l/ha)
•Drive slowly! < 1.5 mph (2.4 kph)
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Aphytis melinus parasitoid releases
Release 5,000 wasps/acre every two weeks, every six tree in every sixth row from March 1 to October 31 = 100,000/acre for the entire season
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Cultural Control:Reduce dust, prune trees, high pressure washer,
minimize broad spectrum insecticides
Biological Control:Aphytis melinus: Release 5,000/acre every two weeks
from March 1 to October 31 = 100,000/acre (250,000/hectare)Cost: $.85/1,000 wasps = $85/acre ($200 USD/hectare)
California red scale management
*resistant populations
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Issues that are game-changers for citrus IPM• Weather
Dry hot years promote these pests :***California red scaleCitrus red miteCitrus thrips
Cool wet years promote these pests:Citricola scaleSnails
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California Red Scale Degree DaysLindcove Research and Extension Center
Factors that caused red scale problems to escalate in 2012-2019?1. Heat = fast development of scale, more generations and the parasites don’t keep up2. Warm winter = scales of all stages developing at all times, less overwintering mortality3. In season drought – dusty, stressed trees have more scale, parasites don’t work as well4. Insecticide treatments only last about 1 generation – forcing growers to treat more often5. Some insecticides don’t control scales on wood (imidacloprid, spirotetramat)
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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Citrus Red Mite
Citrus thrips + katydids
California red scalepyriproxyfen, spirotetramat, carbaryl, oil
Oils, miticidesSan Joaquin ValleyPest ManagementNavels & Mandarins
Citricola scale acetamiprid, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid,buprofezin
Broad spectrum
Soft on natural enemies
6-7 insecticides/year
X 2-3
Thrips: spinetoram, cyantraniliprole, spinosad, abamectin, formetanate
Katydids: pyrethroid, diflubenzuron, kryocide
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Treatment Rep Rep 1 Rep 2 Rep 3 Rep 4 Rep 5
% Fruit with >10 Scale
Date Dec 7th, 2018 Dec 3rd, 2018 Dec 8th, 2018 Dec 10th, 2018 Dec 11th, 2018
Untreated Control 6.62 11.63 2.09 0.63 5.03
Suterra pheromone
dispenser7.23 0.18 0.19 0.01 0.28
Percentage Reduction 0 98.4 91.1 98.7 94.5
Chemical Application
(In Both Control &
Treatment)
5/07/18 Movento
@ 10oz/ac
5/07/18 Movento
@ 10oz/ac
5/07/18 Movento
@ 10oz/acNo
5/21/18 Movento
@ 10oz/ac
- 5 orchards
- 10-20 acre (4-8 ha) plots
- Split control/pheromone Checkmate CRS lures
- 180 dispenser/acre
- Deployed February 16th 2018
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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Citrus Red Mite
Citrus thrips + katydids
California red scalepyriproxyfen, spirotetramat, carbaryl, oil
Oils, miticidesSan Joaquin ValleyPest ManagementNavels & Mandarins
Thrips: spinetoram, cyantraniliprole, abamectin, formetanateKatydids: pyrethroid, diflubenzuron, kryocide
Citricola scalebuprofezin, acetamiprid, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid
Broad spectrum
Soft on natural enemies
4-5 insecticides/year
+ pheromone
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Issues that are game-changers for citrus IPM• Weather
o Dry conditions promote red scale and thrips
• Pests of Export Concern and MRLso South Koreao Australia/New Zealand
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Pests of Export significance – reduction in MeBr use requires in-field treatments
S. KoreaFuller rose beetleCalifornia red scale
Australia & New ZealandBean thripsMites
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Eggs laid under the sepals
1st instar larvae drop to the ground
Larvae feed on roots
Larvae pupate
Adult emerges and climbs up the tree
Larvae molt and get bigger9 months
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DecJan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov
Peak adult emergence
Protocol to ship to S. Korea: Fuller rose beetle
Eggs deposited under the calyx of fruit
Larvae/pupae in the ground.
Adults emerge year round and climb trees
Skirt Prune
2 treatments: foliar thiamethoxam
or soil bifenthrin
harvest
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Growers eliminate groves from Korean export if they find high numbers of adult beetles using a beating sheet
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Orchards are also checked for FRB eggs prior to harvesting, using a metal tool to lift up the sepals and look for eggs.
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Live eggs – whitish or yellowish and plump
Dead or hatched eggs – dried out
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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Citrus Red Mite
Citrus thrips + katydids
California red scalepyriproxyfen, spirotetramat, oil, buprofezin, carbaryl
Oils, miticidesSan Joaquin ValleyPest ManagementNavels & Mandarins
Thrips: spinetoram, cyantraniliprole, spinosad, abamectin, formetanate
Katydids: pyrethroid, diflubenzuron, kryocide
Citricola scale acetamiprid, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, buprofezin
Broad spectrum
Soft on natural enemies
+ pheromoneFuller rose beetle
thiamethoxam or bifenthrin x 2
6-7 insecticides/year
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Issues that are game-changers for citrus IPM• Weather
o Dry conditions promote red scale and thrips
• Pests of Export Concern and MRLso South Koreao Australia/New Zealand
• Invasive Pests
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http://ucanr.edu/sites/ACP/
Southern California: Area-wide treatment program Commercial citrus: Growers treat together over a 2-3 week window (early winter & fall) Urban: parasites released
Central/Northern CA: Eradicative/ Coordinated Treatments – treat find sites with two insecticidesCommercial citrus: 800 meters or coordinated treatmentsUrban: 400 meters
The California SituationGoal: reduce psyllids to reduce the spread of disease
2008
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0
1
2
3
4
5
28
-Oct
25
-No
v
24
-Dec
21
-Jan
19
-Feb
19
-Mar
14
-Ap
r
19
-May
16
-Ju
n
14
-Ju
l
13
-Au
g
24
-Sep
22
-Oct
19
-No
v
7-J
an
4-F
eb
5-M
ar
15
-Ap
r
13
-May
17
-Ju
n
15
-Ju
l
12
-Au
g
9-S
ep
7-O
ct
4-N
ov
3-D
ec
11
-Jan
24
-Feb
27
-Mar
20
-Ap
r
19
-May
20
-Ju
n
24
-Ju
l
30
-Au
g
30
-Sep
Broad Soft Organic
Nym
ph
s
2017 2018 2019
Winter trtWinter trt Winter trt
Fall trt
Fall trt Fall trt Fall trt
Average of 44 Ventura Sites by Management Strategy Nymphs per Flush
Broad: pyrethroids, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, flupyradifurone, OPsSoft: spinetoram, spirotetramat, cyantraniliprole, abamectinOrganic: pyrethrins, spinosad, Oil, kaolin
Fall trt
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https://ucanr.edu/acpmap
1665 HLB-infected tree removals from residences
2012
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Tamarixia radiata parasite releases
USDA/UC Releases have been successful, the parasites are spreading – however parasitism is not enough to prevent disease spread.
www.ucanr.edu/sites/acp
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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Citrus Red Mite
Citrus thrips + katydids
California red scalepyriproxyfen, spirotetramat, buprofezin, oil, carbaryl
Asian citrus psyllid
Oils, miticidesSan Joaquin ValleyPest ManagementNavels & Mandarins
pyrethroid neonicotinoid
Fuller rose beetlethiamethoxam or bifenthrin x 2Broad spectrum
Soft on natural enemies
Citricola scale acetamiprid, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid,buprofezin
Thrips: spinetoram, cyantraniliprole, spinosad, abamectin, formetanate
Katydids: pyrethroid, diflubenzuron, kryocide
7-8 insecticides/year
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Goals of California Citrus IPMManage pests in a way that is economical and sustainable. Minimize broad spectrum pesticide use to maximize natural enemies. Address pesticide resistance, worker safety, bee health and environmental issues.
Biggest issues affecting the citrus IPM program:
➢ Weather changes
➢ Export Issues
➢ Invasive Pests
➢ Availability of pest control tools and pesticide resistance